This paper presents the robust use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques as complement to wind tunnel testing for the performance assessment of rain water and wiper wash behavior on windscreen surfaces. The objective of this paper is to predict windscreen wiper design performance and its effectiveness with the help of CFD. Clear visibility to the occupants is the key for stress free and safer driving experience, therefore it is important to study the windscreen wiper system performance under different work load conditions. A multi-phase CFD code is used to simulate rain drops and its impingent on the vehicle is modeled with the help of thin liquid film. The wiper blade motion is defined with inputs from multi body dynamics (MBD) considering the driver and passenger side wiper blade speed and extent. Time-dependent results for the wiper blade location, water fluid film spread, and its height on the windscreen, A-pillar, leaf-screen rain gutters were obtained. The CFD results then equated with the physical test data. The calculated water film pattern found to be associated with the observed patterns of the waterways on the test vehicle. Multiple design studies were performed on the CFD model which are also reliable with similar test configurations. From the results, it is concluded that numerical simulation of water behavior on vehicle surfaces is possible, and CFD method is effective tool to assist engineers in envisaging, analyzing, and designing water management systems. A Computational Fluid Dynamics code had been introduced in order to simulate the cleaning performance of the automobile wash. Multi-phase thin film with rigid body motion models were used for this purpose. The objectives of the project were to quantify the water flow, enhance visualization, and develop a CAE methodology which will assist in the product development process.
{"title":"Optimized Wiper Design using Computational Fluid Dynamics","authors":"Akshay Shirsikar, Punam Khatik, Kuldeep Singh, Lachhi Ram","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.2.4.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.4.8","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the robust use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques as complement to wind tunnel testing for the performance assessment of rain water and wiper wash behavior on windscreen surfaces. The objective of this paper is to predict windscreen wiper design performance and its effectiveness with the help of CFD. Clear visibility to the occupants is the key for stress free and safer driving experience, therefore it is important to study the windscreen wiper system performance under different work load conditions. A multi-phase CFD code is used to simulate rain drops and its impingent on the vehicle is modeled with the help of thin liquid film. The wiper blade motion is defined with inputs from multi body dynamics (MBD) considering the driver and passenger side wiper blade speed and extent. Time-dependent results for the wiper blade location, water fluid film spread, and its height on the windscreen, A-pillar, leaf-screen rain gutters were obtained. The CFD results then equated with the physical test data. The calculated water film pattern found to be associated with the observed patterns of the waterways on the test vehicle. Multiple design studies were performed on the CFD model which are also reliable with similar test configurations. From the results, it is concluded that numerical simulation of water behavior on vehicle surfaces is possible, and CFD method is effective tool to assist engineers in envisaging, analyzing, and designing water management systems. A Computational Fluid Dynamics code had been introduced in order to simulate the cleaning performance of the automobile wash. Multi-phase thin film with rigid body motion models were used for this purpose. The objectives of the project were to quantify the water flow, enhance visualization, and develop a CAE methodology which will assist in the product development process.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133542344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steering system is one of the key vehicle-driver interface that impacts driving fatigue and perception of quality by driver. It is also a safety critical system governed by several Homologation requirements. While Homologation rules mandates the steering effort to be within certain limits, for a driver, asymmetric behavior in terms of angle & torque between LH & RH turn is also undesirable. The sub-attributes are affected indirectly by packaging constraints in each vehicle platform and model. For meeting the stringent targets in each variant and to maintain minimal unique parts, several design iterations would be needed. Physical testing involves higher cost and time. Hence development of a steering system simulation model becomes essential. This paper details the development of a steering model to simulate and analyze the steering system performance of commercial vehicles. A single steer model with hydraulic assistance is developed using OpenModelica (OM), an open source system modelling software. The parameters such as steering wheel effort, wheel lock angles, Ackermann error and Turning circle diameter (TCD) are computed along with prediction of dry park effort. Based on iterations, an optimized configuration with reduced asymmetry can be derived.
