{"title":"Operational Research Capacity Building through the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT) Model in Myanmar: National Operational Research Course (2016-17)","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00915","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128848535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of Two Bedside Methods for Determination of Whole-blood Clotting Times in Assessing Coagulopathy in Russell’s Viper Bites","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00929","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114935189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lead crosses blood brain barrier and adversely affects the cognitive function, causing impairment of neuropsychological functions. Most of the lead poisonings are asymptomatic and subclinical cases. A cross-sectional analytical study was designed to assess the neurological changes of adults, aged between 20 to 45 years old, residing in lead exposed environment of Myeik Township. The study focused on the cognitive and psychomotor ability of people who lived in those areas at least one year. A total of 95 subjects were interviewed by using the structured questionnaires for assessment of cognitive and psychomotor ability by well-trained researchers. The mean age of all participants was 32.7±8.5 years. The average duration of stay in these areas was approximately 20 years (maximum duration=47 years). The blood lead level was measured by graphite furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean blood lead level of all participants was 19.91±1.8 µg/dl. All the participants were divided into two groups: lower blood lead group (blood lead <10 µg/dl) (n=37) and higher blood lead group (blood lead ≥10 µg/dl) (n=58). The cognitive function was assessed by using three subtests (digit span, visual memory and paired associate learning) from the General Memory Scale. The mean scores were (10.51± 2.0, 5.59±0.5 and 20.01±8.3) in lower blood lead and (9.55±1.8, 5.12±0.7 and 15.23±5.2) in higher lead group, respectively. In addition, the mean total score of cognitive ability test in lower blood lead group was (36.12±9.5) and higher group was (29.90±5.8). All 3 test scores and total scores were significantly lower in higher blood lead group and it could be concluded that the higher the blood lead level, the lower the cognitive ability. To assess psychomotor ability, we used digit symbol, Bourdon-Wiersma vigilance tests and Santa-Ana dexterity test. Among these three tests, the mean scores of Santa-Ana dexterity test (dominant hand) was significantly longer duration (54.40±10.9 vs. 59.46±10.18) in higher blood lead group than in lower blood lead group. All these findings pointed out that lead intoxication would reduce not only cognitive ability but also psychomotor ability
{"title":"Neurological Changes of Adults Residing in Lead Exposed Environment of Myeik Township","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00923","url":null,"abstract":"Lead crosses blood brain barrier and adversely affects the cognitive function, causing impairment of neuropsychological functions. Most of the lead poisonings are asymptomatic and subclinical cases. A cross-sectional analytical study was designed to assess the neurological changes of adults, aged between 20 to 45 years old, residing in lead exposed environment of Myeik Township. The study focused on the cognitive and psychomotor ability of people who lived in those areas at least one year. A total of 95 subjects were interviewed by using the structured questionnaires for assessment of cognitive and psychomotor ability by well-trained researchers. The mean age of all participants was 32.7±8.5 years. The average duration of stay in these areas was approximately 20 years (maximum duration=47 years). The blood lead level was measured by graphite furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean blood lead level of all participants was 19.91±1.8 µg/dl. All the participants were divided into two groups: lower blood lead group (blood lead <10 µg/dl) (n=37) and higher blood lead group (blood lead ≥10 µg/dl) (n=58). The cognitive function was assessed by using three subtests (digit span, visual memory and paired associate learning) from the General Memory Scale. The mean scores were (10.51± 2.0, 5.59±0.5 and 20.01±8.3) in lower\u0000blood lead and (9.55±1.8, 5.12±0.7 and 15.23±5.2) in higher lead group, respectively. In addition, the mean total score of cognitive ability test in lower blood lead group was (36.12±9.5) and higher group was (29.90±5.8). All 3 test scores and total scores were significantly lower in higher blood lead group and it could be concluded that the higher the blood lead level, the lower the cognitive ability. To assess psychomotor ability, we used digit symbol, Bourdon-Wiersma vigilance tests and Santa-Ana dexterity\u0000test. Among these three tests, the mean scores of Santa-Ana dexterity test (dominant hand) was significantly longer duration (54.40±10.9 vs. 59.46±10.18) in higher blood lead group than in lower blood lead group. All these findings pointed out that lead intoxication would reduce not only cognitive ability but also psychomotor ability","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128862148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There were nearly 170 positive self-help groups of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in 2013 in Myanmar. This study was conducted at Mandalay City and two townships from Mandalay Region during 2016 to assess the contribution of PLHIV in HIV prevention and control related activities, and identify the challenges for the sustainability of their contribution. Seven focus group discussions with six to seven PLHIV in each group, eight indepth interviews with leaders of HIV positive groups, and two key informant interviews with team leaders of HIV/AIDS were conducted. The average age of respondents was 40 years, male and female ratio was 1:5. The average years of involvement in HIV/AIDS-related activities was 4 years. Generally, PLHIV were very supportive especially to the AIDS/ STD teams which have limited human resources. The achievement of PLHIV involvement could be mainly seen in condom promotion and distribution to vulnerable groups, HIV-test counseling, supporting PLHIV from hard-to-reach areas and with poor socio-economic conditions, assisting in antiretroviral therapy (ART) provision at AIDS/STD teams, home-based care for the HIV positive adult and children, and referring people to get HIV tested and ART treatment. Areas and activities which need to be focused were also reported. The key challenges for the sustainability of their contribution were poor resource of basic equipments and facilities especially the place and funding for office, the lower interest of PLHIV and poor technical knowledge to develop income generation activities, the changing attitudes of PLHIV on their involvement, and uncertain future plans of PLHIV groups. To conclude, the challenges among PLHIV groups should be addressed by National AIDS Programme.
