Building high-performance motor drives is vital for industrial uses. A high-performance motor drive system must be quick in terms of dynamic speed order monitoring and load regulation. The motor controllers can provide system protection by regulating or limiting torque, protecting against overloads, and safeguarding against mistakes. Many motor controllers include logic for managing applications as well as additional features like data recording and data collecting. The purpose is to study various tuning techniques for motor speed controllers using Artificial intelligence. The controllers such as proportional-integral (PI) controller and proportional integral derivative (PID) controller have been considered here. Most frequently used Artificial intelligence (AI) methods such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Bat Algorithm, Adaptive Tabu Search (ATS), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Ziegler and Nichols (ZN) Algorithm are considered by their decision-making capability. In the proposed work a rigorous literature review is done for analyzing the performance of AI-based controllers. This will help other researchers to understand various aspects of the said controllers, particularly the technology involved. In-depth review and application of AI controllers are highlighted using various charts and graphs for easy understanding. Keywords: AI motor controllers, Fuzzy Logic, PID controller, PI controller, Genetic algorithm, PSO algorithm, Ziegler and Nichols algorithm, Bat algorithm, Adaptive Tabu search algorithm
构建高性能电机驱动器对于工业用途至关重要。高性能的电机驱动系统必须在动态速度顺序监测和负载调节方面快速。电机控制器可以通过调节或限制扭矩，防止过载和防止错误来提供系统保护。许多电机控制器包括用于管理应用程序的逻辑以及数据记录和数据收集等附加功能。目的是研究利用人工智能对电机速度控制器进行各种调谐的技术。本文考虑了比例积分(PI)控制器和比例积分导数(PID)控制器。最常用的人工智能(AI)方法，如人工神经网络(ANN)、模糊逻辑控制器(FLC)、遗传算法(GA)、蝙蝠算法(Bat)、自适应禁忌搜索(ATS)、蚁群优化(ACO)、齐格勒和尼科尔斯(Ziegler and Nichols)算法等，从决策能力方面进行了考虑。在提出的工作中，对基于人工智能的控制器的性能进行了严格的文献综述。这将有助于其他研究人员了解所述控制器的各个方面，特别是所涉及的技术。深入回顾和应用人工智能控制器突出使用各种图表和图形，便于理解。关键词:AI电机控制器，模糊逻辑，PID控制器，PI控制器，遗传算法，粒子群算法，Ziegler和Nichols算法，Bat算法，自适应禁忌搜索算法
{"title":"Study on Application of AI Controllers for Speed Control of Motors","authors":"Ketan Kalke, Dr. Bhumeshwar Patle","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.3.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Building high-performance motor drives is vital for industrial uses. A high-performance motor drive system must be quick in terms of dynamic speed order monitoring and load regulation. The motor controllers can provide system protection by regulating or limiting torque, protecting against overloads, and safeguarding against mistakes. Many motor controllers include logic for managing applications as well as additional features like data recording and data collecting. The purpose is to study various tuning techniques for motor speed controllers using Artificial intelligence. The controllers such as proportional-integral (PI) controller and proportional integral derivative (PID) controller have been considered here. Most frequently used Artificial intelligence (AI) methods such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Bat Algorithm, Adaptive Tabu Search (ATS), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Ziegler and Nichols (ZN) Algorithm are considered by their decision-making capability. In the proposed work a rigorous literature review is done for analyzing the performance of AI-based controllers. This will help other researchers to understand various aspects of the said controllers, particularly the technology involved. In-depth review and application of AI controllers are highlighted using various charts and graphs for easy understanding. \u0000Keywords: AI motor controllers, Fuzzy Logic, PID controller, PI controller, Genetic algorithm, PSO algorithm, Ziegler and Nichols algorithm, Bat algorithm, Adaptive Tabu search algorithm","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124400302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Venkata Raghavendra Rao Mullapudi, Sandhi Raja Sekhar, Naveen Garapati
In General Indian Road Transporting Conditions is concerned, mischance’s are turning into an everyday cause an endeavor has been made in this venture to diminish such setbacks. In our venture a fast sign is given and programmed braking is connected by removing the fuel supply to the motor when the setup speed is Overpassed. Our Objective is to plan a programmed increasing speed control in activity flag/Sign Board. The setup of the model does not permit abusing the activity rules. This model comprises of an engine with rack and pinion course of action, point of confinement switches and the quickening agent. This venture is basically created to maintain a strategic distance from mishaps because of fast vehicles and furthermore to empower general society to cross the street with no threat from rapid vehicles. Normally the drivers drive the vehicles at rapid Speed without considering general society in speed constrained ranges as well. Despite the fact that the activity controls them we can't accomplish the full reaction from them. Likewise it is impractical to screen those regions at unsurpassed to control their speed. File Terms-Automatic Acceleration, High speed Indication.
