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Adaptation or paradigm shift? An interpretation of resilience through the lens of policy change 适应还是范式转变?从政策变化的角度解读韧性
IF 7.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101325
Giulio Levorato

Most literature on peacebuilding has been characterized by the intention to set resilience as an alternative to liberal peace or as a reproduction of it, thus conflating different types of policy development into a single dependent variable, whereby policy change happened or not. The central aim of the article is to clarify the type of change represented by the resilience approach. Evidence seems to show that resilience is an adaptation of the instruments and settings that leaves the overall goals of the policy unaltered. The second aim of the article is to suggest a move away from current monolithic interpretations, providing insights into how resilience can be saved from itself. The paper is not meant to provide exhaustive answers or indisputable empirical findings, but rather to shed light on the actual limitations of research in peacebuilding, and to provide some cues for future studies on how peace practice might change.

大多数关于建设和平的文献的特点是,意图将恢复力作为自由和平的替代方案或作为自由和平的再生产,从而将不同类型的政策制定合并为一个因变量,从而决定政策变化是否发生。本文的中心目的是阐明弹性方法所代表的变化类型。证据似乎表明,韧性是对工具和环境的适应,使政策的总体目标保持不变。本文的第二个目的是建议摆脱当前的单一解释,为如何从自身中拯救弹性提供见解。本文的目的不是提供详尽的答案或无可争议的实证发现,而是阐明建设和平研究的实际局限性,并为今后关于和平实践可能如何变化的研究提供一些线索。
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引用次数: 0
Urban growth, resilience, and violence 城市增长、韧性和暴力
IF 7.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101356
Emma Elfversson , Kristine Höglund

Cities undergoing rapid growth are at risk of outbreaks of violence as competition over scarce resources and space intensifies. In this context, it is critical to identify conditions that make cities and their inhabitants resilient to violence. We review research findings about the general relationship between urban growth and the violence-proneness of cities, as well as insights about the factors that underpin violence–resilience in three different areas: 1) urban governance and planning, 2) security institutions, and 3) the everyday practices of urban dwellers. We argue that in order to understand cities’ resilience to violence, we need to account for both the mechanisms linking urban growth to violence, and the possible conflict resolution and mitigation mechanisms present in cities.

随着对稀缺资源和空间的竞争加剧,快速发展的城市面临爆发暴力的风险。在此背景下,至关重要的是要确定使城市及其居民能够抵御暴力的条件。我们回顾了关于城市增长与城市暴力倾向之间的一般关系的研究成果,以及在三个不同领域对支持暴力复原力的因素的见解:1)城市治理和规划,2)安全机构,以及3)城市居民的日常实践。我们认为,为了理解城市对暴力的复原力,我们需要考虑城市增长与暴力之间的联系机制,以及城市中存在的可能的冲突解决和缓解机制。
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引用次数: 0
Monitoring, evaluation and learning requirements for climate-resilient development pathways 对气候适应型发展路径的监测、评估和学习要求
IF 7.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101329
Edward Sparkes , Saskia E. Werners

For today’s decisions to be sustainable, they need to include choices and actions that reduce poverty and improve livelihoods, counteract climate change and are equitable towards the vulnerable. Climate-resilient development pathways are a practice that aims to achieve these goals, enabling decision-makers to identify, consolidate and implement climate action and development decisions towards sustainable development. To date, there is little evidence regarding how the practice can be navigated in real-world situations. Guidance on monitoring, evaluating and learning from experience specifically for climate-resilient development pathways is largely lacking. For this article, we reviewed the literature and held reflexive sessions with experts, synthesising different perspectives to present seven process-based monitoring, evaluation and learning requirements for climate-resilient development pathways. We close with discussing the applicability of the requirements and where further research is needed. In doing so, we address an important but underrepresented topic in the expanding body of literature on climate-resilient development pathways.

