Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851840
A. Asensio, J. Tejerina
This paper describes a full solid state 3.5 kW transmitter for high data capacity mode S system. The transmitter meets all the operational requirements imposed by Eurocontrol for the next Pre-Operational European Mode S stations (POEMS). Besides incorporating novel technologies and admitting a very high duty cycle for the transistors, it provides sensors of the most significant equipment parameters for appropriate administration of a mode S station.
{"title":"3.5 kW transmitter for high capacity mode S systems","authors":"A. Asensio, J. Tejerina","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851840","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a full solid state 3.5 kW transmitter for high data capacity mode S system. The transmitter meets all the operational requirements imposed by Eurocontrol for the next Pre-Operational European Mode S stations (POEMS). Besides incorporating novel technologies and admitting a very high duty cycle for the transistors, it provides sensors of the most significant equipment parameters for appropriate administration of a mode S station.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126009928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851887
G. Fedele, P. Lombardo, D. Deli
A phenomenological model is proposed for the propagation of wideband radar pulses through an evaporation duct. The proposed model extends the previous models in two directions: (i) it presents a wideband characterization, thus removing the continuous wave hypothesis of most previous models; (ii) it fully considers the random characteristic of the geometric parameters by providing a statistical model. In particular, a statistical approach is used for the description of the rough sea surface due to the presence of wind and sea swells. The resulting model describes the duct as a random Gaussian fading channel with statistical parameters related to the surface geometrical characteristics. Both the single point statistic of the received signals and the spectral distortion of the transmitted pulses are studied by the proposed model. In particular, the coherence bandwidth is shown to depend essentially on the ratio between the surface standard deviation and the correlation length, i.e., on the local surface slope. As expected, the channel bandwidth decreases as either the sea roughness increases (larger standard deviation) or the surface decorrelates. These results apply both to TE and TM modes and both to exponential and Gaussian models assumed to describe the spatial correlation function of the surface heights.
{"title":"A phenomenological model for radar signal propagation in evaporation ducts","authors":"G. Fedele, P. Lombardo, D. Deli","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851887","url":null,"abstract":"A phenomenological model is proposed for the propagation of wideband radar pulses through an evaporation duct. The proposed model extends the previous models in two directions: (i) it presents a wideband characterization, thus removing the continuous wave hypothesis of most previous models; (ii) it fully considers the random characteristic of the geometric parameters by providing a statistical model. In particular, a statistical approach is used for the description of the rough sea surface due to the presence of wind and sea swells. The resulting model describes the duct as a random Gaussian fading channel with statistical parameters related to the surface geometrical characteristics. Both the single point statistic of the received signals and the spectral distortion of the transmitted pulses are studied by the proposed model. In particular, the coherence bandwidth is shown to depend essentially on the ratio between the surface standard deviation and the correlation length, i.e., on the local surface slope. As expected, the channel bandwidth decreases as either the sea roughness increases (larger standard deviation) or the surface decorrelates. These results apply both to TE and TM modes and both to exponential and Gaussian models assumed to describe the spatial correlation function of the surface heights.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129432558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851799
D. K. Barton
It has been shown that a multifunction radar can initiate firm tracks at ranges well beyond those at which its search function would have sufficient single-scan detection probability to support reliable track initiation and track-while-scan operation. The advantage, attributable to the sequential detection process of alarm followed by validation, represents an increase in range capability corresponding to some four to six decibels in power-aperture product (25% to 40% in range). A disadvantage is that the target must be detected initially in the microwave band that supports the tracking function, and the low-observable target may have very low cross section in that band, requiring a very high search power-aperture product to cover the required volume in space. An alternative system design procedure uses a lower-frequency search radar and a multiple-channel, electronically scanned tracking radar in which an unused fire control channel performs the same validation and track initiation steps as would be used in a multifunction radar, based on an unvalidated alarm from the search radar. The search radar need not obtain the string of three or more detections that would be required for it to establish a firm track, and hence the same four to six decibel advantage is obtained as with the multifunction radar, but with search at the more optimum lower frequency. The result is to combine the sequential-detection gain of the multifunction radar with the RCS enhancement of the lower-frequency search radar to maximize firm-track range on all targets.