{"title":"Fabrication of Automatic Acceleration Control System in Vehicles","authors":"Venkata Raghavendra Rao Mullapudi, Sandhi Raja Sekhar, Naveen Garapati","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.3.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"In General Indian Road Transporting Conditions is concerned, mischance’s are turning into an everyday cause an endeavor has been made in this venture to diminish such setbacks. In our venture a fast sign is given and programmed braking is connected by removing the fuel supply to the motor when the setup speed is Overpassed. Our Objective is to plan a programmed increasing speed control in activity flag/Sign Board. The setup of the model does not permit abusing the activity rules. This model comprises of an engine with rack and pinion course of action, point of confinement switches and the quickening agent. This venture is basically created to maintain a strategic distance from mishaps because of fast vehicles and furthermore to empower general society to cross the street with no threat from rapid vehicles. Normally the drivers drive the vehicles at rapid Speed without considering general society in speed constrained ranges as well. Despite the fact that the activity controls them we can't accomplish the full reaction from them. Likewise it is impractical to screen those regions at unsurpassed to control their speed. File Terms-Automatic Acceleration, High speed Indication. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123927529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simulation-based study of three different types of front wing designs used in the modern Formula 1 cars was done. The study mainly focuses on the aerodynamic forces that a Formula One car generates mainly the Downforce, the Drag force, & the Lateral force at low cornering speeds. These forces were studied in detail & taking a closer look at how they migrate during the dynamic conditions the car is thrown at various Side Slip (Yaw) Angles, these results were compared with the wing Scuderia Ferrari used in the 1998 formula 1 championship to better understand the inherent problems faced in those previous designs. A brief study of the flow field & flow lines was conducted along with the vortex generation for all three wings. Vortex formation and management is a prominent part of research being carried out for a formula 1 car, so a brief study on the phenomenon of vortex generation & Y250 vortex formation was also carried out. A test on ride height and vorticity was also studied when the ride height was varied and the values were analysed. A study on the effect of the flow field of the upper element on the lower element was carried out where the 5th element was removed from each of the three wings & the effect on the downforce & drag value was analysed along with the pressure field.
