A. Kyaw, M. M. N. Tun, S. M. Thwe, K. Morita, Sandar Win, Htike Htike Soe, Khin San Win, Htet Htet Lwin, T. Thwin, K. Thant, Khin Moe Aung, Haung Naw, M. Khaing, Tin Moe Khaing, M. Myint, Wint Wint Kyi, W. Aung
{"title":"Public-Private Mix Tuberculosis Control Activities in Private Hospitals in Myanmar: Providers' Perspective","authors":"A. Kyaw, M. M. N. Tun, S. M. Thwe, K. Morita, Sandar Win, Htike Htike Soe, Khin San Win, Htet Htet Lwin, T. Thwin, K. Thant, Khin Moe Aung, Haung Naw, M. Khaing, Tin Moe Khaing, M. Myint, Wint Wint Kyi, W. Aung","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00916","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126926931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major public health problem worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-associated tuberculous meningitis (TBM) further complicates the patient management and causes poor prognosis. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine anti-TB drug susceptibility pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from HIV-associated TBM patients at Waibagi, Thakayta and Mingaladon Specialist Hospitals in Yangon, Myanmar. From January to October 2017, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens collected from 140 HIV infected patients with clinically presumptive TBM were applied for isolation and drug susceptibility testing. First-line drug susceptibility testing were carried out by solid culture-based proportion method. Drug susceptibility patterns of pyrazinamide, fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs were determined by liquid culture-based Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube method. There were 17 culture positives and confirmed as MTB out of 140 specimens. Among them,10 isolates (58.8%) were resistant to at least one of the first-line anti-TB drugs. Eight isolates (47.1%) showed multidrug resistance but there was no extensively drug resistance. HIV-associated TBM patients with previous anti-TB treatment history and CD4 cell count of less than 100 cells/μl were significantly more prone to develop drug resistance. These findings highlight burdens of anti-TB drug resistance among HIVassociated TBM patients and support the need of elaborative management strategies.
{"title":"Pattern of Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in HIV-Associated Tuberculous Meningitis Patients","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00922","url":null,"abstract":"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major public health problem worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-associated tuberculous meningitis (TBM) further complicates the patient management and causes poor prognosis. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine anti-TB drug susceptibility pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from HIV-associated TBM patients at Waibagi, Thakayta and Mingaladon Specialist Hospitals in Yangon, Myanmar. From January to October 2017, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens collected from 140 HIV infected patients with clinically presumptive TBM were applied for isolation and drug susceptibility testing. First-line drug susceptibility testing were carried out by solid culture-based proportion method. Drug susceptibility patterns of pyrazinamide, fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs were determined by liquid culture-based Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube method. There were 17 culture positives and confirmed as MTB out of 140 specimens. Among them,10 isolates (58.8%) were resistant to at least one of the first-line anti-TB drugs. Eight isolates (47.1%) showed multidrug resistance but there was no extensively drug resistance. HIV-associated TBM patients with previous anti-TB treatment history and CD4 cell count of less than 100 cells/μl were significantly more prone to develop drug resistance. These findings highlight burdens of anti-TB drug resistance among HIVassociated TBM patients and support the need of elaborative management strategies.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115081538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neonatal septicemia is a life-threatening yet treatable condition. It is one of the major health problems throughout the world. Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis of neonatal septicemia and should be performed in all cases of suspected septicemia prior to starting antibiotics. But in the present study, the use of the haematological parameters was evaluated to determine the early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia. It was carried out in the neonatal unit of Mandalay Children’s Hospital from September 2012 to August 2013. Out of 68 cases of clinically suspected neonatal septicemia, bacterial pathogens were isolated from 33 cases. Early onset neonatal septicemia was more common than late onset. Among 33 cases of culture-proven neonatal septicemia, septicemia is not likely in 1 case (3%) while borderline for septicemia and septicemia in 6 cases (18.2%) is very likely in 26 cases (78.8%) according to haematological scoring system (HSS). HSS assigns a score of one for each of seven haematological parameters. Out of the seven haematological parameters, immature to total neutrophil ratio (I:T) and immature to mature neutrophil ratio (I:M) were the most reliable test for the neonatal septicemia. Thrombocytopenia had low sensitivity. The haematolgical parameters are simple, quick, cost effective and readily available. The sensitivity, specificity and the predictive values of haematological parameters could be enhanced by combination of these parameters rather than the use of single parameter.
