Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851803
S. Feder, B. Bobrovsky
The radar angle tracking loop is analyzed using the mean time to loss of lock (MTLL) criterion. This choice of performance criterion enables us to gain a completely new, meaningful engineering insight into the problem of burn-through range (BTR), and to demonstrate exactly how an increase in the target manoeuvring is equivalent to an increase in the jamming power. For a given scenario, the true BTR is presented.
{"title":"A novel approach to the burn-through range-theory and applications","authors":"S. Feder, B. Bobrovsky","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851803","url":null,"abstract":"The radar angle tracking loop is analyzed using the mean time to loss of lock (MTLL) criterion. This choice of performance criterion enables us to gain a completely new, meaningful engineering insight into the problem of burn-through range (BTR), and to demonstrate exactly how an increase in the target manoeuvring is equivalent to an increase in the jamming power. For a given scenario, the true BTR is presented.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121818705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851858
G. Connan, R. Garello, H. Griffiths, P. Brennan
The paper describes the design and operation of a new ultra-high resolution MM-wave FMCW synthetic aperture radar, which has been used for wave-tank experiments to investigate the imaging mechanisms of internal waves in SAR images and the backscattering mechanisms of a water surface at MM-wave. Two series of experiments have been carried out in LEGI, Grenoble, with mechanically generated waves and at the IfM, Hamburg University, with wind waves. The new results we obtained from our data are presented and analysed, considering the nature of the scatterers involved. It is concluded that the MM-wave radar is sensitive to very small hydrodynamic modulations and freely propagating Bragg waves.
{"title":"Millimeter-wave radar back-scattering from water waves","authors":"G. Connan, R. Garello, H. Griffiths, P. Brennan","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851858","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the design and operation of a new ultra-high resolution MM-wave FMCW synthetic aperture radar, which has been used for wave-tank experiments to investigate the imaging mechanisms of internal waves in SAR images and the backscattering mechanisms of a water surface at MM-wave. Two series of experiments have been carried out in LEGI, Grenoble, with mechanically generated waves and at the IfM, Hamburg University, with wind waves. The new results we obtained from our data are presented and analysed, considering the nature of the scatterers involved. It is concluded that the MM-wave radar is sensitive to very small hydrodynamic modulations and freely propagating Bragg waves.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":"22 6S 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122812370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851852
Xuejun Liao, Z. Bao, M. Xing
It has been shown that high resolution radar range profiles (HRRP) can serve as discriminative features for automatic target recognition (ATR) purpose. A HRRP at a single aspect, however, is very sensitive to the aspect change. For microwave radars, aspect change of tenths of 1/spl deg/ can cause drastic changes in HRRP of aircraft-like targets. The aspect sensitivity of HRRP greatly hinders their potential use in automatic target recognition. This paper investigates the phenomenon of aspect sensitivity of HRRP and methods for its reduction.
{"title":"On the aspect sensitivity of high resolution range profiles and its reduction methods","authors":"Xuejun Liao, Z. Bao, M. Xing","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851852","url":null,"abstract":"It has been shown that high resolution radar range profiles (HRRP) can serve as discriminative features for automatic target recognition (ATR) purpose. A HRRP at a single aspect, however, is very sensitive to the aspect change. For microwave radars, aspect change of tenths of 1/spl deg/ can cause drastic changes in HRRP of aircraft-like targets. The aspect sensitivity of HRRP greatly hinders their potential use in automatic target recognition. This paper investigates the phenomenon of aspect sensitivity of HRRP and methods for its reduction.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123156015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851859
H. Kuschel
Radar echo measurements of stationary ground targets (clutter), illuminated at grazing incidence, have been conducted with LARISSA at its location in Wachtberg. The measurements were conducted with horizontal polarisation and the frequency used in the LARISSA system was upper VHF. The antenna is a 4-element array that can be directed to an arbitrary azimuth direction for data acquisition. It provides an antenna beamwidth of 20/spl deg/. A range resolution of 78 meters is achieved. The objective of the measurements was to provide a database for the development of clutter cancellation procedures for electronic scanning low frequency radars to detect low level air targets. Rather than measure precisely the reflectivity of different types of ground or vegetation, the intention was to acquire knowledge about the dynamic range and statistical properties of low frequency clutter at grazing incidence. The clutter measurements were analysed with respect to their spatial distribution and more important to their temporal fluctuation and coherence. The terrain structure varied widely from forested rolling hills to flat country fields and orchards. Coherency analysis demonstrated a high phase stability of consecutive pulses, containing clutter returns from one resolution cell. First, the spatial distribution of clutter areas is predicted and measured and the burst to burst fluctuation is analysed to obtain an overview of the temporal clutter stability. An in-depth analysis of the pulse to pulse clutter statistics and time coherence leads to a proposed coherent clutter map processor to remove clutter energy from the received signal.