{"title":"Studying Modern Formula 1 Front Wing at Low Cornering Speeds","authors":"P. Nimje, R. Kakde","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.3.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"A simulation-based study of three different types of front wing designs used in the modern Formula 1 cars was done. The study mainly focuses on the aerodynamic forces that a Formula One car generates mainly the Downforce, the Drag force, & the Lateral force at low cornering speeds. These forces were studied in detail & taking a closer look at how they migrate during the dynamic conditions the car is thrown at various Side Slip (Yaw) Angles, these results were compared with the wing Scuderia Ferrari used in the 1998 formula 1 championship to better understand the inherent problems faced in those previous designs. A brief study of the flow field & flow lines was conducted along with the vortex generation for all three wings. Vortex formation and management is a prominent part of research being carried out for a formula 1 car, so a brief study on the phenomenon of vortex generation & Y250 vortex formation was also carried out. A test on ride height and vorticity was also studied when the ride height was varied and the values were analysed. A study on the effect of the flow field of the upper element on the lower element was carried out where the 5th element was removed from each of the three wings & the effect on the downforce & drag value was analysed along with the pressure field.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129890843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geetesh Waghela, Tushar A Patil, Bhoopendra Tiwari, Ashok Kumar Patidar
Developing countries like India have large consumer markets driven by huge demands. Commercial vehicles play a critical role in full filing these demands. Commercial vehicles increasingly face stringent emission norms criteria and hence designing an ICE-powertrain with optimum operating efficiency becomes paramount. Intake manifold is the critical part of an internal combustion engine that supplies fuel/ air mixture to all the cylinders combustion chambers. It ensures a uniform mixture at cylinder inlet for better mixing inside the cylinders for better volumetric efficiency. Uneven distribution of fuel/air mixture causes unstable torque and unburnt fuel which fails to meet the emission norms. It also results in uneven temperatures in each cylinder because of cylinder misfiring. In current paper, 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out to investigate the variance and uniformity of CNG/air mixture at the outlet of intake manifold. Commercial CFD tool Ansys Fluent is used to study the flow distribution of mixture inside the manifold and runners. Initial estimation of flow pattern is done by performing a steady state simulation to predict the uniformity index of CNG at cylinder inlet. For detailed investigation, transient simulation is performed by taking fresh air and CNG mass flow rate as a function of crank angle. In this paper, mesh dependence study was done initially to achieve an optimum cell count with good accuracy. A detailed transient analysis using multi-species modelling for air & CNG was done using automated scripts with time steps as small as 1 degree crank angle rotation coupled with injection pressure and injection timing study. This helped to identify critical areas and optimise the design to improve the mass flow rate variance from 15-20% for baseline case to 6-7% for final design, and also improve the uniformity index. It also helped reduce the CNG engine mis-firing issue. The results have been well validated with Laboratory Test Results.
{"title":"Performance Prediction, Optimisation and Validation of a CNG Engine Intake Manifold of a Commercial Vehicle Using Transient CFD Analysis","authors":"Geetesh Waghela, Tushar A Patil, Bhoopendra Tiwari, Ashok Kumar Patidar","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.3.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Developing countries like India have large consumer markets driven by huge demands. Commercial vehicles play a critical role in full filing these demands. Commercial vehicles increasingly face stringent emission norms criteria and hence designing an ICE-powertrain with optimum operating efficiency becomes paramount. Intake manifold is the critical part of an internal combustion engine that supplies fuel/ air mixture to all the cylinders combustion chambers. It ensures a uniform mixture at cylinder inlet for better mixing inside the cylinders for better volumetric efficiency. Uneven distribution of fuel/air mixture causes unstable torque and unburnt fuel which fails to meet the emission norms. It also results in uneven temperatures in each cylinder because of cylinder misfiring. In current paper, 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out to investigate the variance and uniformity of CNG/air mixture at the outlet of intake manifold. Commercial CFD tool Ansys Fluent is used to study the flow distribution of mixture inside the manifold and runners. Initial estimation of flow pattern is done by performing a steady state simulation to predict the uniformity index of CNG at cylinder inlet. For detailed investigation, transient simulation is performed by taking fresh air and CNG mass flow rate as a function of crank angle. In this paper, mesh dependence study was done initially to achieve an optimum cell count with good accuracy. A detailed transient analysis using multi-species modelling for air & CNG was done using automated scripts with time steps as small as 1 degree crank angle rotation coupled with injection pressure and injection timing study. This helped to identify critical areas and optimise the design to improve the mass flow rate variance from 15-20% for baseline case to 6-7% for final design, and also improve the uniformity index. It also helped reduce the CNG engine mis-firing issue. The results have been well validated with Laboratory Test Results. \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"60 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114035977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Passenger segments, vehicles floor vibration is one of the major cause which leads to discomfort for passengers. There are several locations for vibration, one of the location is Floor of the bus where passengers will feel the vibration directly while sitting on the seats and while standing on the Gangways. So acceleration levels in passenger segment should be as per AIS 153 standard. The objective of this paper is, of all the available causes for vibration, we will discuss about the middle floor vibrations raised by Propeller shaft and how to mitigate the problem by various focused design proposals on Propeller shaft. Here, we will be reviewing the Bus segment which has a Double Piece Propeller shaft design configuration.
