Many Hungarian and foreign professionals are concerned with the issues regarding cross-border regions. Nowadays it is important to discuss this topic, as the European integration and globalisation extends the opportunities of cooperation between different states. As a matter of fact, the unification of Europe is considered one of the most significant processes in the 21st century. Even the new, even the older Member States have to face different challenges of cooperation. The establishment of connections between the nations is not only the interest of the European Union, but all states. In the European Union the transition between borders and the enhancement of cooperations are considered as primary questions. The cross-border cooperations can serve as a foundation to strengthen relations, so the actors can obtain funds even more easily together and they can use it more efficiently. The cross-border, transnational and interregional relations are considered as separate programmes in the regional policy of the European Union between the 2007-2013 programming period.
{"title":"Cross-Border European Funding Opportunities","authors":"M. Lukovics, I. Lengyel, S. Imreh, Bence Zuti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3102963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3102963","url":null,"abstract":"Many Hungarian and foreign professionals are concerned with the issues regarding cross-border regions. Nowadays it is important to discuss this topic, as the European integration and globalisation extends the opportunities of cooperation between different states. As a matter of fact, the unification of Europe is considered one of the most significant processes in the 21st century. Even the new, even the older Member States have to face different challenges of cooperation. The establishment of connections between the nations is not only the interest of the European Union, but all states. In the European Union the transition between borders and the enhancement of cooperations are considered as primary questions. The cross-border cooperations can serve as a foundation to strengthen relations, so the actors can obtain funds even more easily together and they can use it more efficiently. The cross-border, transnational and interregional relations are considered as separate programmes in the regional policy of the European Union between the 2007-2013 programming period.","PeriodicalId":294049,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Microeconomics & Industrial Organization (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114495627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristina Fernández, R. Garcia, Paloma López-García, B. Marzinotto, Roberta Serafini, Juuso Vanhala, L. Wintr
This paper illustrates the main features of the Labour Module of the CompNet dataset which provides indicators of firm growth over the period 1995-2012 across 17 EU (13 euro area) countries and 9 macro-sectors. It also includes information on a large set of micro-aggregated characteristics of firms growing at different speed such as their financial position and labour and total factor productivity. The paper shows that during the Great Recession the share of shrinking firms sharply increased in countries under stress, while firm growth slowed down in non-stressed countries. In the former, the construction sector suffered the most, while in the latter manufacturing and services related to transportation and storage were mainly affected, possibly as a result of the trade collapse. While we find that, all else equal, more productive firms had a higher probability of growing, the process of productivity-enhancing reallocation was muted during the Great Recession.
{"title":"Firm Growth in Europe: An Overview Based on the CompNet Labour Module","authors":"Cristina Fernández, R. Garcia, Paloma López-García, B. Marzinotto, Roberta Serafini, Juuso Vanhala, L. Wintr","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2957351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2957351","url":null,"abstract":"This paper illustrates the main features of the Labour Module of the CompNet dataset which provides indicators of firm growth over the period 1995-2012 across 17 EU (13 euro area) countries and 9 macro-sectors. It also includes information on a large set of micro-aggregated characteristics of firms growing at different speed such as their financial position and labour and total factor productivity. The paper shows that during the Great Recession the share of shrinking firms sharply increased in countries under stress, while firm growth slowed down in non-stressed countries. In the former, the construction sector suffered the most, while in the latter manufacturing and services related to transportation and storage were mainly affected, possibly as a result of the trade collapse. While we find that, all else equal, more productive firms had a higher probability of growing, the process of productivity-enhancing reallocation was muted during the Great Recession.","PeriodicalId":294049,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Microeconomics & Industrial Organization (Topic)","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126882395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we present an analytical bid stack model for the electricity market which is extended to the case of an arbitrary number N of technology classes embedded in the production stack (esp. for N > 2). As bid stack model, the proposed framework represents a structural model that considers a range of heat rates per technology class rather than a single heat rate. We give an explicit formula for the electricity spot price as a function of random variables like residual load, available production capacity, as well as marginal production costs per technology class including the full technology switch dynamics. Additionally, deviations from the marginal cost price level in the form of a scarcity function are included. Assuming normal or log-normal marginal cost price dynamics, closed form expressions for expectation values of the electricity spot price and for European option premiums written on the electricity spot are derived.