{"title":"Contribution and Constraints for the Involvement of People Living with HIV in HIV Prevention and Control Activities: A Qualitative Study at Mandalay Region, 2016","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00919","url":null,"abstract":"There were nearly 170 positive self-help groups of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in 2013 in Myanmar. This study was conducted at Mandalay City and two townships from Mandalay Region during 2016 to assess the contribution of PLHIV in HIV prevention and control related activities, and identify the challenges for the sustainability of their contribution. Seven focus group discussions with six to seven PLHIV in each group, eight indepth interviews with leaders of HIV positive groups, and two key informant interviews with team leaders of HIV/AIDS were conducted. The average age of respondents was 40 years, male and female ratio was 1:5. The average years of involvement in HIV/AIDS-related activities was 4 years. Generally, PLHIV were very supportive especially to the AIDS/ STD teams which have limited human resources. The achievement of PLHIV involvement could be mainly seen in condom promotion and distribution to vulnerable groups, HIV-test counseling, supporting PLHIV from hard-to-reach areas and with poor socio-economic conditions, assisting in antiretroviral therapy (ART) provision at AIDS/STD teams, home-based care for the HIV positive adult and children, and referring people to get HIV tested and ART treatment. Areas and activities which need to be focused were also reported. The key challenges for the sustainability of their contribution were poor resource of basic equipments and facilities especially the place and funding for office, the lower interest of PLHIV and poor technical knowledge to develop income generation activities, the changing attitudes of PLHIV on their involvement, and uncertain future plans of PLHIV groups. To conclude, the challenges among PLHIV groups should be addressed by National AIDS Programme.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134326208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.34299/mhsrj.30.03.0045
Theeoo Lwin, K. Chit, K. M. Oo, Khaing Zar Wai, Cho Cho Lwin, Wah Wah Oo
Red colored lipstick is the most widely used cosmetic product. Although lipstick gives a lot of social, psychological and therapeutic benefits, it may harm the consumers. Because some lipsticks contain a considerable amount of heavy metal especially lead. Lead is being used in lipstick mainly for the pigments required to obtain needed colors. Lead accumulates in the body over time and lead-containing lipstick applied several times a day, every day, combined with lead in water and other sources, could add up to significant exposure levels. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine lead content in red colored lipsticks from market. This study was laboratorybased, analytical study by using 25 lipstick samples. Red colored lipsticks were bought from Mandalay Market by random sampling procedure and they were completely coded to avoid the bias. Then, lead content in coded samples was determined by Flame AAS according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline. Lead contents of 88% of the lipsticks samples were more than specified limit (20 ppm) of Food and Drug Administration, United States. All of them, lead content was highest in counterfeit lipsticks group. Among the tested lipstick samples, lipstick with lowest lead content was LE-RL 01 (15.74 ppm) and the lipstick with highest lead content was CF-RL 01(60.09 ppm). In conclusion, lead contents of red colored lipsticks (22 out of 25) from market samples were higher than allowable limit (20 ppm).
{"title":"Determination of Lead Content in Red Colored Lipsticks from Mandalay Market by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer","authors":"Theeoo Lwin, K. Chit, K. M. Oo, Khaing Zar Wai, Cho Cho Lwin, Wah Wah Oo","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.30.03.0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.30.03.0045","url":null,"abstract":"Red colored lipstick is the most widely used cosmetic product. Although lipstick gives a lot of social, psychological and therapeutic benefits, it may harm the consumers. Because some lipsticks contain a considerable amount of heavy metal especially lead. Lead is being used in lipstick mainly for the pigments required to obtain needed colors. Lead accumulates in the body over time and lead-containing lipstick applied several times a day, every day, combined with lead in water and other sources, could add up to significant exposure levels. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine lead content in red colored lipsticks from market. This study was laboratorybased, analytical study by using 25 lipstick samples. Red colored lipsticks were bought from Mandalay Market by random sampling procedure and they were completely coded to avoid the bias. Then, lead content in coded samples was determined by Flame AAS according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline. Lead contents of 88% of the lipsticks samples were more than specified limit (20 ppm) of Food and Drug Administration, United States. All of them, lead content was highest in counterfeit lipsticks group. Among the tested lipstick samples, lipstick with lowest lead content was LE-RL 01 (15.74 ppm) and the lipstick with highest lead content was CF-RL 01(60.09 ppm). In conclusion, lead contents of red colored lipsticks (22 out of 25) from market samples were higher than allowable limit (20 ppm).","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114682954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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