{"title":"Systems Modelling of Steering System using OpenModelica","authors":"Rohit Sankar, Sathish Madaswamy, Arthanareeswaran Palaniappan","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.2.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Steering system is one of the key vehicle-driver interface that impacts driving fatigue and perception of quality by driver. It is also a safety critical system governed by several Homologation requirements. While Homologation rules mandates the steering effort to be within certain limits, for a driver, asymmetric behavior in terms of angle & torque between LH & RH turn is also undesirable. The sub-attributes are affected indirectly by packaging constraints in each vehicle platform and model. For meeting the stringent targets in each variant and to maintain minimal unique parts, several design iterations would be needed. Physical testing involves higher cost and time. Hence development of a steering system simulation model becomes essential. This paper details the development of a steering model to simulate and analyze the steering system performance of commercial vehicles. A single steer model with hydraulic assistance is developed using OpenModelica (OM), an open source system modelling software. The parameters such as steering wheel effort, wheel lock angles, Ackermann error and Turning circle diameter (TCD) are computed along with prediction of dry park effort. Based on iterations, an optimized configuration with reduced asymmetry can be derived.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115476011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In our current environment, the expanding interest for energy, with fast consumption of our assets, we should be centered around utilizing economical and sustainable power that produces eco-accommodating energy and lower carbon emanations. So, it is significant that the accessible energy ought to be monitored and used productively. In an internal combustion engine utilized in cars have a limit of 25%-33% effectiveness and the residual heat energy got by the burning cycle goes through the fumes and afterward into the environment. This prompts the expansion in discharge of unsafe gases which increments an unnatural weather change and other natural issues. This caused to grow the consideration on improving the productivity of internal combustion engines. For the utilization of waste heat from a vehicle exhaust our primary goal is Thermoelectric Generators (TEG). It is an exceptionally doped semiconductor strong state gadget, which changes over the heat on the fumes surface straightforwardly into electrical energy and this would permit a huge increment of the general ignition motor execution. The thermoelectric materials and the position of installation plays an important role in increasing the efficiency.
{"title":"Conversion of Waste Heat from Automobiles into Electrical Energy using Thermoelectric Generators","authors":"Tony Sabu","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.2.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"In our current environment, the expanding interest for energy, with fast consumption of our assets, we should be centered around utilizing economical and sustainable power that produces eco-accommodating energy and lower carbon emanations. So, it is significant that the accessible energy ought to be monitored and used productively. In an internal combustion engine utilized in cars have a limit of 25%-33% effectiveness and the residual heat energy got by the burning cycle goes through the fumes and afterward into the environment. This prompts the expansion in discharge of unsafe gases which increments an unnatural weather change and other natural issues. This caused to grow the consideration on improving the productivity of internal combustion engines. For the utilization of waste heat from a vehicle exhaust our primary goal is Thermoelectric Generators (TEG). It is an exceptionally doped semiconductor strong state gadget, which changes over the heat on the fumes surface straightforwardly into electrical energy and this would permit a huge increment of the general ignition motor execution. The thermoelectric materials and the position of installation plays an important role in increasing the efficiency.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134430554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahadevan Pichandi, Mohan B, Jagadeesh S, Balaji S
Recirculating ball (RCB) steering gear with four-bar linkage steering system is widely used in commercial vehicles with rigid front axle and over slung suspension owing to their architectural arrangement. The usage of RCB steering gear with four-bar linkage steering system with underslung suspension is not commercialized globally due to complexity of packaging suspension and steering linkages. Few automotive OEMs have studied and implemented Y link steering system in place of four-bar linkage steering system for underslung suspension arrangement. Y link steering system has got its inherent disadvantages such as higher bump steer, poor self-centering, complex linkages, more number of parts and less tire life. Further this arrangement is comparatively costlier than four-bar linkage steering system owing to their higher number of parts. In this paper, an extensive analysis has been made to implement the four-bar linkage steering system for underslung suspension vehicle. In this arrangement, the track rod (one of the links of a four-bar linkage system) is packaged above the leaf spring unlike in vehicles with overslung spring. Due to this unique arrangement, there exists some challenges in critical parameter optimization and packaging which are addressed in this paper. A mathematical model was developed to arrive at optimum steering and suspension geometry inorder to reduce the Ackerman error for better tire life and improve vehicle handling characteristics. By solving this mathematical model, optimum hardpoints can be arrived to achieve less Ackerman error, lower steering effort, lower bump steer, better steering returnability and best in class tire life. The present paper shows a possible approach to define the optimized steering and suspension linkages from the existing complex geometry with underslung suspension. This attempt is first of its kind in automotive industry and if commercialized successfully will go a long way in improving steering performance and cost savings for the vehicles with underslung suspension.