{"title":"A Refined Bid Stack Model for the Multi-Technology Merit Order of Electricity Markets","authors":"T. Wottka","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2897010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2897010","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present an analytical bid stack model for the electricity market which is extended to the case of an arbitrary number N of technology classes embedded in the production stack (esp. for N > 2). As bid stack model, the proposed framework represents a structural model that considers a range of heat rates per technology class rather than a single heat rate. We give an explicit formula for the electricity spot price as a function of random variables like residual load, available production capacity, as well as marginal production costs per technology class including the full technology switch dynamics. Additionally, deviations from the marginal cost price level in the form of a scarcity function are included. Assuming normal or log-normal marginal cost price dynamics, closed form expressions for expectation values of the electricity spot price and for European option premiums written on the electricity spot are derived.","PeriodicalId":294049,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Microeconomics & Industrial Organization (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121969884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article reveals the benefits of customer profitability analysis implementation according to the specifics of the hotel product and the state of the management accounting in hotels. On this basis is substantiated the necessity management accounting and information systems in the hotels to be anteriorly adapted and developed in relevance with the objectives and methodological tools of customer profitability analysis, while keeping their function in collecting information for operational revenues and costs by responsibility centers. A model for customer profitability analysis based on ABC method is proposed in this connection, providing an example to clarify its methodological aspects and benefits. The latter consist in providing information for the purposes of taking a variety of management decisions regarding costs, product mix, pricing, performance measurement and implementation of various marketing initiatives.
{"title":"Ползите при анализ на рентабилността по клиенти в хотелиерството (The Benefits of Customer Profitability Analysis in the Hospitality Industry)","authors":"D. Georgiev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2961309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2961309","url":null,"abstract":"The article reveals the benefits of customer profitability analysis implementation according to the specifics of the hotel product and the state of the management accounting in hotels. On this basis is substantiated the necessity management accounting and information systems in the hotels to be anteriorly adapted and developed in relevance with the objectives and methodological tools of customer profitability analysis, while keeping their function in collecting information for operational revenues and costs by responsibility centers. A model for customer profitability analysis based on ABC method is proposed in this connection, providing an example to clarify its methodological aspects and benefits. The latter consist in providing information for the purposes of taking a variety of management decisions regarding costs, product mix, pricing, performance measurement and implementation of various marketing initiatives.","PeriodicalId":294049,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Microeconomics & Industrial Organization (Topic)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126401364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents preliminary evidence on cyber risk in the Italian private sector based on the Bank of Italy’s annual surveys of Italian industrial and service firms. The information collected, albeit only covering the incidence of cyber attacks and some aspects of security governance, is the first of its kind for Italy. The results are striking: even though a mere 1.5 per cent of businesses do not deploy any cybersecurity measures, 30.3 per cent – corresponding to 35.6 per cent of total employees – report at least some damage from a cyber attack between September 2015 and September 2016. Once data are corrected to account for unwillingness to report or inability to detect attacks on the part of some respondents, these figures climb to 45.2 and 56 per cent respectively, with large, high-tech and internationally exposed businesses faring worse than average. The economy-wide risk level is likely to be higher still; the financial sector, healthcare, education and social care are excluded from the sample, but they are known from other sources to be particularly appealing to attackers. Further research is needed on the correlation between firm-level vulnerability and investment in cyber defence, and on the cost of cyber breaches.