{"title":"Vibration Reduction in Passenger Vehicle by Optimization of Propeller Shaft Design","authors":"V. Sundarayya, R. Yoganand, M. Kalidasan","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.3.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"In Passenger segments, vehicles floor vibration is one of the major cause which leads to discomfort for passengers. There are several locations for vibration, one of the location is Floor of the bus where passengers will feel the vibration directly while sitting on the seats and while standing on the Gangways. So acceleration levels in passenger segment should be as per AIS 153 standard. The objective of this paper is, of all the available causes for vibration, we will discuss about the middle floor vibrations raised by Propeller shaft and how to mitigate the problem by various focused design proposals on Propeller shaft. Here, we will be reviewing the Bus segment which has a Double Piece Propeller shaft design configuration. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129141895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Sreekumar, A. Anand Deshpande, B. Abhijit Mulay, G. Parag Mengaji
Paper contains the work done on “ARAI indigenously developed OCPP server and OCPP stack for EV Charging station”. At present, India faces the challenge to locate, monitor and control the chargers situated at different locations, as there is no backend communication. We are experiencing shortage of conventionally generated power and fluctuation in the availability of power due to heavy load during the peak hours. To overcome this, all the chargers need to have backend communication so that the maximum charging rate of the chargers upon the availability of power in the grid can be controlled and monitored. OPEN Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) is a communication protocol that help the EV charging station to communicate with the central server and update the charging details along with the information like location the total unit consumed etc. The protocol also helps the Server to remotely monitor and control the EV charging station located even at remote location of the country. ARAI have indigenously developed OCPP server for the automotive industry which is being utilized to test and validate the OCPP compliance of the EV charger and server. ARAI server and stack supports the most recent version OCPP 2.0.
{"title":"ARAI Indigenously Developed OCPP Server and OCPP Stack for EV Charging Station","authors":"U. Sreekumar, A. Anand Deshpande, B. Abhijit Mulay, G. Parag Mengaji","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.3.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Paper contains the work done on “ARAI indigenously developed OCPP server and OCPP stack for EV Charging station”. At present, India faces the challenge to locate, monitor and control the chargers situated at different locations, as there is no backend communication. We are experiencing shortage of conventionally generated power and fluctuation in the availability of power due to heavy load during the peak hours. To overcome this, all the chargers need to have backend communication so that the maximum charging rate of the chargers upon the availability of power in the grid can be controlled and monitored. OPEN Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) is a communication protocol that help the EV charging station to communicate with the central server and update the charging details along with the information like location the total unit consumed etc. The protocol also helps the Server to remotely monitor and control the EV charging station located even at remote location of the country. ARAI have indigenously developed OCPP server for the automotive industry which is being utilized to test and validate the OCPP compliance of the EV charger and server. ARAI server and stack supports the most recent version OCPP 2.0.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126261645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With an increasing demand in the market towards electrical vehicles through technological advancements in the automotive field like, automated driving assistance that which have resulted in higher safety requirements and new innovations in the braking system, such as vacuum-independent, automated braking, and regenerative braking, play a crucial role in the vehicle's comfort and economics. However, the classic vacuum brake booster is no longer capable of meeting these requirements. A revolutionary Electro-Magnetic brake booster system is suggested in this research; this system is aimed to perform the function of boosting or enhancing the driver's pedal power despite remaining dependent on the vacuum source. Such an Electro-magnetic brake booster is mainly composed of an Electro-magnetic core plate, a ferromagnetic actuating plate and an ECU. It consumes electrical energy and converts into magnetic force to attract the metallic actuating plate, which is mechanically coupled to the pushrod of the master cylinder. However, the power required for braking (developing pressure in a master cylinder) is provided by the electrical power source. The core plate is associated with a pole as the electromagnet cores are mounted on one side of it. By incorporating a pedal pressure sensor linked to the ECU, which can control the electric power input to this core plate. Thus, the magnetic force developed is used in pulling the Actuating plate. In turn, it builds up the required pressure in the master cylinder. This novel Electro-Magnetic brake booster can be a better solution to satisfy the drawbacks of the existing brake boosters such as complexity in the structure and mechanism. Thus, this brake booster can be joined in substantial vehicles, autos and can be utilized as driver brake assistance for future Electric Vehicles by making a few upgrades in the ECU and the servo.
