Pub Date : 2013-12-15DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.11
Ólafur Ísleifsson
In this paper we review a special pension scheme established by the Government of Iceland for elderly workers that foreseeably would not enjoy any significant pension benefits from the pension system founded on the basis of the general labour agreements of 1969. This pension scheme that was run alongside the private labour market pension system and social security was conceived as a temporary measure but extended over a longer time period than originally envisaged. Based on unpublished data we seek answers to questions on the financing of the scheme and its impact in terms of the relative share of its pension payments.
{"title":"Pension benefits outside of the pension system","authors":"Ólafur Ísleifsson","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we review a special pension scheme established by the Government of Iceland for elderly workers that foreseeably would not enjoy any significant pension benefits from the pension system founded on the basis of the general labour agreements of 1969. This pension scheme that was run alongside the private labour market pension system and social security was conceived as a temporary measure but extended over a longer time period than originally envisaged. Based on unpublished data we seek answers to questions on the financing of the scheme and its impact in terms of the relative share of its pension payments.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128422343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-15DOI: 10.13177/irpa.a.2013.9.2.12
Þórólfur Matthíasson
Indexation of financial liabilities was introduced in Iceland in face of an almost total collapse of the islands monetary system. The demise of the financial system was caused by long lasting and high episode of price inflation in the late 1960’s and the 1970’s. The article traces some of the negative consequences of inflation for the economy. The paper also presents a theoretical setting where a simple game-theoritical model is used to explain how the invention of indexation of financial liabilities changed the landscape of collective bargaining. Before the invention of indexation the actors in the bargaining game were more likely to gain from inflation compared to a situation with stable prices. Indexation changed that slowly but steadily. Indexation has thus been an stabilizing institution in Icelandic economic live.
{"title":"Indexation, national consent, and collective bargaining agreements","authors":"Þórólfur Matthíasson","doi":"10.13177/irpa.a.2013.9.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2013.9.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Indexation of financial liabilities was introduced in Iceland in face of an almost total collapse of the islands monetary system. The demise of the financial system was caused by long lasting and high episode of price inflation in the late 1960’s and the 1970’s. The article traces some of the negative consequences of inflation for the economy. The paper also presents a theoretical setting where a simple game-theoritical model is used to explain how the invention of indexation of financial liabilities changed the landscape of collective bargaining. Before the invention of indexation the actors in the bargaining game were more likely to gain from inflation compared to a situation with stable prices. Indexation changed that slowly but steadily. Indexation has thus been an stabilizing institution in Icelandic economic live.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131359221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-15DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.4
Ásdís A Arnalds, G. Eydal, Ingólfur Gíslason
In 2000 the Icelandic parliament adopted unanimously a new and radical law on parental leave. The leave was extended from six months to nine; divided between the parents so that fathers were allotted three months, mothers three and the remaining three divided between the two. One reason given for this division was to try to ensure that children received care from both parents. From the results of a questionnaire answered by parents who had their first child in 1997, 2003 or 2009 it was estimated whether the intention of the law was put into practice. The results indicate that the division of care between parents, from birth until three years, has changed in the intended direction and that this is mainly due to the law. The results also showed that this is least common among parents that do not live together. However, even amongst these parents the division of care is more equal among those who had their first child in 2009 than those who had their first in 1997. Finally, the results show that there is a direct correlation between the length of leave taken by the father and his involvement in care afterwards. Overall, these results indicate that the law has had the intended effect of providing children with care from both parents.
