Phylloides tumours (PTs) are rare breast neoplasms with a variable clinical course depending on the tumour category. The classification of PTs proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) into benign, borderline and malignant is based on a combination of several histologic features, including Stromal cellularity, nuclear atypia, mitotic activity, stromal overgrowth and tumour margin appearance. However, there are no defined criteria or clear cut-offs for individual histologic parameters. Thus, the diagnosis of PTs based on the integration of morphology remains challenging. Along with the grade, additional study of proliferative markers such as Ki-67 are essential to identify those with potential for aggressive behaviour. This study was undertaken to assess the histopathological characters and correlate Ki-67 expression in different subtypes of PTs. In this study, 30 cases of PTs were studied. Regarding histologic features, routine H&E stains were taken into consideration for diagnosis and classification of tumours. Immunostaining for Ki-67 was also performed by polymer-based detection method. Ki-67 labelling index (LI) was categorized as 0-10, 11-30, 31-50, 51 and above depending on the percentage of positive tumor cells and was correlated with histologic grade and clinical features in each case. Twenty cases (66.7%) of benign phyllodes tumour (BPT), 3 cases (10%) of borderline PT, and 7 cases (23.3%) cases of malignant phylloides tumour (MPT) were examined in this study. Among 20 cases of BPT, 3 cases (15%) were recurrent tumours. Average Ki-67 LI in BPT was 5% (range 1-10%) and borderline PT was 17.5% (range 15-20%). MPT exhibited Ki-67 LI range of 15-35% with average LI of 25%. A significant association was seen between expression of Ki-67 in different grades of PT(p=0.01). So, Ki-67 LI should be performed in routine histopathology reporting of phylloides for sub-categorisation of phylloides.
{"title":"Immunoexpression of Ki-67 Labelling Proliferation Index in Phyllodes Tumour of Breast by Polymer-based Detection Method","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00955","url":null,"abstract":"Phylloides tumours (PTs) are rare breast neoplasms with a variable clinical course depending on the tumour category. The classification of PTs proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) into benign, borderline and malignant is based on a combination of several histologic features, including Stromal cellularity, nuclear atypia, mitotic activity, stromal overgrowth and tumour margin appearance. However, there are no defined criteria or clear cut-offs for individual histologic parameters. Thus, the diagnosis of PTs based on the integration of morphology remains challenging. Along with the grade, additional study of proliferative markers such as Ki-67 are essential to identify those with potential for aggressive behaviour. This study was undertaken to assess the histopathological characters and correlate Ki-67 expression in different subtypes of PTs. In this study, 30 cases of PTs were studied. Regarding histologic features, routine H&E stains were taken into consideration for diagnosis and classification of tumours. Immunostaining for Ki-67 was also performed by polymer-based detection method. Ki-67 labelling index (LI) was categorized as 0-10, 11-30, 31-50, 51 and above depending on the percentage of positive tumor cells and was correlated with histologic grade and clinical features in each case. Twenty cases (66.7%) of benign phyllodes tumour (BPT), 3 cases (10%) of borderline PT, and 7 cases (23.3%) cases of malignant phylloides tumour (MPT) were examined in this study. Among 20 cases of BPT, 3 cases (15%) were recurrent tumours. Average Ki-67 LI in BPT was 5% (range 1-10%) and borderline PT was 17.5% (range 15-20%). MPT exhibited Ki-67 LI range of 15-35% with average LI of 25%. A significant association was seen between expression of Ki-67 in different grades of PT(p=0.01). So, Ki-67 LI should be performed in routine histopathology reporting of phylloides for sub-categorisation of phylloides.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125198008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Influenza B viruses have also caused a considerable number of paediatric deaths although they are generally less prevalent than influenza A viruses. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine trends in prevalence of influenza B lineages among children attending Out Patient Department of Yangon Children’s Hospital. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 316 children with influenza-like illness (ILI) during January 2016 to October 2018. Influenza A and influenza B viruses were detected by conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting matrix gene. Lineages of influenza B virus were identified by conventional RT-PCR targeting haemagglutinin gene. Influenza B virus accounted for 6.5% (10/153), 1.5% (1/68) and 2.1% (2/95) of all ILI cases and 45.5% (10/22), 8.3% (1/12) and 25% (2/8) of influenza virus positive ILI cases in 2016, 2017 and 2018 (up to October), respectively. Age and sex preponderance were not seen among influenza B virus-infected children. Fever, cough and rhinorrhoea were found as main but non-specific symptoms. Majority of influenza B virus-infected children were seen in June, July and August suggesting timing for influenza vaccination. All ten cases of influenza B virus detected in 2016 and the only case in 2017 were of B/Victoria lineage whereas both cases in 2018 were of B/Yamagata lineage highlighting the changing epidemiology of influenza B/lineages in the recent years. This study generated information useful for assessment of influenza B outbreaks, timing for influenza vaccination and selection of influenza vaccine for use in subsequent years in Myanmar.
