Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.15407/mics2022.01.252
Martynas Mankus
After being widely explored in the historiography of Western architecture, postmodernism has only recently started receiving adequate attention in Eastern and Central Europe. The phenomenon of postmodernism developed beyond the borders of the Soviet world, so the so-called “cultural logic of late capitalism” crossing the boundaries of the Iron Curtain has to be considered a consequence of globalization. On the other hand, this global trend was synchronized with the local expression of architecture: the pursuit of identity, attention to context and continuation of architectural traditions. Soviet publications presented postmodernism as a foreign phenomenon, but simultaneously noted that it could be useful to local architects as well. This did not imply an invitation to imitate Western colleagues, but rather signalled that certain architectural values had become globally significant to both, the capitalist and socialist industrial world. The text aims to uncover the local translations of (post)modernity in Lithuania in the context of the tendency’s peak period: the final decades of Soviet rule.
{"title":"Gained in Translation. Postmodern Architecture in Late Soviet Lithuania","authors":"Martynas Mankus","doi":"10.15407/mics2022.01.252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mics2022.01.252","url":null,"abstract":"After being widely explored in the historiography of Western architecture, postmodernism has only recently started receiving adequate attention in Eastern and Central Europe. The phenomenon of postmodernism developed beyond the borders of the Soviet world, so the so-called “cultural logic of late capitalism” crossing the boundaries of the Iron Curtain has to be considered a consequence of globalization. On the other hand, this global trend was synchronized with the local expression of architecture: the pursuit of identity, attention to context and continuation of architectural traditions. Soviet publications presented postmodernism as a foreign phenomenon, but simultaneously noted that it could be useful to local architects as well. This did not imply an invitation to imitate Western colleagues, but rather signalled that certain architectural values had become globally significant to both, the capitalist and socialist industrial world. The text aims to uncover the local translations of (post)modernity in Lithuania in the context of the tendency’s peak period: the final decades of Soviet rule.","PeriodicalId":287528,"journal":{"name":"City History, Culture, Society","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116664263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.15407/mics2022.01.352
Kirsten Angermann
The paper gives an insight into the change of urban planning paradigms in the late GDR. In 1982, the "Principles for the Socialist Development of Urban Development and Architecture in the German Democratic Republic" formed a long-awaited update of the "Sixteen Principles of Urban Design" dated 1950. Taking the developments in the city of Halle (Saale) as a case study, the inner-city renewal areas are explored. It is argued that the urban design and the architecture of the projects of the 1980-s can best be explained with the two concepts of context and continuity. Thus, the new structures are linked to the past but constructed and designed with contemporary means.
{"title":"Context and continuity. Shifting paradigms in East German urban planning and architecture in the city of Halle (Saale)","authors":"Kirsten Angermann","doi":"10.15407/mics2022.01.352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mics2022.01.352","url":null,"abstract":"The paper gives an insight into the change of urban planning paradigms in the late GDR. In 1982, the \"Principles for the Socialist Development of Urban Development and Architecture in the German Democratic Republic\" formed a long-awaited update of the \"Sixteen Principles of Urban Design\" dated 1950. Taking the developments in the city of Halle (Saale) as a case study, the inner-city renewal areas are explored. It is argued that the urban design and the architecture of the projects of the 1980-s can best be explained with the two concepts of context and continuity. Thus, the new structures are linked to the past but constructed and designed with contemporary means.","PeriodicalId":287528,"journal":{"name":"City History, Culture, Society","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124887575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.15407/mics2022.01.308
M. Wiśniewski
The paper investigated the history of the development of Nowa Huta the key achievement of the post-WWII urban planning and architecture in Kraków and Poland focusing on the rise of the Centre E Estate, the late 1980s part of the ensemble. The history of one housing complex helps to understand the reasons for the rise and development of postmodern aesthetics in the local architecture of Krakow during the last years of the domination of the communist regime.