{"title":"Equal rights to paid parental leave and caring fathers- the case of Iceland","authors":"Ásdís A Arnalds, G. Eydal, Ingólfur Gíslason","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"In 2000 the Icelandic parliament adopted unanimously a new and radical law on parental leave. The leave was extended from six months to nine; divided between the parents so that fathers were allotted three months, mothers three and the remaining three divided between the two. One reason given for this division was to try to ensure that children received care from both parents. From the results of a questionnaire answered by parents who had their first child in 1997, 2003 or 2009 it was estimated whether the intention of the law was put into practice. The results indicate that the division of care between parents, from birth until three years, has changed in the intended direction and that this is mainly due to the law. The results also showed that this is least common among parents that do not live together. However, even amongst these parents the division of care is more equal among those who had their first child in 2009 than those who had their first in 1997. Finally, the results show that there is a direct correlation between the length of leave taken by the father and his involvement in care afterwards. Overall, these results indicate that the law has had the intended effect of providing children with care from both parents.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121031794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous studies indicate that individuals care less about relative health status than relative status of other goods. Health, however, is a multidimensional desideratum and the relative characteristics of different dimensions of health have not been studied before. Respondents to a questionnaire had to choose between two different types of social situations: one, where their health was better than the rest of the society’s, and the other, where their health was better than in the previous situation, but everyone else’s health was even better than that, so that their relative standing was worse. Hypothesis tests were used to examine to what extent individuals care about different health dimensions based on their relative status compared to others in the society. The relationship between demographic and health status determinants, and the relative status regarding different dimensions of health was examined using logit regression analysis. The results indicate that few dimensions of health have different relative qualities over others, aside from body weight and infant mortality, which were statistically significantly different. In general, health seems to be considered in absolute terms and individuals do not choose relatively stronger health status at the expense of absolute health.
{"title":"Er heilsa metin með hlutfallslegum eða algildum hætti","authors":"Agnar Hafliði Andrésson, Tinna Laufey Ásgeirsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies indicate that individuals care less about relative health status than relative status of other goods. Health, however, is a multidimensional desideratum and the relative characteristics of different dimensions of health have not been studied before. Respondents to a questionnaire had to choose between two different types of social situations: one, where their health was better than the rest of the society’s, and the other, where their health was better than in the previous situation, but everyone else’s health was even better than that, so that their relative standing was worse. Hypothesis tests were used to examine to what extent individuals care about different health dimensions based on their relative status compared to others in the society. The relationship between demographic and health status determinants, and the relative status regarding different dimensions of health was examined using logit regression analysis. The results indicate that few dimensions of health have different relative qualities over others, aside from body weight and infant mortality, which were statistically significantly different. In general, health seems to be considered in absolute terms and individuals do not choose relatively stronger health status at the expense of absolute health.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132654136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-15DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.14
Alyson J. K. Bailes, Beinta í Jákobsstovu
The Faroe Islands, a non-sovereign nation within the Kingdom of Denmark, have become the latest actors in the extended Arctic region to prepare their own strategy on Arctic affairs. A working group report of April 2013 predicts peaceful Arctic development that could bring profit for the Faroes but also new challenges notably in the field of civil security. Its detailed sections contain recommendations on economic opportunities especially linked with increased shipping and fisheries; research and education; the environment; and maritime safety and emergency response. The report is a professional product, reflecting years of Faroese engagement in Arctic research, fisheries, and international cooperation in the Arctic Council and elsewhere. It shows how Arctic considerations are pushing the Faroes towards acquiring more independent capacities, including new legal rights and institutional participation, given their already extensive relevant competences and the differences between their needs and Denmark’s. Further, some features of the Faroes’ response to the challenges facing them mirror the finds of ‘small state’ studies and confirm that non-sovereign entities having reached a certain level of autonomy can (mutatis mutandis) have similar external agendas, and seek similar solutions, to states of comparable size. While the report’s conclusions have already been accepted by the Faroese Parliament, some question-marks remain over Faroese capacity to realize its potentially costly recommendations.
