Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763950
Xiao Yang, Fang Chun-en, Li Wei, Zhang Bi-de, Ren Xiao, Luo Yan
Switching transient as one of the main transient phenomena in power systems has been simulated and measured in many studies. Since offshore wind farms have been integrated to power system only in recent years, the consequences of switching phenomena in offshore wind farms have not yet been thoroughly analyzed. In this paper, the high frequency transient over-voltages of vacuum circuit breaker switching transformers in collection grid of offshore wind parks are studied. Based on the reflection and refraction of traveling waves and vacuum circuit breaker characteristics, the Vacuum circuit breaker has been modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC, which simulates the occurrence of current chopping, re-ignition and pre-strike that will cause high frequency, steep fronted transient voltages and currents. The main reasons for the occurrence of over-voltages in collection grids for offshore wind parks have been analyzed. Finally, the offshore wind farm internal electrical system model has been developed and the case of breaking transformer with VCB in three-phase system has been simulated.
{"title":"Modeling of high frequency transients of vacuum circuit breaker switching transformers in offshore wind parks","authors":"Xiao Yang, Fang Chun-en, Li Wei, Zhang Bi-de, Ren Xiao, Luo Yan","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763950","url":null,"abstract":"Switching transient as one of the main transient phenomena in power systems has been simulated and measured in many studies. Since offshore wind farms have been integrated to power system only in recent years, the consequences of switching phenomena in offshore wind farms have not yet been thoroughly analyzed. In this paper, the high frequency transient over-voltages of vacuum circuit breaker switching transformers in collection grid of offshore wind parks are studied. Based on the reflection and refraction of traveling waves and vacuum circuit breaker characteristics, the Vacuum circuit breaker has been modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC, which simulates the occurrence of current chopping, re-ignition and pre-strike that will cause high frequency, steep fronted transient voltages and currents. The main reasons for the occurrence of over-voltages in collection grids for offshore wind parks have been analyzed. Finally, the offshore wind farm internal electrical system model has been developed and the case of breaking transformer with VCB in three-phase system has been simulated.","PeriodicalId":296641,"journal":{"name":"2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129128868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748687
X. Wan, L. Chen, D. Jin, W. Xiang, X. Tan
In the paper characteristics of short pulsed plasmas generated by surface flashover discharge in vacuum have been studied by the Electrostatic Quadrupole Plasma analyzers (EQP). The ion energy distributions (IED) of different charge states of different metal ions are measured. The plume does't exhibits uniform expansion characteristic in the different direction. The result shows that average energy and beam intensity of ions with different charges reduce, while deviating from the axis of plasma jet.
{"title":"Energy distributions and angular distributions of pulsed plasmas based on vacuum surface flashover","authors":"X. Wan, L. Chen, D. Jin, W. Xiang, X. Tan","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748687","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper characteristics of short pulsed plasmas generated by surface flashover discharge in vacuum have been studied by the Electrostatic Quadrupole Plasma analyzers (EQP). The ion energy distributions (IED) of different charge states of different metal ions are measured. The plume does't exhibits uniform expansion characteristic in the different direction. The result shows that average energy and beam intensity of ions with different charges reduce, while deviating from the axis of plasma jet.","PeriodicalId":296641,"journal":{"name":"2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134157023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763940
Zheng Wang
The objective of this paper is to study how big an electrode is needed for 31.5kA short-circuit breaking capacity at high voltage ratings. First, three types of π65mm electrodes are created with AMF density and contact gap enhanced step by step, and their models are established. Then the AMF density and distribution on each contact surface and intermediate plane at kA peak current are simulated by using finite element software Maxwell 3D; their effective area A and utilization U are calculated with critical AMF density of 4mT/kA. Finally, based on the achieved 31.5kA effective area A0 at 12kV, the needed electrode diameter at high voltage ratings is obtained.
{"title":"AMF electrode diameter simulation for HV vacuum interrupter","authors":"Zheng Wang","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763940","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to study how big an electrode is needed for 31.5kA short-circuit breaking capacity at high voltage ratings. First, three types of π65mm electrodes are created with AMF density and contact gap enhanced step by step, and their models are established. Then the AMF density and distribution on each contact surface and intermediate plane at kA peak current are simulated by using finite element software Maxwell 3D; their effective area A and utilization U are calculated with critical AMF density of 4mT/kA. Finally, based on the achieved 31.5kA effective area A0 at 12kV, the needed electrode diameter at high voltage ratings is obtained.","PeriodicalId":296641,"journal":{"name":"2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115233903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748706
Koki Kojima, Ryoji Oshiro, E. Kaneko
It is well known that vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) have such superior characteristics as small size, light weight, small noise, frequent interruption, easy maintenance, and no decomposition products emission. On the other hand, some kind of surge generation may be their only one drawback. Just after the small current interruption with a very short arcing time, a repetitive re-ignition or three phase simultaneous interruption sometimes occurs. Surges related to these phenomena are considered the serious causes of insulation damage of the equipment in distribution power systems. In order to clarify these surge generation mechanisms, we did the experiment on the high frequency (HF) current interruption and the recovery characteristics of VCB with very short arcing time. We investigated the effect of a high frequency current on the dielectric recovery characteristics after the high frequency current interruption by means of synthetic test circuit in short electrode gap. For experiment parameters, we changed HF current frequency, amplitude of HF current values (about 350A and 750A) and impulse voltage (less than 8kV), arcing time(several hundred micro seconds) and delay time of impulse voltage application after HF current interrupted(several micro seconds). In this paper, the result of experiment will be reported.