{"title":"Conventional Four-bar Linkage Steering System Adoption for Underslung Front Suspension","authors":"Mahadevan Pichandi, Mohan B, Jagadeesh S, Balaji S","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.2.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Recirculating ball (RCB) steering gear with four-bar linkage steering system is widely used in commercial vehicles with rigid front axle and over slung suspension owing to their architectural arrangement. The usage of RCB steering gear with four-bar linkage steering system with underslung suspension is not commercialized globally due to complexity of packaging suspension and steering linkages. Few automotive OEMs have studied and implemented Y link steering system in place of four-bar linkage steering system for underslung suspension arrangement. Y link steering system has got its inherent disadvantages such as higher bump steer, poor self-centering, complex linkages, more number of parts and less tire life. Further this arrangement is comparatively costlier than four-bar linkage steering system owing to their higher number of parts. In this paper, an extensive analysis has been made to implement the four-bar linkage steering system for underslung suspension vehicle. In this arrangement, the track rod (one of the links of a four-bar linkage system) is packaged above the leaf spring unlike in vehicles with overslung spring. Due to this unique arrangement, there exists some challenges in critical parameter optimization and packaging which are addressed in this paper. A mathematical model was developed to arrive at optimum steering and suspension geometry inorder to reduce the Ackerman error for better tire life and improve vehicle handling characteristics. By solving this mathematical model, optimum hardpoints can be arrived to achieve less Ackerman error, lower steering effort, lower bump steer, better steering returnability and best in class tire life. The present paper shows a possible approach to define the optimized steering and suspension linkages from the existing complex geometry with underslung suspension. This attempt is first of its kind in automotive industry and if commercialized successfully will go a long way in improving steering performance and cost savings for the vehicles with underslung suspension.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114967128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nikhil Ambewadikar, Subramanian K, Anand Wadodkar, Raajha M P
There is a budding demand in the automotive industry for discovering the causes of brake judder and numerous mathematical models for analysis and simulation have been established. Since most of the data and knowledge are hidden within automobile manufacturers, it is still a mystery to unravel and get a clear picture. Judder was reported on the field during vehicle testing with a subjective assessment of Pad A (highlighted in table 1). The aim was to investigate the problem at the brake component by altering pad grades since it was within the scope of the study. Therefore, to save the time of running the vehicles and keeping the least variables from the 4M (Material, Method, Machine, Man), 8 combinations of friction pads were taken on an inertia brake dynamometer and deals with judder arising from the disk brake assembly only. This paper provides a novel approach by running various permutations and combinations of friction pads and interlinking caliper vibrations with the factors such as Brake torque variation (BTV), disc thickness variation (DTV), and friction pad properties by DOE (Design of experiment) analysis. It also provides some insight on the causes, types of brake judder and further gives quantifiable results which determine the bandwidth of the factors based on the experimental results. The paper is structured as follows: the introduction and causes to judder are covered in section 1. Materials and methodology in section 2, Results in section 3, and conclusion in section 4.
在汽车工业中，发现制动抖动的原因的需求正在萌芽，并且已经建立了许多用于分析和仿真的数学模型。由于大多数数据和知识都隐藏在汽车制造商内部，因此要解开并获得一个清晰的画面仍然是一个谜。Judder是在车辆测试期间对垫a进行主观评估的现场报告(表1中突出显示)。其目的是通过改变垫等级来调查制动部件的问题，因为这是在研究范围内。因此，为了节省车辆的运行时间并保持4M(材料，方法，机器，人员)变量最小，在惯性制动测力仪上采用8种摩擦片组合，并仅处理盘制动组件产生的抖动。本文通过DOE (Design of experiment)分析，在制动扭矩变化(BTV)、摩擦片厚度变化(DTV)和摩擦片性能等因素的影响下，运行摩擦片的各种排列和组合以及相互连接的卡钳振动，提供了一种新的方法。本文还对制动抖动的原因和类型进行了分析，并给出了可量化的结果，根据实验结果确定了各因素的带宽。本文的结构如下:第1节介绍了抖动的介绍和原因。材料和方法在第2部分，结果在第3部分，结论在第4部分。
{"title":"Investigation of Brake-judder through Caliper Vibrations due to the Effects of Friction Pad Properties, Disc Thickness Variation and Brake Torque Variation using a Dynamometer","authors":"Nikhil Ambewadikar, Subramanian K, Anand Wadodkar, Raajha M P","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.2.