Pub Date : 2000-05-12DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851942
S. Colegrove
Project Jindalee officially started in April 1974 as a DSTO project based on over the horizon radar (OTHR) developments made by the USA. Over the years it has progressively evolved to the level of performance where it currently serves a hybrid operational/developmental role. Because of the success of Jindalee, the Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) was conceived and in 1991 the Australian Department of Defence contracted for the construction of two OTHR systems. The JORN is currently projected to come on line in early 2002. This paper outlines the development of the Jindalee program from its inception as Stage A. This is followed by the Stage B system and its evolutionary development up to the current time. Integral with this development is a brief overview of the DSTO R&D activities into OTHR. This review concludes with an overview of the development of the JORN.
{"title":"Project Jindalee: from bare bones to operational OTHR","authors":"S. Colegrove","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851942","url":null,"abstract":"Project Jindalee officially started in April 1974 as a DSTO project based on over the horizon radar (OTHR) developments made by the USA. Over the years it has progressively evolved to the level of performance where it currently serves a hybrid operational/developmental role. Because of the success of Jindalee, the Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) was conceived and in 1991 the Australian Department of Defence contracted for the construction of two OTHR systems. The JORN is currently projected to come on line in early 2002. This paper outlines the development of the Jindalee program from its inception as Stage A. This is followed by the Stage B system and its evolutionary development up to the current time. Integral with this development is a brief overview of the DSTO R&D activities into OTHR. This review concludes with an overview of the development of the JORN.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130363098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-12DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851870
F. Kretschmer, L. Welch
The well known Lewis-Kretschmer P4 polyphase pulse compression codes are low sidelobe, Doppler tolerant codes based on sampled linear FM phases. This paper discusses and shows how the sidelobes can be substantially reduced by applying different weighting techniques and their tradeoffs. Also, a comparison is made with nonlinear chirp P(n,k) polyphase codes.
{"title":"Sidelobe reduction techniques for polyphase pulse compression codes","authors":"F. Kretschmer, L. Welch","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851870","url":null,"abstract":"The well known Lewis-Kretschmer P4 polyphase pulse compression codes are low sidelobe, Doppler tolerant codes based on sampled linear FM phases. This paper discusses and shows how the sidelobes can be substantially reduced by applying different weighting techniques and their tradeoffs. Also, a comparison is made with nonlinear chirp P(n,k) polyphase codes.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126470747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-12DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851911
S. Rejto
This paper presents the radar open systems architecture (ROSA) that has been used successfully in building the prototype Cobra Gemini radar and is currently being used to modernize four unique signature radars at the Kwajalein Missile Range (KMR) and three unique radars at the Millstone Hill radar facility. ROSA embraces the OS model by decomposing a radar into functional building blocks constructed using COTS hardware. This decomposition provides loosely coupled operational subsystem components that, when tied together using well-defined interfaces, form a complete radar processing and control system. Building blocks can be easily added or modified to allow new technology insertion, with minimal impact on the other elements of the radar system. More importantly, existing radar building blocks can be shared and used to create new radars or to modernize existing systems. This modular OS architecture can lead to improvements in time-to-market, reduced cost, and increased commonality.
{"title":"Radar open systems architecture and applications","authors":"S. Rejto","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851911","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the radar open systems architecture (ROSA) that has been used successfully in building the prototype Cobra Gemini radar and is currently being used to modernize four unique signature radars at the Kwajalein Missile Range (KMR) and three unique radars at the Millstone Hill radar facility. ROSA embraces the OS model by decomposing a radar into functional building blocks constructed using COTS hardware. This decomposition provides loosely coupled operational subsystem components that, when tied together using well-defined interfaces, form a complete radar processing and control system. Building blocks can be easily added or modified to allow new technology insertion, with minimal impact on the other elements of the radar system. More importantly, existing radar building blocks can be shared and used to create new radars or to modernize existing systems. This modular OS architecture can lead to improvements in time-to-market, reduced cost, and increased commonality.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131890428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-12DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851896
J. Maher, M. Callahan, D. Lynch
RLSTAP is shown to be an effective tool for modeling clutter representative of that seen by an actual spaceborne system. Realistic effects, like the Doppler aliasing of the angle-Doppler clutter spectrum from a high velocity platform and the non-homogeneity of site-specific clutter, can be modeled and their impact on adaptive signal processing studied. The example simulated in this work demonstrates that the Doppler aliasing of the clutter spectrum impacts the requirements on the STAP processor. The processor requires four spatial degrees of freedom to effectively suppress the clutter, while in previous cases with slower platforms only two were sufficient. This should be considered in designing a space-based radar system. Additionally, the non-homogeneity of the site-specific clutter influences STAP requirements. Care must be taken to keep the required sample support small and to choose the secondary data cells such that they are as close as possible, statistically, to the data from the test range cell.