{"title":"Study on high frequency current interruption characteristics of vacuum circuit breaker","authors":"Koki Kojima, Ryoji Oshiro, E. Kaneko","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748706","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) have such superior characteristics as small size, light weight, small noise, frequent interruption, easy maintenance, and no decomposition products emission. On the other hand, some kind of surge generation may be their only one drawback. Just after the small current interruption with a very short arcing time, a repetitive re-ignition or three phase simultaneous interruption sometimes occurs. Surges related to these phenomena are considered the serious causes of insulation damage of the equipment in distribution power systems. In order to clarify these surge generation mechanisms, we did the experiment on the high frequency (HF) current interruption and the recovery characteristics of VCB with very short arcing time. We investigated the effect of a high frequency current on the dielectric recovery characteristics after the high frequency current interruption by means of synthetic test circuit in short electrode gap. For experiment parameters, we changed HF current frequency, amplitude of HF current values (about 350A and 750A) and impulse voltage (less than 8kV), arcing time(several hundred micro seconds) and delay time of impulse voltage application after HF current interrupted(several micro seconds). In this paper, the result of experiment will be reported.","PeriodicalId":296641,"journal":{"name":"2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123967969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763986
Fan Zhang, Yang Lv, X. Duan, M. Liao, J. Zou
Based on a special angle of voltage or current of power system, controlled switching technology of vacuum circuit breaker is presented to decrease overvoltage and inrush current due to the power equipment operating such as transmission line closing and no-load transformer closing. The optimum switching instant and synchronous switching control strategies are given by synthetically considering closing action time dispersion and pre-strike characteristic of vacuum circuit breaker. The optimal target points of the controlled switching technology are deduced and calculated by Matlab. The switching over voltages are simulated by statistical in ATPdraw. Simulation results show that the closing voltage of transmission can be reduced to 2.35 p.u. and switching voltage of transformer can be reduced to 1.85 p.u. So the theoretical analysis and synchronous switching control strategies in the article are verified correctly.
{"title":"Investigation on phasing controlled vacuum circuit breaker for switching overvoltage of 110kV power system","authors":"Fan Zhang, Yang Lv, X. Duan, M. Liao, J. Zou","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763986","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a special angle of voltage or current of power system, controlled switching technology of vacuum circuit breaker is presented to decrease overvoltage and inrush current due to the power equipment operating such as transmission line closing and no-load transformer closing. The optimum switching instant and synchronous switching control strategies are given by synthetically considering closing action time dispersion and pre-strike characteristic of vacuum circuit breaker. The optimal target points of the controlled switching technology are deduced and calculated by Matlab. The switching over voltages are simulated by statistical in ATPdraw. Simulation results show that the closing voltage of transmission can be reduced to 2.35 p.u. and switching voltage of transformer can be reduced to 1.85 p.u. So the theoretical analysis and synchronous switching control strategies in the article are verified correctly.","PeriodicalId":296641,"journal":{"name":"2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123971226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748732
M. D. Cunha, M. Benilov, Werner Hartmann, N. Wenzel
Instability stemming from the strong dependence of electron emission current on the local surface temperature plays an important role in current transfer to hot cathodes of arc discharges. In the case of vacuum arcs, this instability may lead to micro explosions on cathode surface even if the surface is planar. This work is concerned with numerical simulation of effect produced by surface non-uniformities. It is found that the effect is non-trivial: the presence of surface non-uniformities can not only accelerate the development of the instability, which is what one would expect intuitively, but also slow it down and even suppress.
{"title":"Simulation of thermal instability in non-uniformities on the surface of cathodes of vacuum arcs","authors":"M. D. Cunha, M. Benilov, Werner Hartmann, N. Wenzel","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748732","url":null,"abstract":"Instability stemming from the strong dependence of electron emission current on the local surface temperature plays an important role in current transfer to hot cathodes of arc discharges. In the case of vacuum arcs, this instability may lead to micro explosions on cathode surface even if the surface is planar. This work is concerned with numerical simulation of effect produced by surface non-uniformities. It is found that the effect is non-trivial: the presence of surface non-uniformities can not only accelerate the development of the instability, which is what one would expect intuitively, but also slow it down and even suppress.","PeriodicalId":296641,"journal":{"name":"2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)","volume":"373 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124668240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748662
H. Kojima, T. Takahashi, M. Noda, K. Hasegawa, M. Sakaki, N. Hayakawa
Spark conditioning is one of the effective measures to improve the dielectric strength in vacuum. In this paper, we obtained the breakdown (BD) charge dependence for spark conditioning in vacuum under various non-uniform electric field and anode materials, and discussed the BD mechanism in terms of BD based on anode heating or cathode heating. Experimental results revealed that, in the case of BD based on anode heating, the longer the gap distance was, the larger the BD charge to obtain maximum dielectric strength was. On the other hand, in the case of BD based on cathode heating, the BD charge for maximum dielectric strength was smaller than that in the case of BD based on anode heating. From these results, we can estimate the optimal BD charge for the spark conditioning in vacuum.