{"title":"Design of a Vacuum Independent, Power Assisted Brake by Wire System using a Novel Electro-Magnetic Brake Booster","authors":"Pedapati Harsha Vardhan","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.3.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"With an increasing demand in the market towards electrical vehicles through technological advancements in the automotive field like, automated driving assistance that which have resulted in higher safety requirements and new innovations in the braking system, such as vacuum-independent, automated braking, and regenerative braking, play a crucial role in the vehicle's comfort and economics. However, the classic vacuum brake booster is no longer capable of meeting these requirements. A revolutionary Electro-Magnetic brake booster system is suggested in this research; this system is aimed to perform the function of boosting or enhancing the driver's pedal power despite remaining dependent on the vacuum source. Such an Electro-magnetic brake booster is mainly composed of an Electro-magnetic core plate, a ferromagnetic actuating plate and an ECU. It consumes electrical energy and converts into magnetic force to attract the metallic actuating plate, which is mechanically coupled to the pushrod of the master cylinder. However, the power required for braking (developing pressure in a master cylinder) is provided by the electrical power source. The core plate is associated with a pole as the electromagnet cores are mounted on one side of it. By incorporating a pedal pressure sensor linked to the ECU, which can control the electric power input to this core plate. Thus, the magnetic force developed is used in pulling the Actuating plate. In turn, it builds up the required pressure in the master cylinder. This novel Electro-Magnetic brake booster can be a better solution to satisfy the drawbacks of the existing brake boosters such as complexity in the structure and mechanism. Thus, this brake booster can be joined in substantial vehicles, autos and can be utilized as driver brake assistance for future Electric Vehicles by making a few upgrades in the ECU and the servo. \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126864828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. K. Krishnamoorthy, G. K. Sivakumar, Dr. Koorella Krishna
Boron containing steels are widely used in gear and shaft application. Addition of Boron to case hardened steel enhances hardenability resulting in good impact strength and wear resistant properties. In this present study, the influence of 100 and 150 PPM Nitrogen gas on Boron steel has been analyzed. The microstructure, hardenability, hardness, and impact strength has been evaluated. The Impact test was carried out as per standard and Fractography analysis has been done. Fine grain structure was observed in the higher Nitrogen content samples indicates better mechanical properties. The impact strength has been improved nearly 9% in the higher Nitrogen containing samples because of fine grain structure. Combination of intergranular with dimple mode of fracture was observed in the high Nitrogen containing samples.