{"title":"Centre E Estate in Krakow’s Nowa Huta. The postmodern experiment in the heart of the Stalin era symbol","authors":"M. Wiśniewski","doi":"10.15407/mics2022.01.308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mics2022.01.308","url":null,"abstract":"The paper investigated the history of the development of Nowa Huta the key achievement of the post-WWII urban planning and architecture in Kraków and Poland focusing on the rise of the Centre E Estate, the late 1980s part of the ensemble. The history of one housing complex helps to understand the reasons for the rise and development of postmodern aesthetics in the local architecture of Krakow during the last years of the domination of the communist regime.","PeriodicalId":287528,"journal":{"name":"City History, Culture, Society","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124604400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.15407/mics2022.01.214
Dimitrij Zadorin
Setting itself off against the architecture of the capitalist West, allegedly tangled in styles, Soviet architecture claimed its origins in the social realm. If one is to trace the intrinsic nature of changes in the architecture of the 1980s in the USSR, it is to be done not through the borrowed concept of postmodernism, but through the analysis of the developments in the design of its most social manifestation—mass housing. So far, Soviet architecture has primarily been whittled down to the evolution of styles. A more advanced reading focuses on the shift from Socialist Realism to the complex design of the human habitat following Khrushchev’s reforms in construction. However, even this transformation took place within the framework of building systematization, represented by the all-Union system of naming for standard architecture, or the Nomenclature. The system, implemented since 1947, assigned indexes to type designs of all building types; within it, every type design was allocated its specific position. The Nomenclature could thus describe the whole human habitat. In the mid-1980s, the naming system made further steps to meet the growing diversification of type designs by assigning new indexes which were longer and codified more parameters, undermining vested geographical and temporal hierarchies. The diversity was treated as a quantitative problem, which the Nomenclature successfully solved. It proved flexible enough to consistently ascribe an index to any—not necessarily type—design. Although mass housing disappeared from the architectural discourse during perestroika, standardized architecture enjoyed the most fruitful and systematic time in its history. So all-encompassing and everlasting, the Nomenclature nevertheless collapsed with the fall of the Soviet Union. The centralization of design proved its most fundamental precondition, which in the post-Soviet world was impossible to retain.
{"title":"The Language of Mass Architectural Postmodernity","authors":"Dimitrij Zadorin","doi":"10.15407/mics2022.01.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mics2022.01.214","url":null,"abstract":"Setting itself off against the architecture of the capitalist West, allegedly tangled in styles, Soviet architecture claimed its origins in the social realm. If one is to trace the intrinsic nature of changes in the architecture of the 1980s in the USSR, it is to be done not through the borrowed concept of postmodernism, but through the analysis of the developments in the design of its most social manifestation—mass housing. So far, Soviet architecture has primarily been whittled down to the evolution of styles. A more advanced reading focuses on the shift from Socialist Realism to the complex design of the human habitat following Khrushchev’s reforms in construction. However, even this transformation took place within the framework of building systematization, represented by the all-Union system of naming for standard architecture, or the Nomenclature. The system, implemented since 1947, assigned indexes to type designs of all building types; within it, every type design was allocated its specific position. The Nomenclature could thus describe the whole human habitat. In the mid-1980s, the naming system made further steps to meet the growing diversification of type designs by assigning new indexes which were longer and codified more parameters, undermining vested geographical and temporal hierarchies. The diversity was treated as a quantitative problem, which the Nomenclature successfully solved. It proved flexible enough to consistently ascribe an index to any—not necessarily type—design. Although mass housing disappeared from the architectural discourse during perestroika, standardized architecture enjoyed the most fruitful and systematic time in its history. So all-encompassing and everlasting, the Nomenclature nevertheless collapsed with the fall of the Soviet Union. The centralization of design proved its most fundamental precondition, which in the post-Soviet world was impossible to retain.","PeriodicalId":287528,"journal":{"name":"City History, Culture, Society","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121310336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.15407/mics2022.01.334
Урбан Флоріан
Знамените історичне Старе місто в Ельблонгу, місті на півночі Польщі, під час Другої світової війни було повністю зруйновано. Декілька повоєнних десятиліть воно стояло занедбане, а з 1979 року почалася його відбудова з нуля у постмодерному стилі. Заохочувала зведення нових яскравих будівель за історичними мотивами місцева головна уповноважена зі збереження пам’яток Марія Любоцька-Гоффманн, фінансування ж надходило з ринкової економіки, яка тоді відроджувалася в Польщі. Оскільки відбудова відбувалася на тлі пристосування міжнародного тренду до відновлення старого міста, то джерела архітектури цих нових будівель були дещо іншими, ніж на Заході. Вони брали початок із розширеної концепції збереження історичних пам’яток, а на меті мали узгодити суперечливі прагнення. А саме: контроверсійне минуле міста, яке до 1945 року було німецьким, — із прагненням до місцевої ідентичності та відчутної історичності попри історичний розбрат; а також встановлення традиційних принципів містобудування, таких як невеликий масштаб та змішане використання, — у сучасному середовищі