{"title":"Influenza B Lineages Circulating among Children Attending Yangon Children’s Hospital","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00949","url":null,"abstract":"Influenza B viruses have also caused a considerable number of paediatric deaths although they are generally less prevalent than influenza A viruses. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine trends in prevalence of influenza B lineages among children attending Out Patient Department of Yangon Children’s Hospital. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 316 children with influenza-like illness (ILI) during January 2016 to October 2018. Influenza A and influenza B viruses were detected by conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting matrix gene. Lineages of influenza B virus were identified by conventional RT-PCR targeting haemagglutinin gene. Influenza B virus accounted for 6.5% (10/153), 1.5% (1/68) and 2.1% (2/95) of all ILI cases and 45.5% (10/22), 8.3% (1/12) and 25% (2/8) of influenza virus positive ILI cases in 2016, 2017 and 2018 (up to October), respectively. Age and sex preponderance were not seen among influenza B virus-infected children. Fever, cough and rhinorrhoea were found as main but non-specific symptoms. Majority of influenza B virus-infected children were seen in June, July and August suggesting timing for influenza vaccination. All ten cases of influenza B virus detected in 2016 and the only case in 2017 were of B/Victoria lineage whereas both cases in 2018 were of B/Yamagata lineage highlighting the changing epidemiology of influenza B/lineages in the recent years. This study generated information useful for assessment of influenza B outbreaks, timing for influenza vaccination and selection of influenza vaccine for use in subsequent years in Myanmar.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125764876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, fetal hemoglobin (HbF), blood total cholesterol, phosphate and calcium levels of leukemia and lymphoma cases in Mandalay were determined. It was a cross-sectional, comparative study. Thirty adult cases of leukemia and lymphoma and equal number of control subjects of comparable age (14 to 80 yrs) and sex were studied. Mean HbF of leukemia group (n=9), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subgroup (n=6) and controls (n=30) were 2.72±0.47%, 3.17±0.69% and 1.39±0.25% of total Hb, respectively. The HbF levels of leukemia group and AML were significantly higher than that of controls (p<0.02). Mean serum total cholesterol levels of leukemia group, AML subgroup and controls were found to be 126.5±17.38 mg%, 137.96±24.66 mg% and 177.18±7.68 mg%, respectively. Cholesterol levels of leukemia group and AML were lower than that of controls. Mean plasma phosphate levels of leukemia and lymphoma cases (n=30), leukemia group (n=9) and lymphoma group (n=21) were 1.21±0.07 mmol/l, 1.33±0.17 mmol/l and 1.15±0.06 mmol/l, respectively. Mean phosphate level of controls was 0.94 mmol/l. Plasma phosphate levels of the whole cases and individual case groups were significantly higher than that of controls (p<0.001). Mean serum calcium levels of the whole cases, leukemia group and lymphoma group were 10.16±0.36 mg%, 10.03±0.75 mg% and 10.21±0.45 mg%, respectively. Mean serum calcium level of controls was 8.55±0.14 mg%. Serum calcium levels of the whole cases and individual case groups were found to be significantly higher than that of controls (p<0.01). The study showed that not only raised HbF but also hypocholesterolaemia might be the diagnostic clues in leukemia cases. Recognition of blood phosphate and calcium changes leads to appropriate therapy and a reduction of morbidity.