{"title":"Measurement, analysis and processing of VHF ground clutter","authors":"H. Kuschel","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851859","url":null,"abstract":"Radar echo measurements of stationary ground targets (clutter), illuminated at grazing incidence, have been conducted with LARISSA at its location in Wachtberg. The measurements were conducted with horizontal polarisation and the frequency used in the LARISSA system was upper VHF. The antenna is a 4-element array that can be directed to an arbitrary azimuth direction for data acquisition. It provides an antenna beamwidth of 20/spl deg/. A range resolution of 78 meters is achieved. The objective of the measurements was to provide a database for the development of clutter cancellation procedures for electronic scanning low frequency radars to detect low level air targets. Rather than measure precisely the reflectivity of different types of ground or vegetation, the intention was to acquire knowledge about the dynamic range and statistical properties of low frequency clutter at grazing incidence. The clutter measurements were analysed with respect to their spatial distribution and more important to their temporal fluctuation and coherence. The terrain structure varied widely from forested rolling hills to flat country fields and orchards. Coherency analysis demonstrated a high phase stability of consecutive pulses, containing clutter returns from one resolution cell. First, the spatial distribution of clutter areas is predicted and measured and the burst to burst fluctuation is analysed to obtain an overview of the temporal clutter stability. An in-depth analysis of the pulse to pulse clutter statistics and time coherence leads to a proposed coherent clutter map processor to remove clutter energy from the received signal.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":"306 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123667712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851830
S. Harman, P. Williams, A. Hume
The conventional algorithm often used in coded CW radar processing is summarised and a generic frequency domain equivalent to this algorithm is defined. The algorithm gives the ability to control the correlation function at each Doppler bin, thereby removing the usual losses, and associated increase in sidelobes, caused by the correlation of Doppler targets. Phase coded CW radars can exhibit a number of problems, such that when 'perfect' codes are implemented 'perfect' performance is not realised. The problems are discussed and the approach of smoothing the spectrum over the code bandwidth in order to correct for system losses and interference is presented. Correction of inaccuracies in I and Q channels is demonstrated which reduces frequency images. Real and simulated results show that these techniques improve the resolution of the range Doppler plane by removing noise sources and sidelobes.
{"title":"The correction of Doppler errors and receiver chain anomalies in CW radars","authors":"S. Harman, P. Williams, A. Hume","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851830","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional algorithm often used in coded CW radar processing is summarised and a generic frequency domain equivalent to this algorithm is defined. The algorithm gives the ability to control the correlation function at each Doppler bin, thereby removing the usual losses, and associated increase in sidelobes, caused by the correlation of Doppler targets. Phase coded CW radars can exhibit a number of problems, such that when 'perfect' codes are implemented 'perfect' performance is not realised. The problems are discussed and the approach of smoothing the spectrum over the code bandwidth in order to correct for system losses and interference is presented. Correction of inaccuracies in I and Q channels is demonstrated which reduces frequency images. Real and simulated results show that these techniques improve the resolution of the range Doppler plane by removing noise sources and sidelobes.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129674255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851924
J. Worms
Since the antenna elements of conformal array antennas have different orientations, in angular resolution algorithms the polarization of arriving waves has to be taken into account. Two new modifications of the Capon and MUSIC method taking the polarization into consideration are proposed.
{"title":"Spatial superresolution with conformal array antennas","authors":"J. Worms","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851924","url":null,"abstract":"Since the antenna elements of conformal array antennas have different orientations, in angular resolution algorithms the polarization of arriving waves has to be taken into account. Two new modifications of the Capon and MUSIC method taking the polarization into consideration are proposed.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129095327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851819
T. Brenner, A. Modrzewski, J. Pietrasiński, T. Rapacki
The general description, mathematical analysis and simulation research results of a satisfactory method concerning pulse repetition frequency (PRF) choice is presented in the paper. A low PRF radar with MTD signal processing is taken into consideration. The worked out method of PRF selection is satisfactory because it ensures the best quality of a target's unambiguous radial velocity measurement (URVM) under a chosen criterion. According to the chosen criterion new tools for PRF selection based on genetic algorithms are worked out. The essential comparable simulation research results are performed. They show significant improvement of the quality indexes of the radial velocity measurement that uses the PRF selection method based on genetic algorithms. The problems related to overcoming the influence of the diversity frequency mode on the URVM algorithm quality indexes are considered too. From this point of view two solutions are proposed. The first concerns modification of the genetic algorithm used for selection of the PRF; the second relates modification of the URVM algorithm. The simulation research results presented here show the limitations concerning use of both of the modifications.