{"title":"Haematological Parameters in Early Diagnosis of Clinically Suspected Neonatal Septicemia","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00924","url":null,"abstract":"Neonatal septicemia is a life-threatening yet treatable condition. It is one of the major health problems throughout the world. Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis of neonatal septicemia and should be performed in all cases of suspected septicemia prior to starting antibiotics. But in the present study, the use of the haematological parameters was evaluated to determine the early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia. It was carried out in the neonatal unit of Mandalay Children’s Hospital from September 2012 to August 2013. Out of 68 cases of clinically suspected neonatal septicemia, bacterial pathogens were isolated from 33 cases. Early onset neonatal septicemia was more common than late onset. Among 33 cases of culture-proven neonatal septicemia, septicemia is not likely in 1 case (3%) while borderline for septicemia and septicemia in 6 cases (18.2%) is very likely in 26 cases (78.8%) according to haematological scoring system (HSS). HSS assigns a score of one for each of seven haematological parameters. Out of the seven haematological parameters, immature to total neutrophil ratio (I:T) and immature to mature neutrophil ratio (I:M) were the most reliable test for the neonatal septicemia. Thrombocytopenia had low sensitivity. The haematolgical parameters are simple, quick, cost effective and readily available. The sensitivity, specificity and the predictive values of haematological parameters could be enhanced by combination of these parameters rather than the use of single parameter.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125400454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 80% of the population of developing countries use traditional medicines, mostly natural plant products, for their primary health care needs. In the past few decades, the medicinal value of plants has been assumed more important dimension owing largely to the discovery that extracts from plants contain not only primary metabolites but also a diverse array of secondary metabolites with antioxidant potential. Medicinal plants are potential sources of natural compounds with biological activities and therefore attract the attention of researchers worldwide. Antioxidants are vital substances which possess ability to protect the body from damage due to free radical-induced oxidative stress. The purpose of current study was to determine the antioxidant activities and bioactive components of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) (Samonsabar) seeds by using UV Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Aqueous extract of fennel seeds showed more antioxidant activity (IC50: 0.28 ug/ml) than ethanolic extract (IC50: 0.83 ug/ml) and comparable to standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid (IC50: 0.59 ug/ml). GC-MS analysis was fruitful in identification of compounds based on peak area, retention time, molecular formula, molecular weight, MS Fragmentions and pharmacological actions. Ten bioactive phytochemical compounds from aqueous extracts and 11 from ethanolic extract of fennel seeds were identified. These findings indicated that fennel seeds are potential to provide preventive properties against oxidative damage. These results will give scientific information for quality control of indigenous drug to herbal medicine users and local practitioners using fennel for different types of ailments
{"title":"Determination of Antioxidant Activities and Bioactive Components of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Samonsabar)","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00917","url":null,"abstract":"World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 80% of the population of developing countries use traditional medicines, mostly natural plant products, for their primary health care needs. In the past few decades, the medicinal value of plants has been assumed more important dimension owing largely to the discovery that extracts from plants contain not only primary metabolites but also a diverse array of secondary metabolites with antioxidant potential. Medicinal plants are potential sources of natural compounds with biological activities and therefore attract the attention of researchers worldwide. Antioxidants are vital substances which possess ability to protect the body from damage due to free radical-induced oxidative stress. The purpose of current study was to determine the antioxidant activities and bioactive components of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) (Samonsabar) seeds by using UV Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Aqueous extract of fennel seeds showed more antioxidant activity (IC50: 0.28 ug/ml) than ethanolic extract (IC50: 0.83 ug/ml) and comparable to standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid (IC50: 0.59 ug/ml). GC-MS analysis was fruitful in identification of compounds based on peak area, retention time, molecular formula, molecular weight, MS Fragmentions and pharmacological actions. Ten bioactive phytochemical compounds from aqueous extracts and 11 from ethanolic extract of fennel seeds were identified. These findings indicated that fennel seeds are potential to provide preventive properties against oxidative damage. These results will give scientific information for quality control of indigenous drug to herbal medicine users and local practitioners using fennel for different types of ailments","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126012383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives of study are (1) to reinforce the national capacity for diagnosis and antibiogram of some infectious diseases causing severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and (2) to build a network between hospital and laboratory for the diagnosis and surveillance of SARI in Yangon. This study is a crosssectional hospital- and laboratory-based descriptive study. A total of 825 samples including respiratory samples and blood samples from 511 children attending Yangon Children’s Hospital and Yankin Children’s Hospital from December 2014 to April 2016 for treatment of SARI were included. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing were done using Vitek 2. Out of 129 gram-negative bacilli (GNB), K. pneumoniae 32%, P. aeruginosa 18%, A. baumannii 13%, E. coli 9% were mostly isolated. Among 35 gram-positive cocci (GPC), S. aureus 42% and S. pneumoniae 6% were mostly isolated. Multidrug resistance rates were E. coli 100%, K. pneumoniae 95%, A. baumanii 82% and P. aeruginosa 17%. Extended-spectrum beta-latamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli was 6 out of 10 tested organisms. Carbarpenemase-producing GNB and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were 21% and 33%, respectively. Virology section tested 529 samples of 490 patients using the FTD33 Multiplex PCR method which can detect 33 pathogens including 20 viruses, 12 bacteria and 1 fungus. Out of 490 patients, 374 were PCR positive. Different types of samples including nasopharyngeal, throat, endotracheal and laryngeal swab, tracheal secretion and bronchoalveolar lavage, were tested. Out of 566 viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (19.3%), rhinovirus (17.0%), parechovirus (14.3%), bocavirus (11.1%), adenovirus (10.2%), metapneumo-virus A and B (10.2%), parainfluenza virus (5.7%), enterovirus (3.0%), influenza A virus (2.8%), coronavirus (4%), parainfluenza virus (0.9%) and influenza C virus (0.4%) were detected. This study highlighted the etiological agents of bacteria, viruses and drug-resistant bacterial pathogens in SARI.
{"title":"Bacteria and Viral Profile of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections of Children Attending Yangon Children’s Hospital and Yankin Children’s Hospital","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00921","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives of study are (1) to reinforce the national capacity for diagnosis and\u0000antibiogram of some infectious diseases causing severe acute respiratory\u0000infection (SARI) and (2) to build a network between hospital and laboratory\u0000for the diagnosis and surveillance of SARI in Yangon. This study is a crosssectional hospital- and laboratory-based descriptive study. A total of 825\u0000samples including respiratory samples and blood samples from 511 children\u0000attending Yangon Children’s Hospital and Yankin Children’s Hospital from\u0000December 2014 to April 2016 for treatment of SARI were included.\u0000Identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing were done using Vitek 2. Out of\u0000129 gram-negative bacilli (GNB), K. pneumoniae 32%, P. aeruginosa 18%,\u0000A. baumannii 13%, E. coli 9% were mostly isolated. Among 35 gram-positive\u0000cocci (GPC), S. aureus 42% and S. pneumoniae 6% were mostly isolated.\u0000Multidrug resistance rates were E. coli 100%, K. pneumoniae 95%, A. baumanii 82% and P. aeruginosa 17%. Extended-spectrum beta-latamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli was 6 out of 10 tested organisms. Carbarpenemase-producing GNB and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were 21% and 33%, respectively. Virology section tested 529 samples of 490 patients using the FTD33 Multiplex PCR method which can detect 33 pathogens including 20 viruses, 12 bacteria and 1 fungus. Out of 490 patients, 374 were PCR positive. Different types of samples including nasopharyngeal, throat, endotracheal and laryngeal swab, tracheal secretion and bronchoalveolar lavage, were tested. Out of 566 viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (19.3%), rhinovirus (17.0%), parechovirus (14.3%), bocavirus (11.1%), adenovirus (10.2%), metapneumo-virus A and B (10.2%), parainfluenza virus (5.7%), enterovirus (3.0%), influenza A virus (2.8%), coronavirus (4%), parainfluenza virus (0.9%) and influenza C virus (0.4%) were detected. This study highlighted the etiological agents of bacteria, viruses and drug-resistant bacterial pathogens in SARI.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126476828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thyroid gland disorders are the most common endocrine conditions. A hospital-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to identify thyroid hormone levels, different types of thyroid dysfunction and to find out the prevalence of thyroid disorders in adult women. It was done at 300-bedded Pyin Oo Lwin General Hospital during September 2016 through February 2017. A total of 115 adult women in the age 18-85 years (mean of 47.37±15.7 year) who were attending medical clinics OutPatient Department of study hospital were enrolled. Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by using Mini-vidas, fully automated Immunology analyzer at Pathology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch). Data entry and analysis were done by SPSS software 20.0 version. Among different age groups, highest number of subject lies between age group of 46-60 years. Thyroid function status was considered according to American Thyroid Association (ATA, 2000) and abnormalities in thyroid hormone levels were detected in 36/115 cases (31.7%) of participants. Hyperthyroidism was observed in 10 cases (8.7%) and hypothyroidism in 8 cases (7.0%). Subclinical hyperthyroidism was found in 12 cases (10.4%) and subclinical hypothyroidism was also seen in 6 cases (5.2%). High number of total subclinical hyperthyroidism was observed in 31-60 age groups. In age 18-30 years, no cases of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism were observed, both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were more prevalent in above 60 years and subclinical hypothyroidism was prevalent in 31-45 years. Serum free T3, T4 and TSH were significantly different in various groups of thyroid dysfunction (p<0.001). This study highlights that thyroid dysfunction remains a common health problem among adult women and is useful for screening programs and clinical management of consequences of thyroid disorders in this area.