{"title":"Cyber Attacks: Preliminary Evidence from the Bank of Italy's Business Surveys","authors":"Claudia Biancotti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2954991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2954991","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents preliminary evidence on cyber risk in the Italian private sector based on the Bank of Italy’s annual surveys of Italian industrial and service firms. The information collected, albeit only covering the incidence of cyber attacks and some aspects of security governance, is the first of its kind for Italy. The results are striking: even though a mere 1.5 per cent of businesses do not deploy any cybersecurity measures, 30.3 per cent – corresponding to 35.6 per cent of total employees – report at least some damage from a cyber attack between September 2015 and September 2016. Once data are corrected to account for unwillingness to report or inability to detect attacks on the part of some respondents, these figures climb to 45.2 and 56 per cent respectively, with large, high-tech and internationally exposed businesses faring worse than average. The economy-wide risk level is likely to be higher still; the financial sector, healthcare, education and social care are excluded from the sample, but they are known from other sources to be particularly appealing to attackers. Further research is needed on the correlation between firm-level vulnerability and investment in cyber defence, and on the cost of cyber breaches.","PeriodicalId":294049,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Microeconomics & Industrial Organization (Topic)","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121914386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies the effects of macroeconomic shocks on business investment in the United Kingdom by filtering a large UK firm-level based dataset of financial accounts into macro-level proxy indicators, and then using these indicators in a Bayesian vector autoregression framework to analyse these effects. The analysis combines micro-level data with macro-level analysis in a unique way, and brings up several interesting empirical results. Supply shocks have tended to have been more persistent and more important than demand shocks in explaining UK investment dynamics over the past fifteen years, and their importance appears to have increased since the financial crisis. Furthermore, shocks to the cost of capital, and uncertainties related to it, have generally been more important for firms in sectors with higher indebtedness, whereas corporate governance issues as measured by dividend payments and share buybacks do not appear to have been a major driver of investment.
{"title":"What Drives Business Investment in the United Kingdom? Results from a Firm-Level VAR Approach","authors":"Marko Melolinna","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2916065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2916065","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the effects of macroeconomic shocks on business investment in the United Kingdom by filtering a large UK firm-level based dataset of financial accounts into macro-level proxy indicators, and then using these indicators in a Bayesian vector autoregression framework to analyse these effects. The analysis combines micro-level data with macro-level analysis in a unique way, and brings up several interesting empirical results. Supply shocks have tended to have been more persistent and more important than demand shocks in explaining UK investment dynamics over the past fifteen years, and their importance appears to have increased since the financial crisis. Furthermore, shocks to the cost of capital, and uncertainties related to it, have generally been more important for firms in sectors with higher indebtedness, whereas corporate governance issues as measured by dividend payments and share buybacks do not appear to have been a major driver of investment.","PeriodicalId":294049,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Microeconomics & Industrial Organization (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122708151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interoperability has become a buzzword in European policy debates on the future of the digital economy. In its Digital Agenda, the EU Commission has identified a lack of interoperability as one of the significant obstacles for the thriving of the digital economy. The EU Commission and a number of other actors have advocated far-reaching policies for ensuring the interoperability of digital goods, services, platforms and communication networks. In this paper, we present a systematic framework for discussing interoperability problems from an economic and legal perspective and apply it to several interoperability issues, as, e.g., standardization, interoperability regulation in the field of electronic communication, duties of dominant firms (including platforms) to ensure horizontal and vertical interoperability and IP law exceptions in favour of interoperability. The complex trade-offs between benefits and costs of a higher degree of interoperability suggest the need for a careful and separate analysis of each specific interoperability issue, caution regarding a (top down) imposition of mandatory standards and interoperability obligations, and a greater focus on unilateral solutions of interoperability problems, like adapters or converters. EU competition law may be better advised to develop, within the framework of Art. 102 TFEU, a workable test to address hurdles for unilateral interoperability solutions created by dominant firms, than to continue focusing on the essential facilities doctrine to mandate interoperability.