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"There is a budding demand in the automotive industry for discovering the causes of brake judder and numerous mathematical models for analysis and simulation have been established. Since most of the data and knowledge are hidden within automobile manufacturers, it is still a mystery to unravel and get a clear picture. Judder was reported on the field during vehicle testing with a subjective assessment of Pad A (highlighted in table 1). The aim was to investigate the problem at the brake component by altering pad grades since it was within the scope of the study. Therefore, to save the time of running the vehicles and keeping the least variables from the 4M (Material, Method, Machine, Man), 8 combinations of friction pads were taken on an inertia brake dynamometer and deals with judder arising from the disk brake assembly only. This paper provides a novel approach by running various permutations and combinations of friction pads and interlinking caliper vibrations with the factors such as Brake torque variation (BTV), disc thickness variation (DTV), and friction pad properties by DOE (Design of experiment) analysis. It also provides some insight on the causes, types of brake judder and further gives quantifiable results which determine the bandwidth of the factors based on the experimental results. The paper is structured as follows: the introduction and causes to judder are covered in section 1. Materials and methodology in section 2, Results in section 3, and conclusion in section 4.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128572283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sander Clerick, Serge Leivens, Guy Buytaert, Amol Chore
Thermal management is considered one of the key enablers for the adoption of New Energy Vehicles. An efficient design of an electrified vehicle’s cooling system, be it a HEV, BEV or FCEV, is of major importance to guarantee vehicle lifetime, optimize energy efficiency, enable adequate driving range and allowing high charging speed. Moreover, it is of critical importance for safety. Compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, cooling systems for electrified vehicles have become more complex with increasing integration of a variety of parts. The cooling medium’s main function is no longer limited to cooling of the ICE; it also used to conserve and transport heat to essential powertrain parts such as the battery pack, all while electrical safety cannot be jeopardized. Many recently launched electrified vehicles successfully employ the same water-glycol based cooling liquids that are found in ICE vehicles. In light of future developments such as ultra-fast charging, advances in cooling systems and the cooling liquid are required. Recently, a clear shift from air cooling towards waterbased cooling fluids is witnessed mainly due to the strong beneficial heat transfer properties of water. For direct cooling of fuel cell stacks different changes are demanded since the upper electrical conductivity limit of the aqueous liquid compels the use of new additive technology.
{"title":"Water-based Cooling Fluids to Mitigate the Thermal Management Challenges in New Energy Vehicles","authors":"Sander Clerick, Serge Leivens, Guy Buytaert, Amol Chore","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.2.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal management is considered one of the key enablers for the adoption of New Energy Vehicles. An efficient design of an electrified vehicle’s cooling system, be it a HEV, BEV or FCEV, is of major importance to guarantee vehicle lifetime, optimize energy efficiency, enable adequate driving range and allowing high charging speed. Moreover, it is of critical importance for safety. Compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, cooling systems for electrified vehicles have become more complex with increasing integration of a variety of parts. The cooling medium’s main function is no longer limited to cooling of the ICE; it also used to conserve and transport heat to essential powertrain parts such as the battery pack, all while electrical safety cannot be jeopardized. Many recently launched electrified vehicles successfully employ the same water-glycol based cooling liquids that are found in ICE vehicles. In light of future developments such as ultra-fast charging, advances in cooling systems and the cooling liquid are required. Recently, a clear shift from air cooling towards waterbased cooling fluids is witnessed mainly due to the strong beneficial heat transfer properties of water. For direct cooling of fuel cell stacks different changes are demanded since the upper electrical conductivity limit of the aqueous liquid compels the use of new additive technology.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129372238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ganapati V Salaskar, Anil Badiger, Suresh D Mane, P.P. Revankar
Biodiesels are substitute fuel sources that can be potential replacement to fossil fuels apart from being eco-friendly owing to their carbon-neutral nature. The energy originating from nature-based resources has a premium value due to its lowest environmental impact. The strategies that protect nature are grouped under a philosophy termed as ‘sustainability’. The biodiesel ought to give net energy acquire, have ecological advantages with financially serious, and producible in enormous amounts without diminishing food supplies. The proposed study examines potential of waste cooking oil as a source of bio-diesels by collecting samples of used cooking oil from the food outlets. The characteristics of producing bio-diesel from waste cooking oil are investigated from the point of view of utilizing it on a small batch mode of 5 to 10 litre. The chemistry of transesterification is investigated by adopting computational route to design a reactor and experimentally verifying the small-scale production.