{"title":"Effect of Gas Content on Mechanical behavior of Case Hardened Boron Steel","authors":"M. K. Krishnamoorthy, G. K. Sivakumar, Dr. Koorella Krishna","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.3.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Boron containing steels are widely used in gear and shaft application. Addition of Boron to case hardened steel enhances hardenability resulting in good impact strength and wear resistant properties. In this present study, the influence of 100 and 150 PPM Nitrogen gas on Boron steel has been analyzed. The microstructure, hardenability, hardness, and impact strength has been evaluated. The Impact test was carried out as per standard and Fractography analysis has been done. Fine grain structure was observed in the higher Nitrogen content samples indicates better mechanical properties. The impact strength has been improved nearly 9% in the higher Nitrogen containing samples because of fine grain structure. Combination of intergranular with dimple mode of fracture was observed in the high Nitrogen containing samples. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127750485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gear sets are one of the prime components in rear axle assembly that drives the wheel by taking the power from gear box. Typically forged gears are used for automotive applications in order to perform to its maximum level while in their service. In this case study heavy truck axle hypoid gear sets with deeper gear ratio (> 6) are considered. The batch-A & batch-B samples are produced through two separate forging routes. Batch A sample is processed through press forge route & Batch B samples are through ring rolling route. Both the batches (4 samples of each) are tested for gear set fatigue bench test validation with particular torque. Test suspended upon failure of the parts. The failure mode of both the batch A & batch B are fatigue in nature & fractured at the tooth root due to root bending phenomenon. But the life of batch A is 58892 ring rear cycles where that of Batch B are is 46496 ring gear cycles. There is drop of 21% in life of gearset performance. Fracture analysis conducted & complete metallurgical results tabulated shows no significant difference in raw material, heat treatment, dimensional & any other parameters. Ishikawa diagram plotted to understand the root cause. The only difference is forging process. Both the samples are analyzed for the grain flow pattern. The batch A gears being made through press forging route are having the well defined grain flow pattern runs in part in radial direction. The batch B gears being made through ring rolling route are having the grain flow in the circumferential direction. In gear tooth cutting method, the cutter moves from outer diameter to inner diameter in both the batches. While doing so the batch A gears having radial grain flow, the cutting action will be along the grain flow. The grain flow in the tooth is not cut & they will have good bonding with the gear tooth root. This grain flow bonding enhances the resistances to tooth root bending fatigue characteristics. But in case of batch B gears having the circumferential grain flow, the cutter cuts the tooth in transverse direction of grain flow. This makes the individual tooth will not have grain flow bonding at the tooth root. Such grain flow pattern hinders the resistance to gear tooth root bending fatigue characteristic. This leads to the early failure of batch B gear than batch A gears. This case study shows that grain flow has great effect on fatigue performance. The gear tooth of press forge can take more deflection or bending fatigue loading condition than the ring rolling route, resulting in higher part performance.
{"title":"Effect of Forging Grain Flow on Performance of Hypoid Gear Set - Case Study","authors":"Yathish Rao","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.3.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Gear sets are one of the prime components in rear axle assembly that drives the wheel by taking the power from gear box. Typically forged gears are used for automotive applications in order to perform to its maximum level while in their service. In this case study heavy truck axle hypoid gear sets with deeper gear ratio (> 6) are considered. The batch-A & batch-B samples are produced through two separate forging routes. Batch A sample is processed through press forge route & Batch B samples are through ring rolling route. Both the batches (4 samples of each) are tested for gear set fatigue bench test validation with particular torque. Test suspended upon failure of the parts. The failure mode of both the batch A & batch B are fatigue in nature & fractured at the tooth root due to root bending phenomenon. But the life of batch A is 58892 ring rear cycles where that of Batch B are is 46496 ring gear cycles. There is drop of 21% in life of gearset performance. Fracture analysis conducted & complete metallurgical results tabulated shows no significant difference in raw material, heat treatment, dimensional & any other parameters. Ishikawa diagram plotted to understand the root cause. The only difference is forging process. Both the samples are analyzed for the grain flow pattern. The batch A gears being made through press forging route are having the well defined grain flow pattern