{"title":"Effects of clutter modeling in evaluating STAP processing for space-based radars","authors":"J. Maher, M. Callahan, D. Lynch","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851896","url":null,"abstract":"RLSTAP is shown to be an effective tool for modeling clutter representative of that seen by an actual spaceborne system. Realistic effects, like the Doppler aliasing of the angle-Doppler clutter spectrum from a high velocity platform and the non-homogeneity of site-specific clutter, can be modeled and their impact on adaptive signal processing studied. The example simulated in this work demonstrates that the Doppler aliasing of the clutter spectrum impacts the requirements on the STAP processor. The processor requires four spatial degrees of freedom to effectively suppress the clutter, while in previous cases with slower platforms only two were sufficient. This should be considered in designing a space-based radar system. Additionally, the non-homogeneity of the site-specific clutter influences STAP requirements. Care must be taken to keep the required sample support small and to choose the secondary data cells such that they are as close as possible, statistically, to the data from the test range cell.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126378806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-12DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851898
T. Thayaparan
The response of a high frequency (HF) radar system to echoes from underdense meteor trails is numerically calculated. The strengths and limitations of radar detection of meteors at different radar frequencies are studied based on standard theory. The standard theory takes into account the initial trail radius, the finite meteor velocity, and the radial diffusion. The significance of the data processing scheme, the pulse repetition frequency, and the data sampling interval are all investigated. The study shows that radars operating at wavelengths of around 5-15 m are unable to detect high altitude meteors due to wavelength dependent ceilings. Long wavelength radars operating around 15-60 m are potentially able to detect many more underdense meteor echoes than the radars operating around 5-15 m. However, there are many important and attributive factors influencing the observation of meteors at low radio frequencies and the advantages and drawbacks are specifically discussed insofar as detecting meteors at low frequency.
{"title":"Strengths and limitations of HF radar for meteor backscatter detection","authors":"T. Thayaparan","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851898","url":null,"abstract":"The response of a high frequency (HF) radar system to echoes from underdense meteor trails is numerically calculated. The strengths and limitations of radar detection of meteors at different radar frequencies are studied based on standard theory. The standard theory takes into account the initial trail radius, the finite meteor velocity, and the radial diffusion. The significance of the data processing scheme, the pulse repetition frequency, and the data sampling interval are all investigated. The study shows that radars operating at wavelengths of around 5-15 m are unable to detect high altitude meteors due to wavelength dependent ceilings. Long wavelength radars operating around 15-60 m are potentially able to detect many more underdense meteor echoes than the radars operating around 5-15 m. However, there are many important and attributive factors influencing the observation of meteors at low radio frequencies and the advantages and drawbacks are specifically discussed insofar as detecting meteors at low frequency.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125632922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851938
Y. Abramovich, N. Spencer, A. Gorokhov
Recently it has been demonstrated by both computer simulations and real data processing that multi-interference signal environments with different types of interference stationarity can be adequately treated by the newly proposed stochastically constrained adaptive algorithm. This signal processing approach is evidently the prototype of a new class of adaptive algorithms, whose convergence properties are analytically and numerically examined in this paper. Interference scenarios which reflect the main features of typical HF radar applications are presented; these demonstrate both the high efficiency of the approach described and the accuracy of the derived analysis.
{"title":"Sample support analysis of stochastically constrained STAP with loaded sample matrix inversion","authors":"Y. Abramovich, N. Spencer, A. Gorokhov","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851938","url":null,"abstract":"Recently it has been demonstrated by both computer simulations and real data processing that multi-interference signal environments with different types of interference stationarity can be adequately treated by the newly proposed stochastically constrained adaptive algorithm. This signal processing approach is evidently the prototype of a new class of adaptive algorithms, whose convergence properties are analytically and numerically examined in this paper. Interference scenarios which reflect the main features of typical HF radar applications are presented; these demonstrate both the high efficiency of the approach described and the accuracy of the derived analysis.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115625540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851795
E. Evans
New USA Navy missions and operating environments are driving radar requirements and technology needs for future surface combatants. Future Navy ships will likely have a suite of two (or possibly more) radars for providing defense against air targets and theater ballistic missile (TBM). Radar processors with open systems, COTS components, and portable software offer cost savings and the possibility of significant performance enhancements over the life cycle of the system.