{"title":"Studies on Use of Waste-cooking Oil as a Diesel Substitute through Trans-esterification","authors":"Ganapati V Salaskar, Anil Badiger, Suresh D Mane, P.P. Revankar","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.2.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesels are substitute fuel sources that can be potential replacement to fossil fuels apart from being eco-friendly owing to their carbon-neutral nature. The energy originating from nature-based resources has a premium value due to its lowest environmental impact. The strategies that protect nature are grouped under a philosophy termed as ‘sustainability’. The biodiesel ought to give net energy acquire, have ecological advantages with financially serious, and producible in enormous amounts without diminishing food supplies. The proposed study examines potential of waste cooking oil as a source of bio-diesels by collecting samples of used cooking oil from the food outlets. The characteristics of producing bio-diesel from waste cooking oil are investigated from the point of view of utilizing it on a small batch mode of 5 to 10 litre. The chemistry of transesterification is investigated by adopting computational route to design a reactor and experimentally verifying the small-scale production.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132241310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amal Haridas, Anand, P P, Aneesh Menon, Sachin, V, Aravind, P V
This paper presents scopes and possibilities of electric vehicles if it is made to substitute fossil fueled 4 wheelers completely from its arena. The common consumers are still not onto electric vehicles due to various reasons like cost, charging facility and their power requirements. This work will show comparison of cost, energy efficiencies, emissions and pollution involved, maintenance and service requisites and last but not least the afterlife of both the vehicles. Like well to wheel analysis of conventional fuel vehicles, here, grid to wheels analysis will be used for electric vehicles taking Kerala as reference location for study. The selected location has several power generation sources like hydel, thermal and wind energy. Different scenarios are considered to conduct the grid to wheel analysis. Here, battery electric vehicles (BEV) will be considered as replacement which will be categorised as (i) Lead acid battery and (ii) Li-ion battery. Supercapacitors are also used with lithium ion batteries so as to obtain faster charging, discharging while acceleration and braking. In this paper, the amount of electric power that must be produced additionally for the infrastructure of BEV’s will be calculated. A general study tells that energy is lost in ic engines at a very higher rate than electric vehicles in the form of heat. EV’s have an efficiency of 77% when converting electric power from grid to wheels but combustion engines have efficiency of only 20-25% while converting chemical energy into mechanical energy. Interesting conclusions were also seen when emission and carbon footprints were compared. There are also some conclusions which reveal the difficulty of recycling the lithium-ion battery after its life. The processes aimed to recycle these batteries tend to produce extensive amounts of waste and emit greenhouse gases. But lead acid batteries are seen to be environment friendly as the majority of lead in this battery can be recycled. Different maintenance and services needed were discussed and compared with that of ICE vehicles. Many advantages and challenges were brought out while complete electrification in the 4 wheeler segment, and with the infrastructure growth, the target of zero emission vehicles can be obtained.
{"title":"Electrification of 4-Wheel Sector","authors":"Amal Haridas, Anand, P P, Aneesh Menon, Sachin, V, Aravind, P V","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.2.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents scopes and possibilities of electric vehicles if it is made to substitute fossil fueled 4 wheelers completely from its arena. The common consumers are still not onto electric vehicles due to various reasons like cost, charging facility and their power requirements. This work will show comparison of cost, energy efficiencies, emissions and pollution involved, maintenance and service requisites and last but not least the afterlife of both the vehicles. Like well to wheel analysis of conventional fuel vehicles, here, grid to wheels analysis will be used for electric vehicles taking Kerala as reference location for study. The selected location has several power generation sources like hydel, thermal and wind energy. Different scenarios are considered to conduct the grid to wheel analysis. Here, battery electric vehicles (BEV) will be considered as replacement which will be categorised as (i) Lead acid battery and (ii) Li-ion battery. Supercapacitors are also used with lithium ion batteries so as to obtain faster charging, discharging while acceleration and braking. In this paper, the amount of electric power that must be produced additionally for the infrastructure of BEV’s will be calculated. A general study tells that energy is lost in ic engines at a very higher rate than electric vehicles in the form of heat. EV’s have an efficiency of 77% when converting electric power from grid to wheels but combustion engines have efficiency of only 20-25% while converting chemical energy into mechanical energy. Interesting conclusions were also seen when emission and carbon footprints were compared. There are also some conclusions which reveal the difficulty of recycling the lithium-ion battery after its life. The processes aimed to recycle these batteries tend to produce extensive amounts of waste and emit greenhouse gases. But lead acid batteries are seen to be environment friendly as the majority of lead in this battery can be recycled. Different maintenance and services needed were discussed and compared with that of ICE vehicles. Many advantages and challenges were brought out while complete electrification in the 4 wheeler segment, and with the infrastructure growth, the target of zero emission vehicles can be obtained.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130201712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hypoid pinion is a major member in the heavy truck axle as it transmits the power from propeller shaft to hypoid ring gear. This is the first member in axle assembly to receive the power from transmission. Metallurgical quality is inevitable parameter in this part. In this case, a fracture analysis of hypoid pinion carried out, root cause is found & corrections are addressed. The quench crack is generated during the case carburizing treatment. The fractography shows that this crack is initiated from the gross non-metallic inclusion present at the sub surface of the drive pinion. SEM EDS analysis conducted & identified inclusion as Aluminium Oxide predominantly with a dimension 7 mm in length & 1mm in width caused the longitudinal crack on the pinion. The ishikawa diagram plotted for steel mill process to understand the cause. Since the type of inclusion is Al2O3, focused more on ladle refining station, VD process & continuous casting parameters in steel mill process where entrapment could occur. The appropriate corrective action taken in steel mill on VD process, post VD soft rinse, multiple sampling for inclusion from first & last billet, NDT method UT phased array system is introduced by developing the master sample having size same as inclusion. The Inclusion went undetected whole the process starting from steel mill to pinion case carburizing heat treatment & is opened up after quenching due to volumetric difference in crystal, happens during heating & cooling. The mechanism of crack generation is discussed which involves crystallographic changes takes place during carburizing cycles.