为了使今天的决策具有可持续性,它们需要包括减少贫困和改善生计、应对气候变化以及公平对待弱势群体的选择和行动。气候适应型发展路径是一种旨在实现这些目标的做法,使决策者能够确定、巩固和实施气候行动和发展决策,以实现可持续发展。到目前为止,几乎没有证据表明如何在现实世界中进行实践。专门针对气候适应型发展路径的监测、评估和经验借鉴方面的指导在很大程度上是缺乏的。在本文中,我们回顾了文献,并与专家举行了反思性会议,综合了不同的观点,提出了气候适应型发展路径的七个基于过程的监测、评估和学习要求。我们以讨论需求的适用性以及需要进一步研究的地方作为结束。在此过程中,我们讨论了一个重要但代表性不足的主题,该主题涉及气候适应型发展途径的文献越来越多。
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引用次数: 0
The potential for mangrove and seagrass blue carbon in Small Island States 小岛屿国家红树林和海草蓝碳的潜力
IF 7.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101324
Daniel A Friess

Blue carbon is attracting substantial interest as a natural climate solution. Focus has been on countries with large blue carbon stocks, though the high carbon densities of blue carbon ecosystems make them suitable for Small Island States with small coastal habitats. Small Island States hold 1806–2892 Tg of blue carbon, and mangroves alone offset >10% of land use emissions for 11-16 Small Island States, highlighting their potential contribution to national climate change mitigation if they are protected and restored. However, <10% of Small Island States have incorporated blue carbon into their National Greenhouse Gas Inventories or Forest Reference Emissions Levels, only 23% have quantitative and measurable blue carbon targets, and 36% have no mention of blue carbon at all. There is immense scope to implement robust blue carbon targets and actions in many Small Island States, with Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement being a key policy lever.

蓝碳作为一种自然的气候解决方案正引起人们极大的兴趣。重点放在蓝碳储量大的国家,尽管蓝碳生态系统的高碳密度使它们适合沿海生境小的小岛屿国家。小岛屿国家拥有1806-2892 Tg的蓝碳,仅红树林就抵消了11-16个小岛屿国家10%的土地利用排放,突出表明,如果它们得到保护和恢复,它们可能对国家减缓气候变化作出贡献。然而,10%的小岛屿国家已将蓝碳纳入其国家温室气体清单或森林参考排放水平,只有23%的国家制定了可量化和可测量的蓝碳目标,36%的国家根本没有提及蓝碳。在许多小岛屿国家实施强有力的蓝碳目标和行动具有巨大的空间,《巴黎协定》的国家自主贡献是一个关键的政策杠杆。
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引用次数: 1
Triangulating agent-based models, role-playing games, and a stakeholder-centric approach to change scenarios 基于代理的三角模型,角色扮演游戏,以及以利益相关者为中心的方法来改变场景
IF 7.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101323
Grace B. Villamor , Meine van Noordwijk , Klaus G. Troitzsch

Assertion of the validity of the way agents’ decision-making remains one of the central epistemological problems in empirical agent-based model (ABM) simulations. Reliable and robust models of individual and group-level decision-making are needed if scenarios are to be relevant for policies with implications in natural resource management. Serious games (in the form of role-playing games) have emerged as stakeholder-centric ways of parameterizing human behavior and decision-making and validating ABM results. Iterations between games and ABMs may offer attractive options for quality control in salient, credible, and legitimate ABM use. However, a revisit to a validated case study after six years suggested that models and games generate ‘prospects’ rather than ‘predictions’ as events not foreseen in model development added to recognized parameter uncertainty.

断言智能体决策方式的有效性仍然是经验智能体模型(ABM)模拟中的核心认识论问题之一。如果要使情景与对自然资源管理有影响的政策相关,就需要个人和群体一级决策的可靠和强有力的模型。严肃游戏(以角色扮演游戏的形式)已经成为以利益相关者为中心的参数化人类行为和决策以及验证ABM结果的方式。游戏和ABM之间的迭代可能会为突出的、可信的、合法的ABM使用提供有吸引力的质量控制选择。然而,6年后重新审视一个经过验证的案例研究表明,模型和游戏产生的是“前景”而不是“预测”,因为模型开发中没有预见到的事件增加了已知参数的不确定性。
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引用次数: 2
Integrating relational and instrumental values of nature in planning land use for multiple ecosystem services (LUMENS): tools and process 在规划多种生态系统服务的土地利用(LUMENS)中整合自然的关系和工具价值:工具和过程
IF 7.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101333
Sonya Dewi , Rachmat Mulia , Feri Johana , Andree Ekadinata , Meine van Noordwijk

The recent reframing of global biodiversity policy from (unsuccessfully) dealing with ‘underlying causes’ to focusing on spatial allocations and planning implies renewed urgency of reconciling goal-oriented spatial planning of rights to use land and water with harmony-oriented ‘co-production’ by the relevant stakeholders. Current understanding of spatial and temporal variation in the balance between goal-oriented instrumental and harmony-oriented relational values of nature recognizes different decision-making styles. Taking Indonesia and Vietnam as examples, we explored how current tools and processes of land-use planning for multiple environmental services (LUMENS) deal with that balance, and what further steps may be needed to meet current expectations, across all sustainable development goals in a mega-diverse country with an export-oriented economy and its changing norms. So far, relational values are expressed primarily as stakeholder preferences through the ‘co-production’ process, consultations, and priority setting, while instrumental values and economic multipliers are formally presented.