runs in part in radial direction. The batch B gears being made through ring rolling route are having the grain flow in the circumferential direction. In gear tooth cutting method, the cutter moves from outer diameter to inner diameter in both the batches. While doing so the batch A gears having radial grain flow, the cutting action will be along the grain flow. The grain flow in the tooth is not cut & they will have good bonding with the gear tooth root. This grain flow bonding enhances the resistances to tooth root bending fatigue characteristics. But in case of batch B gears having the circumferential grain flow, the cutter cuts the tooth in transverse direction of grain flow. This makes the individual tooth will not have grain flow bonding at the tooth root. Such grain flow pattern hinders the resistance to gear tooth root bending fatigue characteristic. This leads to the early failure of batch B gear than batch A gears. This case study shows that grain flow has great effect on fatigue performance. The gear tooth of press forge can take more deflection or bending fatigue loading condition than the ring rolling route, resulting in higher part performance. \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130721757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The world’s first automobile built by Karl Benz was powered by a single-cylinder four-stroke engine which was placed at the rear part of the three-wheeled chassis. Since then, the automobile industry has drastically evolved, especially four wheelers. Nowadays, three-wheelers are gaining popularity as they are more fuel efficient than four-wheelers while being more stable than twowheelers. The inherent cost advantages of a threewheeler also make them more affordable. Autorickshaws, having delta configuration, are extensively utilized in several Asian countries like India, Indonesia, Pakistan and others. But they are risky during braking in a turn due to a single front wheel. Alternatively, a tadpole type three-wheeler is safer in braking in a turn and provides better steering control. This three-wheeler configuration also provides better aerodynamic design. They have been recently adopted in European countries for personal mobility and logistics. Therefore, the paper analyses the stability of a Tadpole type three-wheeler based on various standard simulation tests such as Constant Radius test, Acceleration test and Double Lane Change test. These tests provide various results such as Steering Angle, Understeer behaviour and Longitudinal Acceleration where information regarding handling characteristics can be studied. A comparison between Front Wheel Drive and Rear Wheel Drive configuration is carried out to arrive at a conclusion for selecting the right drivetrain configuration. In order to achieve this, a Multibody Dynamics model is created using MSC Adams Car by assembling the various subsystems namely Front Suspension, Rear Suspension, Steering, Brakes, Body, Powertrain and Tires. Simulation results have been compared with existing literature for the verification of the model.
{"title":"Effect of Drivetrain Configuration on Handling Characteristics of Tadpole Type Three-Wheeler","authors":"Nishanth Krishna, Raj Purohit, J.S. Rohit, Avasarala Venkata Srivatsa, Sharanbassappa S Patil","doi":"10.37285/ajmt.3.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"The world’s first automobile built by Karl Benz was powered by a single-cylinder four-stroke engine which was placed at the rear part of the three-wheeled chassis. Since then, the automobile industry has drastically evolved, especially four wheelers. Nowadays, three-wheelers are gaining popularity as they are more fuel efficient than four-wheelers while being more stable than twowheelers. The inherent cost advantages of a threewheeler also make them more affordable. Autorickshaws, having delta configuration, are extensively utilized in several Asian countries like India, Indonesia, Pakistan and others. But they are risky during braking in a turn due to a single front wheel. Alternatively, a tadpole type three-wheeler is safer in braking in a turn and provides better steering control. This three-wheeler configuration also provides better aerodynamic design. They have been recently adopted in European countries for personal mobility and logistics. Therefore, the paper analyses the stability of a Tadpole type three-wheeler based on various standard simulation tests such as Constant Radius test, Acceleration test and Double Lane Change test. These tests provide various results such as Steering Angle, Understeer behaviour and Longitudinal Acceleration where information regarding handling characteristics can be studied. A comparison between Front Wheel Drive and Rear Wheel Drive configuration is carried out to arrive at a conclusion for selecting the right drivetrain configuration. In order to achieve this, a Multibody Dynamics model is created using MSC Adams Car by assembling the various subsystems namely Front Suspension, Rear Suspension, Steering, Brakes, Body, Powertrain and Tires. Simulation results have been compared with existing literature for the verification of the model.","PeriodicalId":294802,"journal":{"name":"ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132778039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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