{"title":"The Faroe Islands and the Arctic: Genesis of a Strategy","authors":"Alyson J. K. Bailes, Beinta í Jákobsstovu","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.14","url":null,"abstract":"The Faroe Islands, a non-sovereign nation within the Kingdom of Denmark, have become the latest actors in the extended Arctic region to prepare their own strategy on Arctic affairs. A working group report of April 2013 predicts peaceful Arctic development that could bring profit for the Faroes but also new challenges notably in the field of civil security. Its detailed sections contain recommendations on economic opportunities especially linked with increased shipping and fisheries; research and education; the environment; and maritime safety and emergency response. The report is a professional product, reflecting years of Faroese engagement in Arctic research, fisheries, and international cooperation in the Arctic Council and elsewhere. It shows how Arctic considerations are pushing the Faroes towards acquiring more independent capacities, including new legal rights and institutional participation, given their already extensive relevant competences and the differences between their needs and Denmark’s. Further, some features of the Faroes’ response to the challenges facing them mirror the finds of ‘small state’ studies and confirm that non-sovereign entities having reached a certain level of autonomy can (mutatis mutandis) have similar external agendas, and seek similar solutions, to states of comparable size. While the report’s conclusions have already been accepted by the Faroese Parliament, some question-marks remain over Faroese capacity to realize its potentially costly recommendations.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127329998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-15DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.10
Njörður Sigurjónsson
In Mars 2013 the Icelandic Parliament decided upon the first formal "Icelandic Cultural Policy". In this article that document is examined in light of debates concerning the concept of deliberate cultural policy making. Two main themes stand out as central in the new policy: participation/access on the one hand, and the importance of rules and procedures on the other. It is also noteworthy that there is less emphasis on national identity and Icelandic cultural heritage than perhaps was suspected. Even if there is no one definition that can be considered the right one for "cultural policy" (O. Bennett 2004; T. Bennett 2007; Frenander 2008; Gray 2010), it is important to understand and make clear those interpretations that may be dominant at a particular moment in time. For more in depth insight this study compares a few recent reviews and studies of cultural policies (Gestur Guðmundsson 2003; Haukur F. Hannessonar 2009; Bjarki Valtýsson 2011; Agust Einarsson 2012) and all these threads spin the narrative of contemporary debates on cultural policy in Iceland.
{"title":"Icelandic Cultural Policy","authors":"Njörður Sigurjónsson","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"In Mars 2013 the Icelandic Parliament decided upon the first formal \"Icelandic Cultural Policy\". In this article that document is examined in light of debates concerning the concept of deliberate cultural policy making. Two main themes stand out as central in the new policy: participation/access on the one hand, and the importance of rules and procedures on the other. It is also noteworthy that there is less emphasis on national identity and Icelandic cultural heritage than perhaps was suspected. Even if there is no one definition that can be considered the right one for \"cultural policy\" (O. Bennett 2004; T. Bennett 2007; Frenander 2008; Gray 2010), it is important to understand and make clear those interpretations that may be dominant at a particular moment in time. For more in depth insight this study compares a few recent reviews and studies of cultural policies (Gestur Guðmundsson 2003; Haukur F. Hannessonar 2009; Bjarki Valtýsson 2011; Agust Einarsson 2012) and all these threads spin the narrative of contemporary debates on cultural policy in Iceland.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123511650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-15DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.15
Fridrik Eysteinsson, Dagbjört Ágústa H. Diego, Kari Kristinsson
Icelanders applied for EU membership in 2009, but in 2013 when the new government took office, negotiations were put on hold. The question whether Iceland should join the EU or not has been a source of debate among Icelanders for many years. This paper´s authors therefore found it interesting to study EU´s image based on whether voters are in favor or not of joining it or which political party they vote for and how important the main issues of the debate are to them. A quantitative research in the form of a questionnaire was used for this purpose. The population of interest was voters in Iceland. A convenience sample consisting of students at the University of Iceland, friends of the authors on Facebook and others was used. EU´s image among those who are in favour of EU membership or vote for political parties that are in favour of joining it is better when it comes to image factors which could be considered positive. EU´s image among those who are not in favour of EU membership or vote for political parties that are not in favour of joining it is better when it comes to image factors which could be considered negative. The issues that those who are in favour of EU membership emphasize in the debate are more important to the voters who are in favour of joining the EU whereas the issues that are emphasized by those who are against EU membership are more important to those who are against joining the EU.