{"title":"Fetal Hemoglobin, Serum Total Cholesterol, Plasma Phosphate and Serum Calcium Levels in Patients with Leukemia and Lymphoma","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00954","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, fetal hemoglobin (HbF), blood total cholesterol, phosphate and calcium levels of leukemia and lymphoma cases in Mandalay were determined. It was a cross-sectional, comparative study. Thirty adult cases of leukemia and lymphoma and equal number of control subjects of comparable age (14 to 80 yrs) and sex were studied. Mean HbF of leukemia group (n=9), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subgroup (n=6) and controls (n=30) were 2.72±0.47%, 3.17±0.69% and 1.39±0.25% of total Hb, respectively. The HbF levels of leukemia group and AML were significantly higher than that of controls (p<0.02). Mean serum total cholesterol levels of leukemia group, AML subgroup and controls were found to be 126.5±17.38 mg%, 137.96±24.66 mg% and 177.18±7.68 mg%, respectively. Cholesterol levels of leukemia group and AML were lower than that of controls. Mean plasma phosphate levels of leukemia and lymphoma cases (n=30), leukemia group (n=9) and lymphoma group (n=21) were 1.21±0.07 mmol/l, 1.33±0.17 mmol/l and 1.15±0.06 mmol/l, respectively. Mean phosphate level of controls was 0.94 mmol/l. Plasma phosphate levels of the whole cases and individual case groups were significantly higher than that of controls (p<0.001). Mean serum calcium levels of the whole cases, leukemia group and lymphoma group were 10.16±0.36 mg%, 10.03±0.75 mg% and 10.21±0.45 mg%, respectively. Mean serum calcium level of controls was 8.55±0.14 mg%. Serum calcium levels of the whole cases and individual case groups were found to be significantly higher than that of controls (p<0.01). The study showed that not only raised HbF but also hypocholesterolaemia might be the diagnostic clues in leukemia cases. Recognition of blood phosphate and calcium changes leads to appropriate therapy and a reduction of morbidity.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127119352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Self-payments (out-of-pocket payments OOP) are the principal means of financing health care throughout Myanmar. It leaves households exposed to the risk of unforeseen expenditures that absorb a large share of the household budget. The OOP expenditures may be considered as catastrophic in the sense that they absorb a large fraction of household resources. Catastrophic impact of health care costs among households in selected area of Mandalay City is measured by indices such as incidence, intensity and mean positive gap and explored the opinions of people paying for health care by conducting focus group discussion. As expected, households’ catastrophic impacts are considerably high in Mandalay. The incidence of catastrophic health care payment is 8%, 4% and 1.3% for the defined catastrophic thresholds of 10, 20 and 30 percent, respectively. The intensities are 1.62, 1.09 and 0.8 percents for the same thresholds. Mean Positive Gaps are 20.2, 27.3 and 61.5 percents for the three defined threshold levels. Because of heavy out-of-pocket health care expenditure, most of the households’ income absorbed with repeated borrowing and lending mechanisms can push these households into impoverishment. Although they pay heavily, Myanmar people do not blame anyone but their destiny because they know nothing about social protection mechanisms.