{"title":"Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders among Adult Women Attending Medical OPD Clinics at 300-bedded Pyin Oo Lwin General Hospital","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00920","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid gland disorders are the most common endocrine conditions. A hospital-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to identify thyroid hormone levels, different types of thyroid dysfunction and to find out the prevalence of thyroid disorders in adult women. It was done at 300-bedded Pyin Oo Lwin General Hospital during September 2016 through February 2017. A total of 115 adult women in the age 18-85 years (mean of 47.37±15.7 year) who were attending medical clinics OutPatient Department of study hospital were enrolled. Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by using Mini-vidas, fully automated Immunology analyzer at Pathology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch). Data entry and analysis were done by SPSS software 20.0 version. Among different age groups, highest number of subject lies between age group of 46-60 years. Thyroid function status was considered according to American Thyroid Association (ATA, 2000) and abnormalities in thyroid hormone levels were detected in 36/115 cases (31.7%) of participants. Hyperthyroidism was observed in 10 cases (8.7%) and hypothyroidism in 8 cases (7.0%). Subclinical hyperthyroidism was found in 12 cases (10.4%) and subclinical hypothyroidism was also seen in 6 cases (5.2%). High number of total subclinical hyperthyroidism was observed in 31-60 age groups. In age 18-30 years, no cases of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism were observed, both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were more prevalent in above 60 years and subclinical hypothyroidism was prevalent in 31-45 years. Serum free T3, T4 and TSH were significantly different in various groups of thyroid dysfunction (p<0.001). This study highlights that thyroid dysfunction remains a common health problem among adult women and is useful for screening programs and clinical management of consequences of thyroid disorders in this area.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132941719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rotaviruses are regarded as the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among children especially under five years of age worldwide. In developing countries like Myanmar, where diarrhoea is in the priority childhood disease, rotavirus surveillance and detection of rotavirus genotypes are utmost important. A hospital-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Yangon Children‟s Hospital among under five children admitted for acute diarrhoea from January to October 2016. This study includes detection of Group A rotavirus antigen by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and genotyping by multiplex RT-PCR. From a total of 488 collected samples, rotavirus antigen was detected in 219 samples (45%). Rotavirus diarrhoea was most common among the age of 6-11 months (38.8%) followed by 12-23 months (37.9%). The results showed that boys were more commonly affected than girls. Detection of rotavirus positivity was peak in February (57.6 %). Out of 219 stool samples with positive ELISA result, 40 stool samples with high optical density value were proceeded for further determination of G and P genotypes. Regarding distribution of G genotypes, the most common G genotype was G9 which comprised 45%, and that of P genotype was P[8] which comprised 92.5%. Regarding combination of G and P genotypes, the most frequent combination is G9P[8], and it constituted 42.5%. Untypable genotypes were seen in 30% of G and 2.5% of P typing. As rotavirus infection can be prevented by vaccine, WHO recommended that rotavirus vaccination should be included in national immunization program especially in countries where prevalence of rotavirus is high. The distribution of G and P genotypes is important in consideration of appropriate vaccine in pre-vaccination and evaluation of effectiveness of vaccine in post-vaccination period. Therefore, the information on currently circulating genotypes of rotavirus in this study will serve as valuable data for vaccination programme.