{"title":"Effect of Steel Inclusion on Heat Treatment Quench Crack - Case Study","authors":"Yathish Rao","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.2.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Hypoid pinion is a major member in the heavy truck axle as it transmits the power from propeller shaft to hypoid ring gear. This is the first member in axle assembly to receive the power from transmission. Metallurgical quality is inevitable parameter in this part. In this case, a fracture analysis of hypoid pinion carried out, root cause is found & corrections are addressed. The quench crack is generated during the case carburizing treatment. The fractography shows that this crack is initiated from the gross non-metallic inclusion present at the sub surface of the drive pinion. SEM EDS analysis conducted & identified inclusion as Aluminium Oxide predominantly with a dimension 7 mm in length & 1mm in width caused the longitudinal crack on the pinion. The ishikawa diagram plotted for steel mill process to understand the cause. Since the type of inclusion is Al2O3, focused more on ladle refining station, VD process & continuous casting parameters in steel mill process where entrapment could occur. The appropriate corrective action taken in steel mill on VD process, post VD soft rinse, multiple sampling for inclusion from first & last billet, NDT method UT phased array system is introduced by developing the master sample having size same as inclusion. The Inclusion went undetected whole the process starting from steel mill to pinion case carburizing heat treatment & is opened up after quenching due to volumetric difference in crystal, happens during heating & cooling. The mechanism of crack generation is discussed which involves crystallographic changes takes place during carburizing cycles.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"65 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125950769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Owing to high efficiency, high power density, high torque to current ratio and high power to weight ratio, application of Permanent Magnet Synchronous drives has been escalating in electric vehicle traction systems. The major concern arises due to increase in cogging torque ripples. The presence of internal harmonic content leading to noise and vibrational disturbances, greatly sways the smooth operation of the motor. To address this challenge is the key to design of Permanent magnet Synchronous motor. Numerous techniques have been enacted upon for truncating the cogging torque thereby increasing the efficiency for electric vehicle application. This paper presents an exhaustive study on the methods adopted and proposes an optimised model for analysing the effect of skewing in Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. Furthermore, the optimal design conclusions based on the proposed shape optimization were confirmed by finite element analysis (FEA) method carried out on RMxprt tool of ANSYS software.
{"title":"Comprehensive Design and Study on Cogging Torque Reduction in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for Electric Vehicle Technology","authors":"Shivani Jitendra Khare, R. S. Ambekar","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.2.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to high efficiency, high power density, high torque to current ratio and high power to weight ratio, application of Permanent Magnet Synchronous drives has been escalating in electric vehicle traction systems. The major concern arises due to increase in cogging torque ripples. The presence of internal harmonic content leading to noise and vibrational disturbances, greatly sways the smooth operation of the motor. To address this challenge is the key to design of Permanent magnet Synchronous motor. Numerous techniques have been enacted upon for truncating the cogging torque thereby increasing the efficiency for electric vehicle application. This paper presents an exhaustive study on the methods adopted and proposes an optimised model for analysing the effect of skewing in Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. Furthermore, the optimal design conclusions based on the proposed shape optimization were confirmed by finite element analysis (FEA) method carried out on RMxprt tool of ANSYS software.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130139590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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