最近,全球生物多样性政策从(不成功地)处理“根本原因”转向关注空间分配和规划,这意味着重新迫切需要协调以目标为导向的土地和水资源使用权空间规划与相关利益相关者以和谐为导向的“合作生产”。目前对目标导向的工具价值和和谐导向的关系价值之间平衡的时空变化的理解认识到不同的决策风格。以印度尼西亚和越南为例,我们探讨了当前多种环境服务(LUMENS)的土地使用规划工具和流程如何处理这种平衡,以及在一个出口导向型经济及其不断变化的规范的巨大多样化国家中,可能需要采取哪些进一步措施来满足当前所有可持续发展目标的期望。到目前为止,关系价值主要通过“合作生产”过程、协商和优先级设置表达为利益相关者的偏好,而工具价值和经济乘数则正式提出。
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引用次数: 1
Climate-changed development: organizing climate risk and response through an economic growth lens 气候变化的发展:从经济增长的角度组织气候风险和应对
IF 7.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101332
Erin Friedman

Climate-changed development describes how climate change affects the way global South policymakers conceptualize and implement capitalist development into national policies and plans. It signals a different form of development emerging where national governments in the global South play a prominent role in controlling national economic activities through climate-resilient development financing and policy interventions. This specific manifestation of climate-resilient development organizes national responses to climate risk through an economic growth lens. This article examines current critical perspectives on these economizing processes within the context of climate-resilient development. It finds three significant patterns of economization occurring across climate decision-making: capitalizing upon hazards and vulnerability, restructuring national governance, and transitioning to sustainable economies. The review calls for further research that draws attention to national governments’ discursive and technological work to construct profitable climate risk responses.

气候变化的发展描述了气候变化如何影响全球发展中国家决策者将资本主义发展概念化并将其纳入国家政策和计划的方式。这标志着一种不同形式的发展正在出现,即全球南方国家政府通过气候适应型发展融资和政策干预,在控制国家经济活动方面发挥着突出作用。这种气候适应型发展的具体表现形式通过经济增长的视角组织了各国应对气候风险的行动。本文探讨了当前在气候适应型发展背景下对这些节约过程的关键观点。报告发现,在气候决策过程中出现了三种重要的经济化模式:利用危害和脆弱性、重组国家治理以及向可持续经济过渡。这篇综述呼吁进行进一步的研究,将人们的注意力吸引到各国政府的话语和技术工作上,以构建有利可图的气候风险应对措施。
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引用次数: 0
Signposts on the road toward transformative governance: how a stronger focus on diverse values can enhance environmental policies 转型治理道路上的路标:如何更加注重多样化的价值观来加强环境政策
IF 7.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101351
Eszter Kelemen , Suneetha M Subramanian , Alta De Vos , Sacha Amaruzaman , Luciana Porter-Bolland , Mine Islar , Marina Kosmus , Barbara Nakangu , Emmanuel Nuesiri , Gabriela A Robles , Evonne Yiu , Lucy Emerton , Ágnes Zólyomi

Transformative change toward sustainability is increasingly recognized as inevitable to avoid the collapse of socio-ecological systems. However, for a deep and system-wide transformation, governance approaches and policymaking need to be changed too. This paper discusses how a diverse value approach in environmental policymaking could be undertaken to foster transformative governance that can further lead to system-wide transitions. Based on the analysis of different policy options’ transformative potential, we argue that the more diverse values addressed by a policy instrument, the bigger its transformative potential. Weaving values into policy decision-making is possible at several junctures of the policy process, but context-specificities should always be considered, and capacities must be enhanced at all levels, both for public and private actors.