{"title":"Molecular Detection of Group A Rotavirus in under Five Years Old Children with Acute Diarrhoea Admitted to Yangon Children’s Hospital","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00927","url":null,"abstract":"Rotaviruses are regarded as the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among children especially under five years of age worldwide. In developing countries like Myanmar, where diarrhoea is in the priority childhood disease, rotavirus surveillance and detection of rotavirus genotypes are utmost important. A hospital-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Yangon Children‟s Hospital among under five children admitted for acute diarrhoea from January to October 2016. This study includes detection of Group A rotavirus antigen by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and genotyping by multiplex RT-PCR. From a total of 488 collected samples, rotavirus antigen was detected in 219 samples (45%). Rotavirus diarrhoea was most common among the age of 6-11 months (38.8%) followed by 12-23 months (37.9%). The results showed that boys were more commonly affected than girls. Detection of rotavirus positivity was peak in February (57.6 %). Out of 219 stool samples with positive ELISA result, 40 stool samples with high optical density value were proceeded for further determination of G and P genotypes. Regarding distribution of G genotypes, the most common G genotype was G9 which comprised 45%, and that of P genotype was P[8] which comprised 92.5%. Regarding combination of G and P genotypes, the most frequent combination is G9P[8], and it constituted 42.5%. Untypable genotypes were seen in 30% of G and 2.5% of P typing. As rotavirus infection can be prevented by vaccine, WHO recommended that rotavirus vaccination should be included in national immunization program especially in countries where prevalence of rotavirus is high. The distribution of G and P genotypes is important in consideration of appropriate vaccine in pre-vaccination and evaluation of effectiveness of vaccine in post-vaccination period. Therefore, the information on currently circulating genotypes of rotavirus in this study\u0000will serve as valuable data for vaccination programme.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123483364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to investigate oral health status and oral health care services utilization among Myanmar residents in Japan. A crosssectional epidemiological study was performed among 152 Myanmar residents aged 18 to 67 years in Tokyo, Japan. Clinical oral examinations and questionnaire surveys were conducted from June to July, 2017. Caries prevalence for all participants was 70.4% with mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) of 2.72±2.91. The prevalence of periodontal disease (Community Periodontal Index - CPI code 1) for all participants was 93.4%. A total of 67 participants (44.1%) had the experience of dental visits in Japan. Most participants (84.2%) had Japanese health insurance, and the participants with health insurance had a significantly higher number of filled teeth than those without (p=0.036). DMFT (p=0.020) and the prevalence of periodontal disease (p=0.049) were significantly lower in participants with health insurance than in those without. Further, self-perceived oral health was better in participants with health insurance than those without (p=0.001). The status of health insurance was indicated to influence on oral health status. In order to promote oral health and facilitate on owning health insurance to Myanmar residents in Japan, oral health education also should be provided to enhance their oral health knowledge.
{"title":"Oral Health Status and Oral Health Services Utilization of Myanmar Residents in Japan","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00926","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate oral health status and oral health care services utilization among Myanmar residents in Japan. A crosssectional epidemiological study was performed among 152 Myanmar residents aged 18 to 67 years in Tokyo, Japan. Clinical oral examinations and questionnaire surveys were conducted from June to July, 2017. Caries prevalence for all participants was 70.4% with mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) of 2.72±2.91. The prevalence of periodontal disease (Community Periodontal Index - CPI code 1) for all participants was 93.4%. A total of 67 participants (44.1%) had the experience of dental visits in Japan. Most participants (84.2%) had Japanese health insurance, and the participants with health insurance had a significantly higher number of filled teeth than those without (p=0.036). DMFT (p=0.020) and the prevalence of periodontal disease (p=0.049) were significantly lower in participants with health insurance than in those without. Further, self-perceived oral health was better in participants with health insurance than those without (p=0.001). The status of health insurance was indicated to influence on oral health status. In order to promote oral health and facilitate on owning health insurance to Myanmar residents in Japan, oral health education also should be provided to enhance their oral health knowledge.