{"title":"Radar systems and technologies for Navy air and missile defense","authors":"E. Evans","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851795","url":null,"abstract":"New USA Navy missions and operating environments are driving radar requirements and technology needs for future surface combatants. Future Navy ships will likely have a suite of two (or possibly more) radars for providing defense against air targets and theater ballistic missile (TBM). Radar processors with open systems, COTS components, and portable software offer cost savings and the possibility of significant performance enhancements over the life cycle of the system.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115671687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851861
Y. Lostanlen, Hugh Griffiths, B. Uguen, G. Chassay
This paper presents our global approach to model ultra-wideband (UWB) clutter. In this approach, we consider plane wave scattering (in the time domain) from a rough air-soil interface. The time-domain scattering is computed via two different techniques. The first one is a two-dimensional (2D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm, which is particularly well adapted to frequency-dependent subsoils. The second method is processed in the frequency domain prior to a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) which is performed to come back to the time domain. With this last method, we can integrate system parameters and statistically rough surfaces into our model.
{"title":"Modelling of air-soil interface clutter for ultrawideband radar","authors":"Y. Lostanlen, Hugh Griffiths, B. Uguen, G. Chassay","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851861","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents our global approach to model ultra-wideband (UWB) clutter. In this approach, we consider plane wave scattering (in the time domain) from a rough air-soil interface. The time-domain scattering is computed via two different techniques. The first one is a two-dimensional (2D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm, which is particularly well adapted to frequency-dependent subsoils. The second method is processed in the frequency domain prior to a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) which is performed to come back to the time domain. With this last method, we can integrate system parameters and statistically rough surfaces into our model.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116940675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851838
P. Chen
This paper presents a high range resolution (HRR) profiling technique for generating range and Doppler profiles of multiple moving targets, while the radar is in ground moving target indicator (GMTI) search mode. To implement such a technique, it requires no a priori information on target velocity and/or phase, hence, it is a good candidate to be incorporated into a search radar in which precise target velocity and/or phase information is generally not available. This technique was developed for a linear FM radar in which transmitting frequency is changing within the transmit pulsewidth. Most of the SAR radars employ such a waveform for both SAR imaging and GMTI modes. To verify HRR profiling performance, modeling, simulation, and key profiling equations were developed. Results show that both the resolution in Doppler and SIR value are improved. Also, this technique is capable of handling reasonable target acceleration of ground movers due to the inherent radar design.
{"title":"HRR profiling in GMTI search radar","authors":"P. Chen","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851838","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a high range resolution (HRR) profiling technique for generating range and Doppler profiles of multiple moving targets, while the radar is in ground moving target indicator (GMTI) search mode. To implement such a technique, it requires no a priori information on target velocity and/or phase, hence, it is a good candidate to be incorporated into a search radar in which precise target velocity and/or phase information is generally not available. This technique was developed for a linear FM radar in which transmitting frequency is changing within the transmit pulsewidth. Most of the SAR radars employ such a waveform for both SAR imaging and GMTI modes. To verify HRR profiling performance, modeling, simulation, and key profiling equations were developed. Results show that both the resolution in Doppler and SIR value are improved. Also, this technique is capable of handling reasonable target acceleration of ground movers due to the inherent radar design.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121136416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851934
B. Himed, Y. Salama, J. Michels
In airborne radar adaptive signal processing, the covariance matrix is usually estimated using secondary (training) data cells taken from adjacent range cells located symmetrically around the test cell. In non-homogeneous clutter, many of these data cells may lack the IID property, resulting in estimation performance loss. Nonhomogeneity detectors have been introduced in order to achieve more representative data selection. The generalized inner product (GIP) has been shown to work well with measured data. In this paper, we introduce a variation of the GIP to filter out the non-representative data. Moreover, the proposed approach makes use of equalized data based on the GIP. Results using the MCARM database show improved performance.
{"title":"Improved detection of close proximity targets using two-step NHD","authors":"B. Himed, Y. Salama, J. Michels","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851934","url":null,"abstract":"In airborne radar adaptive signal processing, the covariance matrix is usually estimated using secondary (training) data cells taken from adjacent range cells located symmetrically around the test cell. In non-homogeneous clutter, many of these data cells may lack the IID property, resulting in estimation performance loss. Nonhomogeneity detectors have been introduced in order to achieve more representative data selection. The generalized inner product (GIP) has been shown to work well with measured data. In this paper, we introduce a variation of the GIP to filter out the non-representative data. Moreover, the proposed approach makes use of equalized data based on the GIP. Results using the MCARM database show improved performance.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116384653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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