{"title":"Optimum breakdown charge for spark conditioning in vacuum under non-uniform electric field","authors":"H. Kojima, T. Takahashi, M. Noda, K. Hasegawa, M. Sakaki, N. Hayakawa","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748662","url":null,"abstract":"Spark conditioning is one of the effective measures to improve the dielectric strength in vacuum. In this paper, we obtained the breakdown (BD) charge dependence for spark conditioning in vacuum under various non-uniform electric field and anode materials, and discussed the BD mechanism in terms of BD based on anode heating or cathode heating. Experimental results revealed that, in the case of BD based on anode heating, the longer the gap distance was, the larger the BD charge to obtain maximum dielectric strength was. On the other hand, in the case of BD based on cathode heating, the BD charge for maximum dielectric strength was smaller than that in the case of BD based on anode heating. From these results, we can estimate the optimal BD charge for the spark conditioning in vacuum.","PeriodicalId":296641,"journal":{"name":"2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125334626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2016.7764027
V. Burdovitsin, A. Kazakov, A. Medovnik, E. Oks
The paper describes results of development and investigation processes of pulsed electron beam generation by a plasma electron source in the fore-vacuum pressure range (3-20 Pa). The plasma electron source is based on the cathodic arc discharge. The quasi-stationary pulse length range for electron beam generation is attractive due to possibility of single pulse electron beam technology. One of the main advantages for the fore-vacuum plasma electron sources is its ability for direct treatment dielectric substrates, like ceramics and polymers. Characteristics of the quasi-stationary (1.8 ms) electron beam source based on the arc discharge and research of an electron beam formation in the fore-vacuum pressure range are presented and discussed.
{"title":"Generation of quasi-stationary broad pulsed electron beam by the forevacuum plasma source based on the arc discharge","authors":"V. Burdovitsin, A. Kazakov, A. Medovnik, E. Oks","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2016.7764027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2016.7764027","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes results of development and investigation processes of pulsed electron beam generation by a plasma electron source in the fore-vacuum pressure range (3-20 Pa). The plasma electron source is based on the cathodic arc discharge. The quasi-stationary pulse length range for electron beam generation is attractive due to possibility of single pulse electron beam technology. One of the main advantages for the fore-vacuum plasma electron sources is its ability for direct treatment dielectric substrates, like ceramics and polymers. Characteristics of the quasi-stationary (1.8 ms) electron beam source based on the arc discharge and research of an electron beam formation in the fore-vacuum pressure range are presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":296641,"journal":{"name":"2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123275584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748669
E. Nefedtsev, A. Batrakov
The paper reports on a numerical simulation of stable stage of plasma flare expansion from an explosive emission center. The calculations were made on the base of the three-fluid hydrodynamic model corrected to provide a consistent description of both electron and ion transfer in plasma and electron transfer in a vacuum gap between plasma and an anode. Concentration, flow velocity, and temperature of plasma flare components are analyzed.
{"title":"Plasma expansion in vacuum gap: Three-fluid hydrodynamic simulation","authors":"E. Nefedtsev, A. Batrakov","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2016.7748669","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reports on a numerical simulation of stable stage of plasma flare expansion from an explosive emission center. The calculations were made on the base of the three-fluid hydrodynamic model corrected to provide a consistent description of both electron and ion transfer in plasma and electron transfer in a vacuum gap between plasma and an anode. Concentration, flow velocity, and temperature of plasma flare components are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":296641,"journal":{"name":"2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124045220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763997
Yingkui Zhang, Z. Shi, Junliang Li, Qiaosen Wang, S. Jia, Lijun Wang
The residual axial magnetic field (AMF) at current zero, which is caused by large di/dt during the forced current-zero stage of DC interruption based on the technique of artificial current zero, has significant influence on the interruption performance of the vacuum circuit breaker. In this paper, a model of AMF contacts is developed by finite-element-analysis software, Ansys. The eddy current induced in the contacts system is also analyzed by an equivalent circuit. The influence of the frequency of countercurrent on the residual AMF is investigated.
{"title":"Simulation on the residual axial magnetic field in vacuum DC interruption based on artificial current zero","authors":"Yingkui Zhang, Z. Shi, Junliang Li, Qiaosen Wang, S. Jia, Lijun Wang","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2016.7763997","url":null,"abstract":"The residual axial magnetic field (AMF) at current zero, which is caused by large di/dt during the forced current-zero stage of DC interruption based on the technique of artificial current zero, has significant influence on the interruption performance of the vacuum circuit breaker. In this paper, a model of AMF contacts is developed by finite-element-analysis software, Ansys. The eddy current induced in the contacts system is also analyzed by an equivalent circuit. The influence of the frequency of countercurrent on the residual AMF is investigated.","PeriodicalId":296641,"journal":{"name":"2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128996471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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