{"title":"EU´s image among Icelandic voters and the importance of its membership´s issues","authors":"Fridrik Eysteinsson, Dagbjört Ágústa H. Diego, Kari Kristinsson","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Icelanders applied for EU membership in 2009, but in 2013 when the new government took office, negotiations were put on hold. The question whether Iceland should join the EU or not has been a source of debate among Icelanders for many years. This paper´s authors therefore found it interesting to study EU´s image based on whether voters are in favor or not of joining it or which political party they vote for and how important the main issues of the debate are to them. A quantitative research in the form of a questionnaire was used for this purpose. The population of interest was voters in Iceland. A convenience sample consisting of students at the University of Iceland, friends of the authors on Facebook and others was used. EU´s image among those who are in favour of EU membership or vote for political parties that are in favour of joining it is better when it comes to image factors which could be considered positive. EU´s image among those who are not in favour of EU membership or vote for political parties that are not in favour of joining it is better when it comes to image factors which could be considered negative. The issues that those who are in favour of EU membership emphasize in the debate are more important to the voters who are in favour of joining the EU whereas the issues that are emphasized by those who are against EU membership are more important to those who are against joining the EU.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127491868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-15DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.8
S. Gunnarsdottir, B. Jónsdóttir
Servant leadership is a philosophy that sheds a new light on theories on management and leadership. Particular emphasis is on service as founded on ethics and accountability with focus on the greater good prior to narrow interests. The pioneer of the philosophy is Robert K. Greenleaf. The main characteristics of servant leadership are intrinsic interest in others, inner strength and foresight. Research on the topic has increased the past years and results show that the philosophy is positively linked to corporate social responsibility, profit as well as staff wellbeing and trust in relations. Recent studies indicate that the philosophy can be beneficial for Icelandic society. To explore this further eight surveys have been conducted in different workplaces, years 2008 – 2012. Staff views towards servant leadership of next superior were investigated using a recent Dutch instrument, SLS. Job satisfaction was measured and the link towards staff views on servant leadership. Key findings are presented showing that staff views indicate somewhat high levels of servant leadership and the highest scores are for the factors on empowerment and accountability among next superiors. Job satisfaction is overall measured high and significantly linked to servant leadership supporting prior research in other countries. Findings from the Icelandic surveys provide potentials for successful management and leadership in local workplaces but further analysis is in the process as well as comparison towards findings from other countries.
{"title":"Servant leadership and research in Iceland","authors":"S. Gunnarsdottir, B. Jónsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Servant leadership is a philosophy that sheds a new light on theories on management and leadership. Particular emphasis is on service as founded on ethics and accountability with focus on the greater good prior to narrow interests. The pioneer of the philosophy is Robert K. Greenleaf. The main characteristics of servant leadership are intrinsic interest in others, inner strength and foresight. Research on the topic has increased the past years and results show that the philosophy is positively linked to corporate social responsibility, profit as well as staff wellbeing and trust in relations. Recent studies indicate that the philosophy can be beneficial for Icelandic society. To explore this further eight surveys have been conducted in different workplaces, years 2008 – 2012. Staff views towards servant leadership of next superior were investigated using a recent Dutch instrument, SLS. Job satisfaction was measured and the link towards staff views on servant leadership. Key findings are presented showing that staff views indicate somewhat high levels of servant leadership and the highest scores are for the factors on empowerment and accountability among next superiors. Job satisfaction is overall measured high and significantly linked to servant leadership supporting prior research in other countries. Findings from the Icelandic surveys provide potentials for successful management and leadership in local workplaces but further analysis is in the process as well as comparison towards findings from other countries.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126670911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-15DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.16
Ómar H. Kristmundsson, S. Hrafnsdóttir
A study on the value of volunteers as resources for non-profit organizations in welfare services in Iceland is described. The topic relates to an international academic discussion on the volunteer function within non-profit organizations. The discussion has until now focused more on the supply of volunteers than demand. This article is to meet the need for analysis of how non-profit organization use volunteers as resources. The study is based on the authors’ database from 2011 on the majority of active non-profit organizations in welfare services in Iceland and an analysis of their respective web sites in 2013. It is concluded that even though volunteers exist within most non-profits, their role cannot be considered essential and is limited to governance boards and time-limited activities, such as fund raising. The level of activity of volunteers depends on the operational size and the role of the organization. Their input decreases with increased number of paid staff and their activity is less within non-profit service providers than member oriented and campaign organizations. The finding is in harmony with international research, for example on the effects of professionalization within the third sector. The research conclusion is noteworthy having in mind international research which indicates that the interest of the general public to become volunteers has essentially not changed in the past decades. The current findings raise the issue of how well traditional organizations of non-profits meet the needs of the public for volunteering.