{"title":"Maximizing firm-track range on low-observable targets","authors":"D. K. Barton","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851799","url":null,"abstract":"It has been shown that a multifunction radar can initiate firm tracks at ranges well beyond those at which its search function would have sufficient single-scan detection probability to support reliable track initiation and track-while-scan operation. The advantage, attributable to the sequential detection process of alarm followed by validation, represents an increase in range capability corresponding to some four to six decibels in power-aperture product (25% to 40% in range). A disadvantage is that the target must be detected initially in the microwave band that supports the tracking function, and the low-observable target may have very low cross section in that band, requiring a very high search power-aperture product to cover the required volume in space. An alternative system design procedure uses a lower-frequency search radar and a multiple-channel, electronically scanned tracking radar in which an unused fire control channel performs the same validation and track initiation steps as would be used in a multifunction radar, based on an unvalidated alarm from the search radar. The search radar need not obtain the string of three or more detections that would be required for it to establish a firm track, and hence the same four to six decibel advantage is obtained as with the multifunction radar, but with search at the more optimum lower frequency. The result is to combine the sequential-detection gain of the multifunction radar with the RCS enhancement of the lower-frequency search radar to maximize firm-track range on all targets.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130397972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851869
A. Jahns
Probability transform (PT) simulation is a new method of calculating the detection statistics of radar and communication receivers. PT numerically computes the output probability density function (PDF) of a receiver from its input PDF. The existing methods for performing this simulation are closed form, and Monte Carlo. PT is a numerical version of closed form simulation. In some applications, PT simulation produces results far more quickly and accurately than the existing methods. Results can be obtained numerically when closed form results are not tractable or closed form approximations inaccurate. The utility of PT simulation is demonstrated in this paper by applying it to a hard-limited radar receiver. Accurate closed form expressions do not exist for the output PDF of the hard-limiter due to its high nonlinearity. In this application, PT is far faster and more accurate than the traditional Monte Carlo approach. Detection statistics for all five Swerling cases have been calculated for the hard-limited receiver. PT simulation is made far more practical by several innovations presented in this paper. These include the two-dimensional convolution formula to simulate coherent integration, the use of two-dimensional FFT to speed the two-dimensional convolution, holding target phase constant without affecting the simulation results and reversing the order of the Swerling integration and noncoherent integration simulation steps to correctly simulate either Swerling cases 1 and 3 or 2 and 4. More general applications of PT simulation such as to receivers with a linear channel and linear detector are discussed.
{"title":"Precise detection statistics by probability transform (PT) simulation, applied to a hard-limited radar receiver","authors":"A. Jahns","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851869","url":null,"abstract":"Probability transform (PT) simulation is a new method of calculating the detection statistics of radar and communication receivers. PT numerically computes the output probability density function (PDF) of a receiver from its input PDF. The existing methods for performing this simulation are closed form, and Monte Carlo. PT is a numerical version of closed form simulation. In some applications, PT simulation produces results far more quickly and accurately than the existing methods. Results can be obtained numerically when closed form results are not tractable or closed form approximations inaccurate. The utility of PT simulation is demonstrated in this paper by applying it to a hard-limited radar receiver. Accurate closed form expressions do not exist for the output PDF of the hard-limiter due to its high nonlinearity. In this application, PT is far faster and more accurate than the traditional Monte Carlo approach. Detection statistics for all five Swerling cases have been calculated for the hard-limited receiver. PT simulation is made far more practical by several innovations presented in this paper. These include the two-dimensional convolution formula to simulate coherent integration, the use of two-dimensional FFT to speed the two-dimensional convolution, holding target phase constant without affecting the simulation results and reversing the order of the Swerling integration and noncoherent integration simulation steps to correctly simulate either Swerling cases 1 and 3 or 2 and 4. More general applications of PT simulation such as to receivers with a linear channel and linear detector are discussed.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126550751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851831
Huang Jian-xi, Wu jing-hong, Huang Shun-ji
This paper considers an implementation of a real-time signal processor for high resolution SAR (synthetic aperture radar) imaging. In many tasks, we need the SAR imaging take in time, so the real-time processor becomes more and more important. On the basic SAR imaging principle, it is well known that the high range resolution depends on the transmitted signal bandwidth, while high azimuth resolution results from the space Doppler frequency bandwidth. With the increase of frequency bandwidth, the rate of sampling increases, so a fast processor is required in high resolution real-time SAR imaging. To address this need, we discuss the way in which the high speed general DSP and special DSP are applied for high resolution real-time imaging, and good performance is obtained.
{"title":"The hardware implementation of real-time SAR signal processor","authors":"Huang Jian-xi, Wu jing-hong, Huang Shun-ji","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851831","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers an implementation of a real-time signal processor for high resolution SAR (synthetic aperture radar) imaging. In many tasks, we need the SAR imaging take in time, so the real-time processor becomes more and more important. On the basic SAR imaging principle, it is well known that the high range resolution depends on the transmitted signal bandwidth, while high azimuth resolution results from the space Doppler frequency bandwidth. With the increase of frequency bandwidth, the rate of sampling increases, so a fast processor is required in high resolution real-time SAR imaging. To address this need, we discuss the way in which the high speed general DSP and special DSP are applied for high resolution real-time imaging, and good performance is obtained.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121325727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851841
Li Shiguo, Ni Jinling, Shan Rongguang, Chu Xiaobing
In this paper, we give a new procedure for SAR/ISAR imaging. We use an autofocusing technique to image a ship target on sea or an aircraft in flight by processing real radar data based on SAR/ISAR. The ship imaging experiment is a first for China. The result is satisfactory. The method and the resulting images are given.