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120977509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Usefulness of Dried Blood Spot Samples for Viral Load Quantification and Hepatitis B Virus Genotyping in Myanmar","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00928","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115087132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal and ovicidal activities of ethanol extracts of dried fruits, internal fruit materials and peels of Citrus hystrix DC against Aedes aegtpti larvae from Dagon (North) and Hlinethaya Townships in Yangon Region from May 20l5 to December 2016. The 3rd and 4th stage larvae were exposed for 24 hours to various concentrations of ethanol extracts of different parts of the Citrus hystrix fruit. The dry fruit extract resulted in significantly higher mortality of 100% and 96.4% in Aedes larvae collected from Dagon (North) and Hlinethaya, respectively (P<0.05). The mortality of Aedes larvae in peel extract was found to be 92.5% in Hlinethaya and 94.4% in Dagon (North), respectively. The extract of Citrus hystrix DC fruit was very effective to kill Aedes larvae collected from Dagon (North). When compared with each other, slightly higher mortality of larvae from Dagon (North) was observed at 0.l5 g/100 m1 concentration of all extracts than that of larvae from Hlinethaya. Ovicidal test found 100% protection to lay their eggs at 0.0l25 g/l00 ml dose and persistency test found 100% mortality of 3rd and 4th instar Aedes larvae up to 6 days at a dose of 0.2 g/100 ml fruit extract. The LC50 and LC90 values of 0.0343 g, 0.0415 g, 0.0231 g, and 0.1256 g, 0.1584 g, 0.0742 g for peel, internal material and fruit extracts, respectively, on Aedes larvae from Dagon were found to be lower than 0.0396 g, 0.0552 g, 0.0280 g and 0.1408 g, 0.2322 g, 0.1060 g, respectively, from Hlinethaya. The findings of the present study revealed that the ethanol extract of the fruit of Citrus hystrix DC has strong larvicidal, ovicidal and long-term persistency activity on Aedes mosquitoes as a good source of preparations for mosquito control. The study may contribute to a reduction in the application of synthetic insecticides, which in turnincreases the opportunity for natural control of various medically important insects by botanical insecticides.
{"title":"Larvicidal Properties of Citrus hystrix DC Fruit (Taw-Shaut-Khar-Thee) Extracts against Aedes aegypti Larvae Collected from Different Townships of Yangon","authors":"","doi":"10.34299/mhsrj.00918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34299/mhsrj.00918","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal and ovicidal activities of ethanol extracts of dried fruits, internal fruit materials and peels of Citrus hystrix DC against Aedes aegtpti larvae from Dagon (North) and Hlinethaya Townships in Yangon Region from May 20l5 to December 2016. The 3rd and 4th stage larvae were exposed for 24 hours to various concentrations of ethanol extracts of different parts of the Citrus hystrix fruit. The dry fruit extract resulted in significantly higher mortality of 100% and 96.4% in Aedes larvae collected from Dagon (North) and Hlinethaya, respectively (P<0.05). The mortality of Aedes larvae in peel extract was found to be 92.5% in Hlinethaya and 94.4% in Dagon (North), respectively. The extract of Citrus hystrix DC fruit was very effective to kill Aedes larvae collected from Dagon (North). When compared with each other, slightly higher mortality of larvae from Dagon (North) was observed at 0.l5 g/100 m1 concentration of all extracts than that of larvae from Hlinethaya. Ovicidal\u0000test found 100% protection to lay their eggs at 0.0l25 g/l00 ml dose and persistency test found 100% mortality of 3rd and 4th instar Aedes larvae up to 6 days at a dose of 0.2 g/100 ml fruit extract. The LC50 and LC90 values of 0.0343 g, 0.0415 g, 0.0231 g, and 0.1256 g, 0.1584 g, 0.0742 g for peel, internal material and fruit extracts, respectively, on Aedes larvae from Dagon were found to be lower than 0.0396 g, 0.0552 g, 0.0280 g and\u00000.1408 g, 0.2322 g, 0.1060 g, respectively, from Hlinethaya. The findings of the present study revealed that the ethanol extract of the fruit of Citrus hystrix DC has strong larvicidal, ovicidal and long-term persistency activity on Aedes mosquitoes as a good source of preparations for mosquito control. The study may contribute to a reduction in the application of synthetic insecticides, which in turnincreases the opportunity for natural control of various medically important insects by botanical insecticides.","PeriodicalId":284864,"journal":{"name":"Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134010852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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