{"title":"Extent of Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure among Urban Dwellers in Mandalay City","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00947","url":null,"abstract":"Self-payments (out-of-pocket payments OOP) are the principal means of financing health care throughout Myanmar. It leaves households exposed to the risk of unforeseen expenditures that absorb a large share of the household budget. The OOP expenditures may be considered as catastrophic in the sense that they absorb a large fraction of household resources. Catastrophic impact of health care costs among households in selected area of Mandalay City is measured by indices such as incidence, intensity and mean positive gap and explored the opinions of people paying for health care by conducting focus group discussion. As expected, households’ catastrophic impacts are considerably high in Mandalay. The incidence of catastrophic health care payment is 8%, 4% and 1.3% for the defined catastrophic thresholds of 10, 20 and 30 percent, respectively. The intensities are 1.62, 1.09 and 0.8 percents for the same thresholds. Mean Positive Gaps are 20.2, 27.3 and 61.5 percents for the three defined threshold levels. Because of heavy out-of-pocket health care expenditure, most of the households’ income absorbed with repeated borrowing and lending mechanisms can push these households into impoverishment. Although they pay heavily, Myanmar people do not blame anyone but their destiny because they know nothing about social protection mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125796622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Both insulin and leptin are major contributors for the body energy balance. Obesity is a state of energy imbalance and is also associated with changes in both insulin sensitivity and leptin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship between insulin sensitivity and body fat composition, and leptin sensitivity in non-obese and obese adults. A total of 86 adults participated: 42 non-obese and 44 over-weight/obese. Body fat (BF) percent was determined by skinfold method. Fasting plasma glucose was analyzed by glucose oxidase-phenol and 4 aminophenazone (GOD-PAP) method using spectro-photometer, fasting serum insulin and leptin concentrations by direct sandwich ELISA method and resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry. Leptin sensitivity index and insulin sensitivity were expressed as REE : Leptin ratio and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), respectively. It was found that median value of HOMA-IR was significantly higher [2.93 vs 1.72, p<0.01] and leptin sensitivity was significantly lower [116.76 vs 265.66, p<0.001] in the overweight/obese adults than the non-obese adults, indicating that insulin sensitivity and leptin sensitivity were markedly reduced in overweight/obese adults in compare to non-obese adults. There was a moderate degree of positive relationship between HOMA-IR and BF only in the overweight/obese (ρ=0.509, n=44, p<0.001) and all adults (ρ=0.39, n=86, p<0.001). Similarly, a weak negative relationship between leptin sensitivity index and HOMA-IR was found in the overweight/obese (ρ=-0.328, n=44, p<0.05) and all adults (ρ=-0.35, n=86, p<0.01). It can be concluded that the insulin sensitivity was adiposity dependent, but, it did not depend on leptin sensitivity.
胰岛素和瘦素都是身体能量平衡的主要贡献者。肥胖是一种能量失衡的状态，也与胰岛素敏感性和瘦素敏感性的变化有关。本研究的目的是找出胰岛素敏感性与体脂成分之间的关系，以及非肥胖和肥胖成年人的瘦素敏感性。共有86名成年人参与其中:42名非肥胖者和44名超重/肥胖者。采用皮褶法测定体脂率。采用葡萄糖氧化酶-苯酚- 4氨基苯那酮(GOD-PAP)分光光度计法分析空腹血糖，直接夹心ELISA法分析空腹胰岛素和瘦素浓度，间接量热法分析静息能量消耗(REE)。瘦素敏感性指数和胰岛素敏感性分别用REE: Leptin ratio和稳态模型评估-胰岛素抵抗(HOMA-IR)表示。结果发现，超重/肥胖成人的HOMA-IR中值显著高于非肥胖成人[2.93 vs 1.72, p<0.01]，而瘦素敏感性显著低于非肥胖成人[116.76 vs 265.66, p<0.001]，表明超重/肥胖成人的胰岛素敏感性和瘦素敏感性明显低于非肥胖成人。HOMA-IR和BF仅在超重/肥胖人群(ρ=0.509, n=44, p<0.001)和所有成年人(ρ=0.39, n=86, p<0.001)之间存在中等程度的正相关。同样，在超重/肥胖人群(ρ=-0.328, n=44, p<0.05)和所有成年人(ρ=-0.35, n=86, p<0.01)中，瘦素敏感性指数与HOMA-IR呈弱负相关。由此可见，胰岛素敏感性与肥胖有关，而与瘦素敏感性无关。
{"title":"Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Body Fat Composition, and Leptin Sensitivity in Non-Obese and Overweight/Obese Adults","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00950","url":null,"abstract":"Both insulin and leptin are major contributors for the body energy balance. Obesity is a state of energy imbalance and is also associated with changes in both insulin sensitivity and leptin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship between insulin sensitivity and body fat composition, and leptin sensitivity in non-obese and obese adults. A total of 86 adults participated: 42 non-obese and 44 over-weight/obese. Body fat (BF) percent was determined by skinfold method. Fasting plasma glucose was analyzed by glucose oxidase-phenol and 4 aminophenazone (GOD-PAP) method using spectro-photometer, fasting serum insulin and leptin concentrations by direct sandwich ELISA method and resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry. Leptin sensitivity index and insulin sensitivity were expressed