{"title":"What is the value of volunteers for non-profit organizations?","authors":"Ómar H. Kristmundsson, S. Hrafnsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.16","url":null,"abstract":"A study on the value of volunteers as resources for non-profit organizations in welfare services in Iceland is described. The topic relates to an international academic discussion on the volunteer function within non-profit organizations. The discussion has until now focused more on the supply of volunteers than demand. This article is to meet the need for analysis of how non-profit organization use volunteers as resources. The study is based on the authors’ database from 2011 on the majority of active non-profit organizations in welfare services in Iceland and an analysis of their respective web sites in 2013. It is concluded that even though volunteers exist within most non-profits, their role cannot be considered essential and is limited to governance boards and time-limited activities, such as fund raising. The level of activity of volunteers depends on the operational size and the role of the organization. Their input decreases with increased number of paid staff and their activity is less within non-profit service providers than member oriented and campaign organizations. The finding is in harmony with international research, for example on the effects of professionalization within the third sector. The research conclusion is noteworthy having in mind international research which indicates that the interest of the general public to become volunteers has essentially not changed in the past decades. The current findings raise the issue of how well traditional organizations of non-profits meet the needs of the public for volunteering.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134106306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-15DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.13
Birgir Guðmundsson
"The third Age of Political Communication" and includes e.g. increased communication expertise within the political parties as well as professionalization of journalism, thus has had shorter time to develop than in many of the neighbouring countries. In this article the results of a survey among candidates from all political parties and all constituencies in the 2013 parliamentary elections are reported. The findings categorically show that politicians have little faith in the professionalization, impartiality and balance to political parties of the Icelandic media and journalists, characteristics that would be expected to follow the commercialisation of the Media System and transformation from external diversity to internal diversity (Hallin and Mancini, 2004). Icelandic politicians on the contrary view the Media in a political light where political parallelism and external diversity is important. It is argued that in Iceland there has developed a "Politically Commercial Media System" due to a combination of reasons. Among them are the historical proximity of a system of political parallelism, a relatively recent professionalization of journalism, an unregulated media environment and an extreme ownership concentration of the media, where ownership powers and political parties became mixed with each other.
{"title":"A Politically Commercial Media System","authors":"Birgir Guðmundsson","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"\"The third Age of Political Communication\" and includes e.g. increased communication expertise within the political parties as well as professionalization of journalism, thus has had shorter time to develop than in many of the neighbouring countries. In this article the results of a survey among candidates from all political parties and all constituencies in the 2013 parliamentary elections are reported. The findings categorically show that politicians have little faith in the professionalization, impartiality and balance to political parties of the Icelandic media and journalists, characteristics that would be expected to follow the commercialisation of the Media System and transformation from external diversity to internal diversity (Hallin and Mancini, 2004). Icelandic politicians on the contrary view the Media in a political light where political parallelism and external diversity is important. It is argued that in Iceland there has developed a \"Politically Commercial Media System\" due to a combination of reasons. Among them are the historical proximity of a system of political parallelism, a relatively recent professionalization of journalism, an unregulated media environment and an extreme ownership concentration of the media, where ownership powers and political parties became mixed with each other.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126890933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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