人们日益认识到,为避免社会生态系统的崩溃,向可持续性转变是不可避免的。然而,要实现深层次的全系统转型,治理方法和政策制定也需要改变。本文讨论了如何在环境政策制定中采取多样化的价值方法,以促进能够进一步导致全系统转型的变革性治理。在分析不同政策选择的变革潜力的基础上,我们认为政策工具所处理的价值越多样化,其变革潜力就越大。在政策过程的几个关键时刻,可以将价值观纳入政策决策,但应始终考虑具体情况,并必须在各级加强公共和私人行为者的能力。
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引用次数: 3
Accelerating subnational deforestation and forest degradation reduction efforts (REDD+): need for recognition of instrumental and relational value interactions 加速国家级以下减少毁林和森林退化的努力(REDD+):需要承认工具和关系价值的相互作用
IF 7.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101330
Trong Hoan Do , Meine van Noordwijk

In globally coordinated efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), perspectives on instrumental (goal-oriented, ecological–economic) and relational (harmony-oriented, social–ecological) values of nature vary between, but matter to both local and global actors and stakeholders. The (sub)-national motivation to engage in REDD+ programs evolved over time. We reviewed literature on the underlying values and moral roots in subnational REDD+ implementation in two Southeast Asian countries with different political histories: Vietnam and Indonesia. Vietnam tried to use the preexisting Payments for Forest Environmental Services program for REDD+, incentivizing community-based forest management. Indonesia asked all provinces to clarify emission-reduction plans in green growth strategies, before engaging with international REDD+ finance. Maintaining strong national control over forests was a key motivation for initial REDD+ adoption, but further development of the programs in both countries rebalances efficiency and fairness in instrumental and relational decision-making modes, encompassing various dimensions of morality beyond financial gains.

在减少毁林和森林退化排放的全球协调努力(REDD+)中,对自然的工具性(目标导向、生态经济)和关系性(和谐导向、社会生态)价值的看法各不相同,但对地方和全球行动者和利益攸关方都很重要。参与REDD+项目的(次)国家动机随着时间的推移而演变。我们回顾了越南和印度尼西亚这两个具有不同政治历史的东南亚国家在地方一级实施REDD+的潜在价值和道德根源方面的文献。越南试图在REDD+中使用现有的森林环境服务支付计划,以激励社区森林管理。印度尼西亚要求所有省份在参与国际REDD+融资之前,明确绿色增长战略中的减排计划。维持对森林的强有力的国家控制是最初采用REDD+的一个关键动机,但两国计划的进一步发展在工具性和关系性决策模式中重新平衡了效率和公平,包括经济利益以外的各种道德层面。
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引用次数: 2
Oil palm production, instrumental and relational values: the public relations battle for hearts, heads, and hands along the value chain 油棕生产、工具和关系价值观:价值链上的心、头和手的公关之战
IF 7.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101321
Betha Lusiana , Maja Slingerland , Andrew Miccolis , Ni’matul Khasanah , Beria Leimona , Meine van Noordwijk

In the public debate on the expansion of oil palm production in tropical forest zones, ‘is palm oil demon or unfairly demonized?’, values (instrumental and relational) interact with rationalizations (instrumental) grounded on a priori preferences (relational). This muddied debate urges clearer distinctions between the crop itself and how it is produced to achieve sustainable oil palm systems. More socially oriented narratives emerge, such as oil palm being suitable to family farming, not just large multinational company plantations, and as diversified agroforestry rather than monoculture production systems. These narratives shift the debate, posing new but similar risks of misrepresentation. We dissect current issues in the oil palm debate, linking ‘values of nature (VoN)’ to key dimensions of morality. Classifying different perspectives of reality allows new knowledge and understanding to emerge, moving toward more effective negotiations for developing inclusive oil palm value chains that further economic development, small-scale producers’ livelihoods, and environmental health.

在公众关于在热带森林地区扩大油棕生产的辩论中,“棕榈油是恶魔还是被不公地妖魔化了?”’,价值观(工具性和关系性)与基于先验偏好(关系性)的合理化(工具性)相互作用。这场混乱的辩论促使人们对这种作物本身及其生产方式进行更明确的区分,以实现可持续的油棕系统。更多面向社会的叙述出现了,例如油棕适合家庭农业,而不仅仅是大型跨国公司种植园,以及多样化的农林复合生产系统,而不是单一的生产系统。这些叙述改变了辩论的方向,带来了新的但类似的误传风险。我们剖析了油棕辩论中的当前问题,将“自然价值”与道德的关键维度联系起来。对现实的不同观点进行分类,可以产生新的知识和理解,从而推动更有效的谈判,以发展包容性的油棕价值链,促进经济发展、小规模生产者的生计和环境健康。
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引用次数: 3
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Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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