{"title":"A new method for SAR/ISAR imaging of moving aircraft or ship","authors":"Li Shiguo, Ni Jinling, Shan Rongguang, Chu Xiaobing","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851841","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we give a new procedure for SAR/ISAR imaging. We use an autofocusing technique to image a ship target on sea or an aircraft in flight by processing real radar data based on SAR/ISAR. The ship imaging experiment is a first for China. The result is satisfactory. The method and the resulting images are given.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122558889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851947
R. Hummel
The Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) program was initiated by the USA Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) and the USA Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in the summer of 1995. The goal of this project was to advance the state of automatic target recognition (ATR) using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery by developing the technology of model-based vision. This paper provides a retrospective discussion of the progress made in the course of the MSTAR project.
{"title":"Model-based ATR using synthetic aperture radar","authors":"R. Hummel","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851947","url":null,"abstract":"The Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) program was initiated by the USA Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) and the USA Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in the summer of 1995. The goal of this project was to advance the state of automatic target recognition (ATR) using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery by developing the technology of model-based vision. This paper provides a retrospective discussion of the progress made in the course of the MSTAR project.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121152357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851810
E. Thomas
A rapidly adapting tracking filter, working with a comparatively low data-rate, is described. The filter uses position, course, turn rate, speed and speed rate as the state parameters to handle the curved parts of the trajectory better. The trajectory is continually modeled as moving under a transverse acceleration and a longitudinal acceleration, each large or negligible, which change the turn rate and the speed rate accordingly. Wild maneuvers are detected and corrected rapidly to a large extent, with a high confidence level, mild maneuvers are left to a gradual correction through small filter gains, as in steady state filter algorithms, and medium maneuvers are gracefully fitted in between, through an innovation-based common algorithm.
{"title":"Tracking wild maneuvers at low data-rate, using curved-track state parameters","authors":"E. Thomas","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851810","url":null,"abstract":"A rapidly adapting tracking filter, working with a comparatively low data-rate, is described. The filter uses position, course, turn rate, speed and speed rate as the state parameters to handle the curved parts of the trajectory better. The trajectory is continually modeled as moving under a transverse acceleration and a longitudinal acceleration, each large or negligible, which change the turn rate and the speed rate accordingly. Wild maneuvers are detected and corrected rapidly to a large extent, with a high confidence level, mild maneuvers are left to a gradual correction through small filter gains, as in steady state filter algorithms, and medium maneuvers are gracefully fitted in between, through an innovation-based common algorithm.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125126494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851882
L. Savy, C.A. Moal
Classical high resolution (HR) methods become unrealizable when applied to large SAR images, due to memory size and computational time requirements. In this paper, a new HR spectral analysis method, called "image space", derived from autoregressive (AR) spectral analysis, is proposed for large-image SAR processing. Simulations and real data processing results are provided, and demonstrate resolution improvement as well as "good" behavior on clutter.
{"title":"High resolution SAR image analysis by new autoregressive algorithm in image space","authors":"L. Savy, C.A. Moal","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851882","url":null,"abstract":"Classical high resolution (HR) methods become unrealizable when applied to large SAR images, due to memory size and computational time requirements. In this paper, a new HR spectral analysis method, called \"image space\", derived from autoregressive (AR) spectral analysis, is proposed for large-image SAR processing. Simulations and real data processing results are provided, and demonstrate resolution improvement as well as \"good\" behavior on clutter.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127672375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851867
Simon Watts
This paper explores the performance of cell-averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR) detectors in sea clutter, using the compound K-distribution clutter model. The first section provides a brief introduction to the compound K-distribution model. This is followed by a description of the CA-CFAR configuration being investigated and a definition of CFAR loss. The definition of ideal CFAR performance is given to provide the basis against which CFAR gain can be assessed. Then, the CFAR loss in noise is developed analytically and compared with equivalent simulation results for clutter with no spatial correlation and for clutter with spatial correlation in range. Finally, the paper investigates methods for determining the threshold multiplier value, /spl alpha/, in different conditions, covering the estimation of the K-distribution shape parameter in clutter-plus-noise and analysis of the clutter distribution normalised by the cell-averager estimate of the mean level.
{"title":"The performance of cell-averaging CFAR systems in sea clutter","authors":"Simon Watts","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851867","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the performance of cell-averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR) detectors in sea clutter, using the compound K-distribution clutter model. The first section provides a brief introduction to the compound K-distribution model. This is followed by a description of the CA-CFAR configuration being investigated and a definition of CFAR loss. The definition of ideal CFAR performance is given to provide the basis against which CFAR gain can be assessed. Then, the CFAR loss in noise is developed analytically and compared with equivalent simulation results for clutter with no spatial correlation and for clutter with spatial correlation in range. Finally, the paper investigates methods for determining the threshold multiplier value, /spl alpha/, in different conditions, covering the estimation of the K-distribution shape parameter in clutter-plus-noise and analysis of the clutter distribution normalised by the cell-averager estimate of the mean level.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132584858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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