{"title":"Problems of improvement of unambiguous radial velocity measurement in low PRF radar","authors":"T. Brenner, A. Modrzewski, J. Pietrasiński, T. Rapacki","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851819","url":null,"abstract":"The general description, mathematical analysis and simulation research results of a satisfactory method concerning pulse repetition frequency (PRF) choice is presented in the paper. A low PRF radar with MTD signal processing is taken into consideration. The worked out method of PRF selection is satisfactory because it ensures the best quality of a target's unambiguous radial velocity measurement (URVM) under a chosen criterion. According to the chosen criterion new tools for PRF selection based on genetic algorithms are worked out. The essential comparable simulation research results are performed. They show significant improvement of the quality indexes of the radial velocity measurement that uses the PRF selection method based on genetic algorithms. The problems related to overcoming the influence of the diversity frequency mode on the URVM algorithm quality indexes are considered too. From this point of view two solutions are proposed. The first concerns modification of the genetic algorithm used for selection of the PRF; the second relates modification of the URVM algorithm. The simulation research results presented here show the limitations concerning use of both of the modifications.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115761516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851806
S. Colegrove, S. Davey
The N/sup 3/VPDAF extension of the PDAF to include a clutter model with multiple regions having different nonuniform distributions is formulated and demonstrated to give improved performance on recorded data from an OTHR. The extension covers the case of target SNR in the state vector so that SNR is estimated in the same way as any other component of the state vector. The advantages of this approach are identified as providing greater adaptivity to the received data. A tracking system that incorporates the M/sup 2/-N/sup 3/VPDAF and the N/sup 3/VPDAF described in this paper has been installed on the Jindalee OTHR. It is used for all air surveillance operations from Alice Springs in central Australia.
{"title":"The probabilistic data association filter with multiple nonuniform clutter regions","authors":"S. Colegrove, S. Davey","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851806","url":null,"abstract":"The N/sup 3/VPDAF extension of the PDAF to include a clutter model with multiple regions having different nonuniform distributions is formulated and demonstrated to give improved performance on recorded data from an OTHR. The extension covers the case of target SNR in the state vector so that SNR is estimated in the same way as any other component of the state vector. The advantages of this approach are identified as providing greater adaptivity to the received data. A tracking system that incorporates the M/sup 2/-N/sup 3/VPDAF and the N/sup 3/VPDAF described in this paper has been installed on the Jindalee OTHR. It is used for all air surveillance operations from Alice Springs in central Australia.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115988806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851946
R. Stapleton, K. Merranko, C. Parris, J. Alter
Many new radar systems have processing requirements that exceed the capabilities of conventional embedded digital signal processing hardware and software. Certain processing functions, such as digital beamforming, are particularly demanding and were historically only feasible in custom designs built with custom application specific integrated circuits. Advances in the speed and size of field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) have allowed many high end signal processing applications to be solved in commercially available hardware. This paper provides an overview of the process of designing signal processing functions in FPGA, and highlights the design of several signal processing functions that have been prototyped using some common tools.
{"title":"The use of field programmable gate arrays in high performance radar signal processing applications","authors":"R. Stapleton, K. Merranko, C. Parris, J. Alter","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851946","url":null,"abstract":"Many new radar systems have processing requirements that exceed the capabilities of conventional embedded digital signal processing hardware and software. Certain processing functions, such as digital beamforming, are particularly demanding and were historically only feasible in custom designs built with custom application specific integrated circuits. Advances in the speed and size of field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) have allowed many high end signal processing applications to be solved in commercially available hardware. This paper provides an overview of the process of designing signal processing functions in FPGA, and highlights the design of several signal processing functions that have been prototyped using some common tools.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116017098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2000.851878
J. C. Kirk, R. Lefevre, R. Van Daalen Wetters, D. Woods, B. Sullivan
Signal based motion compensation (SBMC) is an enabling technology for low cost SAR applications as well as an enhancement for more robust SAR applications. SBMC involves down range and cross range compensation for platform motion with motion compensation signals derived entirely from radar signal based measurements. It is an alternative to motion measurement sensor (MMS)-based motion compensation and a next step growth from autofocus. A very robust SBMC algorithm has been developed and demonstrated on simulated data and real radar data provided by actual radars. The algorithm is tuned to a particular radar and adapted to any level of aircraft navigation system. This SBMC approach will enable a low cost SAR capability to be provided for budget minded applications. Alternately, it can also be applied to high performance SAR systems for improved capability. It will extend current MMS motion compensation and autofocus performance and provide a backup capability to compensate for navigation system performance degradation, such as from component failure or GPS jamming.
{"title":"Signal based motion compensation (SBMC)","authors":"J. C. Kirk, R. Lefevre, R. Van Daalen Wetters, D. Woods, B. Sullivan","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2000.851878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2000.851878","url":null,"abstract":"Signal based motion compensation (SBMC) is an enabling technology for low cost SAR applications as well as an enhancement for more robust SAR applications. SBMC involves down range and cross range compensation for platform motion with motion compensation signals derived entirely from radar signal based measurements. It is an alternative to motion measurement sensor (MMS)-based motion compensation and a next step growth from autofocus. A very robust SBMC algorithm has been developed and demonstrated on simulated data and real radar data provided by actual radars. The algorithm is tuned to a particular radar and adapted to any level of aircraft navigation system. This SBMC approach will enable a low cost SAR capability to be provided for budget minded applications. Alternately, it can also be applied to high performance SAR systems for improved capability. It will extend current MMS motion compensation and autofocus performance and provide a backup capability to compensate for navigation system performance degradation, such as from component failure or GPS jamming.","PeriodicalId":286281,"journal":{"name":"Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037]","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127323431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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