as REE : Leptin ratio and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), respectively. It was found that median value of HOMA-IR was significantly higher [2.93 vs 1.72, p<0.01] and leptin sensitivity was significantly lower [116.76 vs 265.66, p<0.001] in the overweight/obese adults than the non-obese adults, indicating that insulin sensitivity and leptin sensitivity were markedly reduced in overweight/obese adults in compare to non-obese adults. There was a moderate degree of positive relationship between HOMA-IR and BF only in the overweight/obese (ρ=0.509, n=44, p<0.001) and all adults (ρ=0.39, n=86, p<0.001). Similarly, a weak negative relationship between leptin sensitivity index and HOMA-IR was found in the overweight/obese (ρ=-0.328, n=44, p<0.05) and all adults (ρ=-0.35, n=86, p<0.01). It can be concluded that the insulin sensitivity was adiposity dependent, but, it did not depend on leptin sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129007042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to evaluate various oral hygiene instruction methods on effectiveness of tooth-brushing in primary school children. This study was performed in three randomized primary schools (Baka-5, Baka-12, Baka-7; similar in socioeconomic and schooling condition) of Pyigyitagon Township, Mandalay. A baseline data collection (involving plaque score and gingival score) was done for 150 children (age 5 years±6 months) from three schools. They were divided into three groups (Group 1=50, Group 2=50, Group 3=50) from each school. Group 1 was given oral hygiene instruction by audiovisual (multimedia) methods and supervised tooth-brushing by an adult involved in front of mirror. Group 2 was given oral hygiene instruction by using cartoon flip charts and artificial giant tooth-brushing model (TBM). Group 3 got oral hygiene instruction verbally with the use of educational posters conventionally. All three groups were given additional oral hygiene instruction in similar manner, respectively, once per month two times. After 2 months of giving different oral hygiene instructions, the plaque scores and gingival scores were recollected from all groups and compared with baseline data. This study demonstrated that oral hygiene instruction by audiovisual methods and supervised tooth-brushing by an adult involved in front of mirror had greater effectiveness of adopting correct tooth-brushing (p<0.05, ANOVA) and reducing dental plaque and gingival scores in primary school children. Young children can learn and applied health education instructions effectively by using understandable educational cartoon videos than other conventional methods used for adults. Necessity of supervision by guiding the correct tooth-brushing with a feedback showing in a mirror should be noted.
{"title":"Evaluation of Various Oral Hygiene Instruction Methods on Effectiveness of Tooth-brushing in Primary School Children","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00953","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to evaluate various oral hygiene instruction methods on effectiveness of tooth-brushing in primary school children. This study was performed in three randomized primary schools (Baka-5, Baka-12, Baka-7; similar in socioeconomic and schooling condition) of Pyigyitagon Township, Mandalay. A baseline data collection (involving plaque score and gingival score) was done for 150 children (age 5 years±6 months) from three schools. They were divided into three groups (Group 1=50, Group 2=50, Group 3=50) from each school. Group 1 was given oral hygiene instruction by audiovisual (multimedia) methods and supervised tooth-brushing by an adult involved in front of mirror. Group 2 was given oral hygiene instruction by using cartoon flip charts and artificial giant tooth-brushing model (TBM). Group 3 got oral hygiene instruction verbally with the use of educational posters conventionally. All three groups were given additional oral hygiene instruction in similar manner, respectively, once per month two times. After 2 months of giving different oral hygiene instructions, the plaque scores and gingival scores were recollected from all groups and compared with baseline data. This study demonstrated that oral hygiene instruction by audiovisual methods and supervised tooth-brushing by an adult involved in front of mirror had greater effectiveness of adopting correct tooth-brushing (p<0.05, ANOVA) and reducing dental plaque and gingival scores in primary school children. Young children can learn and applied health education instructions effectively by using understandable educational cartoon videos than other conventional methods used for adults. Necessity of supervision by guiding the correct tooth-brushing with a feedback showing in a mirror should be noted.