{"title":"Interoperability in the Digital Economy","authors":"Wolfgang Kerber, H. Schweitzer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2922515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2922515","url":null,"abstract":"Interoperability has become a buzzword in European policy debates on the future of the digital economy. In its Digital Agenda, the EU Commission has identified a lack of interoperability as one of the significant obstacles for the thriving of the digital economy. The EU Commission and a number of other actors have advocated far-reaching policies for ensuring the interoperability of digital goods, services, platforms and communication networks. In this paper, we present a systematic framework for discussing interoperability problems from an economic and legal perspective and apply it to several interoperability issues, as, e.g., standardization, interoperability regulation in the field of electronic communication, duties of dominant firms (including platforms) to ensure horizontal and vertical interoperability and IP law exceptions in favour of interoperability. The complex trade-offs between benefits and costs of a higher degree of interoperability suggest the need for a careful and separate analysis of each specific interoperability issue, caution regarding a (top down) imposition of mandatory standards and interoperability obligations, and a greater focus on unilateral solutions of interoperability problems, like adapters or converters. EU competition law may be better advised to develop, within the framework of Art. 102 TFEU, a workable test to address hurdles for unilateral interoperability solutions created by dominant firms, than to continue focusing on the essential facilities doctrine to mandate interoperability.","PeriodicalId":294049,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Microeconomics & Industrial Organization (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129159988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following its latest strategic review of the digital communications sector, Ofcom has proposed that BT’s access services division, Openreach, becomes a subsidiary of BT plc. More recently, Ofcom announced that it was proceeding with formal notification to require BT to legally separate the Openreach division as a separate legal entity within the BT Group. BT has put forward a counter proposal it terms Enhanced Functional Separation. This paper reviews the two proposals and compares them with the current situation, known as “Functional Separation”. It finds that the differences between BT’s and Ofcom’s proposals are less substantive that might appear at first sight. The paper presents a simple model that analyses whether the incentives for BT to invest in taking fibre access networks closer to the customer are likely to be any different under the two proposals. The paper is sceptical that the legal separation proposed by Ofcom would result in greater incentives than would occur under Enhanced Functional Separation.
{"title":"Three Forms of BT Separation: Objectives, Solutions and Effects","authors":"R. Cadman","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2908962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2908962","url":null,"abstract":"Following its latest strategic review of the digital communications sector, Ofcom has proposed that BT’s access services division, Openreach, becomes a subsidiary of BT plc. More recently, Ofcom announced that it was proceeding with formal notification to require BT to legally separate the Openreach division as a separate legal entity within the BT Group. BT has put forward a counter proposal it terms Enhanced Functional Separation. This paper reviews the two proposals and compares them with the current situation, known as “Functional Separation”. It finds that the differences between BT’s and Ofcom’s proposals are less substantive that might appear at first sight. The paper presents a simple model that analyses whether the incentives for BT to invest in taking fibre access networks closer to the customer are likely to be any different under the two proposals. The paper is sceptical that the legal separation proposed by Ofcom would result in greater incentives than would occur under Enhanced Functional Separation.","PeriodicalId":294049,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Microeconomics & Industrial Organization (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130406330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Dachs, Martin Hud, Christian Koehler, Bettina Peters
A growing literature investigates how firms’ innovation input reacts to changes in the business cycle. However, so far there is no evidence whether there is cyclicality in the effects of innovation on firm performance as well. In this paper, we investigate the employment effects of innovations over the business cycle. Our analysis employs a large data set of manufacturing firms from 26 European countries over the period from 1998 to 2010. Using the structural model of Harrison et al. (2014), our empirical analysis reveals four important findings: First, the net effect of product innovation on employment growth is pro-cyclical. It turns out to be positive in all business cycle phases except for the recession. Second, product innovators are more resilient to recessions than non-product innovators. Even during recessions they are able to substitute demand losses from old products by demand gains of new products to a substantial degree. As a result their net employment losses are significantly lower in recessions than those of non-product innovators. Third, we only find resilience for SMEs but not for large firms. Fourth, process and organizational innovations displace labor primarily during upturn and downturn periods.