{"title":"Старе місто в Ельблонгу: постмодерна історична пам’ятка","authors":"Урбан Флоріан","doi":"10.15407/mics2022.01.334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mics2022.01.334","url":null,"abstract":"Знамените історичне Старе місто в Ельблонгу, місті на півночі Польщі, під час Другої світової війни було повністю зруйновано. Декілька повоєнних десятиліть воно стояло занедбане, а з 1979 року почалася його відбудова з нуля у постмодерному стилі. Заохочувала зведення нових яскравих будівель за історичними мотивами місцева головна уповноважена зі збереження пам’яток Марія Любоцька-Гоффманн, фінансування ж надходило з ринкової економіки, яка тоді відроджувалася в Польщі. Оскільки відбудова відбувалася на тлі пристосування міжнародного тренду до відновлення старого міста, то джерела архітектури цих нових будівель були дещо іншими, ніж на Заході. Вони брали початок із розширеної концепції збереження історичних пам’яток, а на меті мали узгодити суперечливі прагнення. А саме: контроверсійне минуле міста, яке до 1945 року було німецьким, — із прагненням до місцевої ідентичності та відчутної історичності попри історичний розбрат; а також встановлення традиційних принципів містобудування, таких як невеликий масштаб та змішане використання, — у сучасному середовищі","PeriodicalId":287528,"journal":{"name":"City History, Culture, Society","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128368621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.15407/mics2022.01.110
O. Anisimov
The 1980s recently became a contested period in the architectural and urban planning history of Eastern Europe and the FSU countries. Situated within the Socialist Modernism timeframe, it at the same time forms a link to the manifold political and economic change happening in 19891991. While professionals posed radical questions about the core issues of the Socialist socio-spatial development and acquired new sensibilities towards history and locality, their influence on decision-making often remained seriously restrained by the construction industry.In Kyiv as well as in most of the big cities of the USSR, however, a change in the approach towards areas in the city center was visible – competitions, discussions, and iterative design were becoming a new norm for the architects and planners. In this paper, three projects on the block scale are reviewed in detail. These chosen competition projects became the watershed between modernist and after-modernist approaches to planning, showcasing new contextualized spatial solutions. What standards had been formed and what were the long-term impacts on the planning processes are the issues given the first attempt to answer. The intention of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the recent past towards intensifying the discourse about the sources of the present of urban development in Kyiv and beyond.
{"title":"Researching the 1980s competitions in Kyiv – preconditions of the After Socialist Modernism","authors":"O. Anisimov","doi":"10.15407/mics2022.01.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mics2022.01.110","url":null,"abstract":"The 1980s recently became a contested period in the architectural and urban planning history of Eastern Europe and the FSU countries. Situated within the Socialist Modernism timeframe, it at the same time forms a link to the manifold political and economic change happening in 19891991. While professionals posed radical questions about the core issues of the Socialist socio-spatial development and acquired new sensibilities towards history and locality, their influence on decision-making often remained seriously restrained by the construction industry.In Kyiv as well as in most of the big cities of the USSR, however, a change in the approach towards areas in the city center was visible – competitions, discussions, and iterative design were becoming a new norm for the architects and planners. In this paper, three projects on the block scale are reviewed in detail. These chosen competition projects became the watershed between modernist and after-modernist approaches to planning, showcasing new contextualized spatial solutions. What standards had been formed and what were the long-term impacts on the planning processes are the issues given the first attempt to answer. The intention of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the recent past towards intensifying the discourse about the sources of the present of urban development in Kyiv and beyond.","PeriodicalId":287528,"journal":{"name":"City History, Culture, Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129711164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.15407/mics2022.01.198
Natalia Otrishchenko
The paper discusses different perspectives related to the urban development of Lviv during the 1980s and shows the gradual shift from planning urban space to planning urban time and experiences. It focuses on two cases. The first one is connected to the Lviv branch of the Dipromist State Design Institute for Cities, which was responsible for preparing planning documentation for the city and region. It worked with functional zoning and applied the macro-perspective to the space of the city. The second one evolved at the Lviv Polytechnic institute and dealt with the concept of the urban environment. It proposed a human-centered approach to city development and took into account not only the spatial but also the temporal perspective. As an alternative to the dominant discourse and practice of city planning, it remained marginal after the collapse of the USSR. For decades Lviv urban planning continues to rely on the concepts and tools coined in the Soviet planning institutions and leaves human experiences of the city largely outside of the discussion.