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116856265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cirrhosis of liver is one of the common medical problem in daily clinical practice and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Zinc is an essential trace elements for human and plays in many biological roles in the body. Among them, zinc deficiency is thought to be involved in metabolism of ammonia and causes hyperammonia that worsen hepatic encephalopathy. This study aimed to find out the severity of cirrhosis of liver was by Child Turcotte Pugh score and to investigate the associations between serum zinc level and severity of cirrhosis. A hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 78 patients with different underlying causes of cirrhosis of liver at the Medical Units of Yangon General Hospital and Yangon Specialty Hospital. Among the study population, Child grade A was found to be 28.21%, Child grade B was 30.77% and Child grade C was 41.03%. Regarding result of serum zinc level, 62.8% were low level, 28.2% were within normal level and 8.9% were high level. Mean value of serum zinc level in grade A was 0.68 mg/l, grade B was 0.54 mg/l and grade C was 0.48 mg/l (p=0.00). It was found out that there was a high prevalence of zinc deficiency in severe cirrhotic patients. The zinc level was significantly lowest among patients with Child-Pugh C as compare to those with Child-Pugh B and C. Severity of zinc deficiency should be requested for supplementation therapy in cirrhotic patients as to prevent complications such as hepatic encephalopathy, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Screening for zinc deficiency may need in these patients with more advanced cirrhosis because it seems to be a marker of advanced liver disease and it can be deducted that awareness of serum zinc level among cirrhotic patients is very important in clinical practice.
{"title":"Serum Zinc Levels in Cirrhotic Patients Attending General and Specialty Hospitals, Yangon","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00956","url":null,"abstract":"Cirrhosis of liver is one of the common medical problem in daily clinical practice and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Zinc is an essential trace elements for human and plays in many biological roles in the body. Among them, zinc deficiency is thought to be involved in metabolism of ammonia and causes hyperammonia that worsen hepatic encephalopathy. This study aimed to find out the severity of cirrhosis of liver was by Child Turcotte Pugh score and to investigate the associations between serum zinc level and severity of cirrhosis. A hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 78 patients with different underlying causes of cirrhosis of liver at the Medical Units of Yangon General Hospital and Yangon Specialty Hospital. Among the study population, Child grade A was found to be 28.21%, Child grade B was 30.77% and Child grade C was 41.03%. Regarding result of serum zinc level, 62.8% were low level, 28.2% were within normal level and 8.9% were high level. Mean value of serum zinc level in grade A was 0.68 mg/l, grade B was 0.54 mg/l and grade C was 0.48 mg/l (p=0.00). It was found out that there was a high prevalence of zinc deficiency in severe cirrhotic patients. The zinc level was significantly lowest among patients with Child-Pugh C as compare to those with Child-Pugh B and C. Severity of zinc deficiency should be requested for supplementation therapy in cirrhotic patients as to prevent complications such as hepatic encephalopathy, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Screening for zinc deficiency may need in these patients with more advanced cirrhosis because it seems to be a marker of advanced liver disease and it can be deducted that awareness of serum zinc level among cirrhotic patients is very important in clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"3 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120815179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to investigate the antimalarial activity of rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Meik-tha-lin-oot). The preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of a-amino acids, carbohydrates, glycosides, organic acids, phenolic compounds, reducing sugars, saponins, starch and terpenoids. The various crude extracts such as PE (7.11%), 95% EtOH (3.44%), EtOAc (1.64%) and H2O (1.44%) extracts were prepared by successive solvent extraction method. Curcumin (orange amorphous crystal, 0.00317% yield, M.pt=183ºC) was isolated from EtOAc crude extract by using thin layer and column hromatographic separation techniques and identified by comparing with UV and FTIR spectral data of the standard curcumin. In vitro antimalarial activities of curcumin, ethanol and watery extracts were screened by using the reported method. The ethanol and watery extracts had no antimalarial activity (EC50 values=398.07 µg/ml and 501.00 µg/ml) whereas the isolated compound, curcumin was found to inhibit the growth of Plasmodium falciparum (EC50=101.74 µg/ml). On the other hand, the isolated compound, curcumin exhibited the moderate antimalarial activity and may be used as a potential compound to be tested for newer antimalarial agent.