越来越多的文献研究企业的创新投入如何对商业周期的变化作出反应。然而，到目前为止，还没有证据表明创新对企业绩效的影响是否也存在周期性。本文研究了经济周期中创新对就业的影响。我们的分析采用了来自26个欧洲国家1998年至2010年期间的制造企业的大型数据集。利用Harrison et al.(2014)的结构模型，我们的实证分析揭示了四个重要发现:第一，产品创新对就业增长的净效应是顺周期的。事实证明，除了衰退，它在所有商业周期阶段都是正的。其次，产品创新者比非产品创新者更能抵御衰退。即使在经济衰退期间，它们也能够在很大程度上用新产品的需求增长来弥补旧产品的需求损失。因此，在经济衰退中，他们的净就业损失明显低于那些非产品创新者。第三，我们只发现了中小企业的弹性，而没有发现大企业的弹性。第四，流程和组织创新主要在经济好转和衰退时期取代劳动力。
{"title":"Employment Effects of Innovations over the Business Cycle: Firm-Level Evidence from European Countries","authors":"B. Dachs, Martin Hud, Christian Koehler, Bettina Peters","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2912140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2912140","url":null,"abstract":"A growing literature investigates how firms’ innovation input reacts to changes in the business cycle. However, so far there is no evidence whether there is cyclicality in the effects of innovation on firm performance as well. In this paper, we investigate the employment effects of innovations over the business cycle. Our analysis employs a large data set of manufacturing firms from 26 European countries over the period from 1998 to 2010. Using the structural model of Harrison et al. (2014), our empirical analysis reveals four important findings: First, the net effect of product innovation on employment growth is pro-cyclical. It turns out to be positive in all business cycle phases except for the recession. Second, product innovators are more resilient to recessions than non-product innovators. Even during recessions they are able to substitute demand losses from old products by demand gains of new products to a substantial degree. As a result their net employment losses are significantly lower in recessions than those of non-product innovators. Third, we only find resilience for SMEs but not for large firms. Fourth, process and organizational innovations displace labor primarily during upturn and downturn periods.","PeriodicalId":294049,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Microeconomics & Industrial Organization (Topic)","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114781966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European Union (EU) has been the principal driver of policy on geographical indications (GIs). Classified as a form of "intellectual property", GIs have been highly contentious, creating considerable difficulties in international trade negotiations. This paper reviews how GI policy for foodstuffs is implemented within the EU and what are the key features the EU seeks in its trade treaties. Investigation of how EU GI policy is implemented allows assessment of GI policy against the alleged market failure in consumer information rationale. The limited data available on the operation of the EU GI scheme show that GIs cover only a small proportion of food output and an even smaller share of world trade. Despite this, the EU sees GI policy as a deal-breaker in international trade negotiations. The paper analyses the outcomes of recent EU trade treaties, with a particular focus on the agreement with Canada. Comparing EU demands and outcomes with the GI outcomes in the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) provides some insights that might be useful for the foreshadowed agreement between the EU and Australia and New Zealand. There are also implication for the planned Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).
{"title":"Geographical Indications: EU Policy at Home and Abroad","authors":"H. Moir","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2932581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2932581","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union (EU) has been the principal driver of policy on geographical indications (GIs). Classified as a form of \"intellectual property\", GIs have been highly contentious, creating considerable difficulties in international trade negotiations. This paper reviews how GI policy for foodstuffs is implemented within the EU and what are the key features the EU seeks in its trade treaties. Investigation of how EU GI policy is implemented allows assessment of GI policy against the alleged market failure in consumer information rationale. The limited data available on the operation of the EU GI scheme show that GIs cover only a small proportion of food output and an even smaller share of world trade. \u0000 \u0000Despite this, the EU sees GI policy as a deal-breaker in international trade negotiations. The paper analyses the outcomes of recent EU trade treaties, with a particular focus on the agreement with Canada. Comparing EU demands and outcomes with the GI outcomes in the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) provides some insights that might be useful for the foreshadowed agreement between the EU and Australia and New Zealand. There are also implication for the planned Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).","PeriodicalId":294049,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Microeconomics & Industrial Organization (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129957578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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