{"title":"From Frame to Environment: Discussing the Development of Lviv during the 1980s","authors":"Natalia Otrishchenko","doi":"10.15407/mics2022.01.198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mics2022.01.198","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses different perspectives related to the urban development of Lviv during the 1980s and shows the gradual shift from planning urban space to planning urban time and experiences. It focuses on two cases. The first one is connected to the Lviv branch of the Dipromist State Design Institute for Cities, which was responsible for preparing planning documentation for the city and region. It worked with functional zoning and applied the macro-perspective to the space of the city. The second one evolved at the Lviv Polytechnic institute and dealt with the concept of the urban environment. It proposed a human-centered approach to city development and took into account not only the spatial but also the temporal perspective. As an alternative to the dominant discourse and practice of city planning, it remained marginal after the collapse of the USSR. For decades Lviv urban planning continues to rely on the concepts and tools coined in the Soviet planning institutions and leaves human experiences of the city largely outside of the discussion.","PeriodicalId":287528,"journal":{"name":"City History, Culture, Society","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129035445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.15407/mics2022.01.371
Łukasz Stanek, O. Anisimov
{"title":"A Ugandan Architect on his Studies in Soviet Kyiv: Lessons of Equality, Environment, Race, and Friendship","authors":"Łukasz Stanek, O. Anisimov","doi":"10.15407/mics2022.01.371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mics2022.01.371","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":287528,"journal":{"name":"City History, Culture, Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128940487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.15407/mics2022.01.276
Shlipchenko Shlipchenko, O. Anisimov
In the Ukrainian Socialist Republic, as in many other countries of the Soviet bloc, most of construction in the late 1950’s and onwards up to the late 1980’s was primarily associated with functional zoning, mass housing, standardized prefabricated elements, microrayons, stiff typologies and public services organized according to the strict state regulations and building code. The demand for a system change was getting to a crucial point: architects felt they were losing social standing and voicing, while residents were raising their voices against the monotony of the ‘sleeping districts’. A challenging answer came from the group of young Ukrainian architects who gained momentum and entered the competition for the redevelopment of two sites within the Podil (Kyiv’s historic district) in the late 1970s. Building on local contexts, human scale and materialities, they developed a highly unconventional project that stood out of the ubiquitous design practices. Inspired by ‘brick architecture’, they designed four residential blocks using brick as the material both cheap and flexible. Analyzing official/popular narratives and representations (e.g. media, interviews, discussions, projects, competition entries etc.), the paper seeks to address the following questions: What were the ways/instruments of ‘producing locality’ and how it refers to postmodernism? Which ‘architectural principles of postmodernism’ could be traced in the 4Blocks design? Was it a pm manifest, a ‘conscious reaction’ to the overall crisis of modernist ideology, or the project was a product of ‘discursive formation’/cf. Foucault/, a case of surmodernité involontaire?
{"title":"4 Blocks in Podil: Kyiv’s Response to the Crisis of Modernist Planning","authors":"Shlipchenko Shlipchenko, O. Anisimov","doi":"10.15407/mics2022.01.276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mics2022.01.276","url":null,"abstract":"In the Ukrainian Socialist Republic, as in many other countries of the Soviet bloc, most of construction in the late 1950’s and onwards up to the late 1980’s was primarily associated with functional zoning, mass housing, standardized prefabricated elements, microrayons, stiff typologies and public services organized according to the strict state regulations and building code. The demand for a system change was getting to a crucial point: architects felt they were losing social standing and voicing, while residents were raising their voices against the monotony of the ‘sleeping districts’. \u0000A challenging answer came from the group of young Ukrainian architects who gained momentum and entered the competition for the redevelopment of two sites within the Podil (Kyiv’s historic district) in the late 1970s. Building on local contexts, human scale and materialities, they developed a highly unconventional project that stood out of the ubiquitous design practices. Inspired by ‘brick architecture’, they designed four residential blocks using brick as the material both cheap and flexible. \u0000Analyzing official/popular narratives and representations (e.g. media, interviews, discussions, projects, competition entries etc.), the paper seeks to address the following questions: What were the ways/instruments of ‘producing locality’ and how it refers to postmodernism? Which ‘architectural principles of postmodernism’ could be traced in the 4Blocks design? Was it a pm manifest, a ‘conscious reaction’ to the overall crisis of modernist ideology, or the project was a product of ‘discursive formation’/cf. Foucault/, a case of surmodernité involontaire?","PeriodicalId":287528,"journal":{"name":"City History, Culture, Society","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127141072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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