{"title":"Investigation on Antimalarial Activity of Rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Meik-tha-lin-oot)","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00957","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to investigate the antimalarial activity of rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Meik-tha-lin-oot). The preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of a-amino acids, carbohydrates, glycosides, organic acids, phenolic compounds, reducing sugars, saponins, starch and terpenoids. The various crude extracts such as PE (7.11%), 95% EtOH (3.44%), EtOAc (1.64%) and H2O (1.44%) extracts were prepared by successive solvent extraction method. Curcumin (orange amorphous crystal, 0.00317% yield, M.pt=183ºC) was isolated from EtOAc crude extract by using thin layer and column hromatographic separation techniques and identified by comparing with UV and FTIR spectral data of the standard curcumin. In vitro antimalarial activities of curcumin, ethanol and watery extracts were screened by using the reported method. The ethanol and watery extracts had no antimalarial activity (EC50 values=398.07 µg/ml and 501.00 µg/ml) whereas the isolated compound, curcumin was found to inhibit the growth of Plasmodium falciparum (EC50=101.74 µg/ml). On the other hand, the isolated compound, curcumin exhibited the moderate antimalarial activity and may be used as a potential compound to be tested for newer antimalarial agent.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129931182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynaecological cancer and approximately 70% are diagnosed in an advanced stage with 5 years survival rate of only 35%. The aim of this study was to find out the distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) immunoexpression in different histological types and grades of malignant surface epithelial tumours of ovary. A total 54 cases of malignant surface epithelial tumours of ovary from North Okkalapa General and Teaching Hospital and Thingangyun Sanpya General Hospital from August 2015 to September 2016 were included. This study included 30 cases (56%) of serous tumour, 18 cases (33%) mucinous tumour, 5 cases (9%) clear cell tumour and one case (2%) of malignant Brenner tumour. Of the 54 cases, 11 cases (20%) were well differentiated, 33 cases (61%) moderately differentiated and 10 cases (19%) poorly differentiated tumours. Different histological types and grades of malignant surface epithelial ovarian tumours were determined for EGFR immunoexpression by peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Out of 54 cases, 31 cases (57.4%) were found to be positive for EGFR immunoexpression and 23 cases (42.6%) showed negative immunoexpression. Among 31 positive cases of EGFR, 54.8% were serous, 32.3% mucinous, 9.7% clear cell and 3.2% were malignant Brenner tumour. The highest EGFR immunoexpression was found in malignant serous, tumour (54.8%). Regarding the histological grades of the 31 positive cases, EGFR immunoexpression was found 9.7% in well differentiated, 64.5% moderately differentiated and 25.8% in poorly differentiated tumours. Increased EGFR immunoexpression was observed predominantly in higher histological grades of ovarian cancers. Since, high EGFR levels have a negative prognostic role in ovarian cancers, further studies with long-term follow-ups are required to determine the prognosis and management of patients with malignant surface epithelial ovarian tumours.
{"title":"Immunoexpression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in Malignant Surface Epithelial Tumours of Ovary","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00951","url":null,"abstract":"Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynaecological cancer and approximately 70% are diagnosed in an advanced stage with 5 years survival rate of only 35%. The aim of this study was to find out the distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) immunoexpression in different histological types and grades of malignant surface epithelial tumours of ovary. A total 54 cases of malignant surface epithelial tumours of ovary from North Okkalapa General and Teaching Hospital and Thingangyun Sanpya General Hospital from August 2015 to September 2016 were included. This study included 30 cases (56%) of serous tumour, 18 cases (33%) mucinous tumour, 5 cases (9%) clear cell tumour and one case (2%) of malignant Brenner tumour. Of the 54 cases, 11 cases (20%) were well differentiated, 33 cases (61%) moderately differentiated and 10 cases (19%) poorly differentiated tumours. Different histological types and grades of malignant surface epithelial ovarian tumours were determined for EGFR immunoexpression by peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Out of 54 cases, 31 cases (57.4%) were found to be positive for EGFR immunoexpression and 23 cases (42.6%) showed negative immunoexpression. Among 31 positive cases of EGFR, 54.8% were serous, 32.3% mucinous, 9.7% clear cell and 3.2% were malignant Brenner tumour. The highest EGFR immunoexpression was found in malignant serous, tumour (54.8%). Regarding the histological grades of the 31 positive cases, EGFR immunoexpression was found 9.7% in well differentiated, 64.5% moderately differentiated and 25.8% in poorly differentiated tumours. Increased EGFR immunoexpression was observed predominantly in higher histological grades of ovarian cancers. Since, high EGFR levels have a negative prognostic role in ovarian cancers, further studies with long-term follow-ups are required to determine the prognosis and management of patients with malignant surface epithelial ovarian tumours.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125724647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is one of the most common human enzyme deficiencies in the world. It is particularly common in populations living in malaria-endemic areas, affecting more than 400 million people worldwide. This hospital- and laboratory-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of G6PD deficiency among 200 newborns at 300-bedded Pyin Oo Lwin General Hospital during January to March 2017. The participants were 103 girls (58.5%) and 97 boys (41.5%). Both qualitative and quantitative measurements by using Brewer's method and G-SIX kit method were applied for diagnosis of G6PD deficiency. Total serum bilirubin level was measured by Bilirubinometer. Of the 200 newborns, 21(10.5%) were G6PD deficient. The overall prevalence of G6PD deficiency was 10.5% (21/200) and male was predominant than female (17.5% vs 3.9%). Out of 10.5% (21/100)G6PD deficient newborns, 5(23.8%) and 16(76.2%) were mild and moderate G6PD deficiency, respectively. Regarding hyperbilirubinaemia, 9(42.9%), 3(14.3%), 2(19.0%) and 5(23.8%) were severe, moderate and mild hyperbilirubinaemia and normal bilirubin, respectively. This study showed that a significant correlation between the severity of hyperbili- rubinaemia and G6PD activity (p <0.05). Taking into consideration of the above results, the high prevalence can be useful for providing appropriate prevention and early treatment of complications in routine neonatal screening in this area.
{"title":"Screening of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Neonatal Hyperbilirubinaemia at 300-Bedded Pyin Oo Lwin General Hospital","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00952","url":null,"abstract":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is one of the most common human enzyme deficiencies in the world. It is particularly common in populations living in malaria-endemic areas, affecting more than 400 million people worldwide. This hospital- and laboratory-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of G6PD deficiency among 200 newborns at 300-bedded Pyin Oo Lwin General Hospital during January to March 2017. The participants were 103 girls (58.5%) and 97 boys (41.5%). Both qualitative and quantitative measurements by using Brewer's method and G-SIX kit method were applied for diagnosis of G6PD deficiency. Total serum bilirubin level was measured by Bilirubinometer. Of the 200 newborns, 21(10.5%) were G6PD deficient. The overall prevalence of G6PD deficiency was 10.5% (21/200) and male was predominant than female (17.5% vs 3.9%). Out of 10.5% (21/100)G6PD deficient newborns, 5(23.8%) and 16(76.2%) were mild and moderate G6PD deficiency, respectively. Regarding hyperbilirubinaemia, 9(42.9%), 3(14.3%), 2(19.0%) and 5(23.8%) were severe, moderate and mild hyperbilirubinaemia and normal bilirubin, respectively. This study showed that a significant correlation between the severity of hyperbili- rubinaemia and G6PD activity (p <0.05). Taking into consideration of the above results, the high prevalence can be useful for providing appropriate prevention and early treatment of complications in routine neonatal screening in this area.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114846739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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