Abstract A growing number of researchers suggest that there is no necessary connection between local firm-level innovation and local development. There are two connected arguments: first, many analysts suggest local innovation should be understood as a social and institutional process: from this perspective, just focusing on firms is too narrow. Second, regional economists view firms – especially innovative ones – as geographically mobile, tending to move away from regions which don’t offer them adequate support or resources. In this paper, we consider this second approach, exploring the degree to which innovators in peripheral regions purchase local services and scale-up their operations locally – two mechanisms that should connect firm-level innovation to local development. We find that peripheral innovators are more likely to use non-local services; their external expansion is also more likely to occur non-locally. If these results, obtained from cross-sectional analysis of a sparse data-set, are indicative of persistent processes, then they shed light on why firm-level innovation is disconnected from regional development in peripheral regions.
{"title":"Innovation, scaling-up, and local development in peripheral regions: do establishments scale-up locally?","authors":"Richard Shearmur, David Doloreux","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2022-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2022-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A growing number of researchers suggest that there is no necessary connection between local firm-level innovation and local development. There are two connected arguments: first, many analysts suggest local innovation should be understood as a social and institutional process: from this perspective, just focusing on firms is too narrow. Second, regional economists view firms – especially innovative ones – as geographically mobile, tending to move away from regions which don’t offer them adequate support or resources. In this paper, we consider this second approach, exploring the degree to which innovators in peripheral regions purchase local services and scale-up their operations locally – two mechanisms that should connect firm-level innovation to local development. We find that peripheral innovators are more likely to use non-local services; their external expansion is also more likely to occur non-locally. If these results, obtained from cross-sectional analysis of a sparse data-set, are indicative of persistent processes, then they shed light on why firm-level innovation is disconnected from regional development in peripheral regions.","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":"51 1","pages":"185 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77592885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-06Epub Date: 2022-10-11DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2021-0004
Laure Sandoz, Christina Mittmasser, Yvonne Riaño, Etienne Piguet
The spatialities of migrant entrepreneurship have changed dynamically in recent decades. Movements and exchanges transcend national borders more than ever, and transnational migrant entrepreneurship has become a burgeoning field of research. Yet, knowledge is dispersed across disciplines, and an understanding of contemporary spatialities is limited. We review 155 articles published in English, French, German, and Spanish since 2009, thereby providing an overview of existing knowledge on transnational migrant entrepreneurship and suggesting avenues for future research. We identify five current topical areas of research: (1) the business advantages of transnational migrant entrepreneurship, (2) the determinants of becoming a transnational migrant entrepreneur, (3) the transnational networks of migrants, (4) the economic impacts of transnational migrant entrepreneurship on home and host countries, and (5) whether local environments enable or deter entrepreneurial success. Building on our synthesis of the most recent literature, we propose three crucial dimensions which have been under-researched in past and current work, and which address the diversity of geographical locations, spatial connections, and spatial mobilities involved in transnational migrant entrepreneurship. Moreover, we put forward a set of questions for future research which will advance a comprehension of unequal opportunities among transnational migrant entrepreneurs.
{"title":"A Review of Transnational Migrant Entrepreneurship: Perspectives on Unequal Spatialities.","authors":"Laure Sandoz, Christina Mittmasser, Yvonne Riaño, Etienne Piguet","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2021-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2021-0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The spatialities of migrant entrepreneurship have changed dynamically in recent decades. Movements and exchanges transcend national borders more than ever, and transnational migrant entrepreneurship has become a burgeoning field of research. Yet, knowledge is dispersed across disciplines, and an understanding of contemporary spatialities is limited. We review 155 articles published in English, French, German, and Spanish since 2009, thereby providing an overview of existing knowledge on transnational migrant entrepreneurship and suggesting avenues for future research. We identify five current topical areas of research: (1) the business advantages of transnational migrant entrepreneurship, (2) the determinants of becoming a transnational migrant entrepreneur, (3) the transnational networks of migrants, (4) the economic impacts of transnational migrant entrepreneurship on home and host countries, and (5) whether local environments enable or deter entrepreneurial success. Building on our synthesis of the most recent literature, we propose three crucial dimensions which have been under-researched in past and current work, and which address the diversity of geographical locations, spatial connections, and spatial mobilities involved in transnational migrant entrepreneurship. Moreover, we put forward a set of questions for future research which will advance a comprehension of unequal opportunities among transnational migrant entrepreneurs.</p>","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":"66 3","pages":"137-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/zfw-2021-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40695283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The high mobility of people across borders due to economic, social, and ecological factors, as well as political crises leading to mass movement events, such as the ‘long summer of migration’ in Europe (2015–2017), has contributed to more diverse societies with a high share of people with migration backgrounds and increasing cross-border mobility experiences. Such mobility has an impact on the economies of both the countries of the migrants’ origin and destination. In several countries around the world, migrant businesses are a significant pillar of the economy (Bove & Elia 2017; Sternberg et al. 2022). Entrepreneurship tends to be slightly higher among migrants compared to among the native-born population in most OECD countries (OECD 2010). Whereas in these countries around 12.7 % of migrants of working age are self-employed, this is 12.0 % among the non-migrant population (ibid.). This observation is generally explained in the academic literature by the discrimination towards migrants on formal labour markets (Oskam et al. 2022). Especially the first generation of migrants faces challenges to enter the world of employed work due to the lack of language skills and problems associated with the acceptance of qualifications and work experience (Sultana 2022). Consequently, migrant entrepreneurship is often necessity-driven, meaning that migrant firms are established due to the lack of alternative work opportunities. In recent years, a new trend is emerging: Migrant entrepreneurship is increasingly opportunity-driven. There are manifold reasons explaining this. On the one hand, groups of highly skilled migrants including international students, launch their businesses soon after graduation (Terstriep et al. 2022; Leicht et al. 2017). On the other hand, often opportunity-driven migrant entrepreneurship is not a new experience for migrants in the countries of destination, but a continuation of migrants’ entrepreneurial activities which has already started in the countries of their origin. It means, that already existent business models are re-established and adapted in the countries of residence (ibid.).
由于经济、社会和生态因素，以及政治危机导致大规模流动事件，如欧洲的“漫长的移民之夏”(2015-2017年)，人口跨境流动性高，导致社会更加多样化，具有移民背景的人口比例高，跨境流动经历也越来越多。这种流动对移徙者原籍国和目的地国的经济都有影响。在世界上一些国家，移民企业是经济的重要支柱(Bove & Elia 2017;Sternberg et al. 2022)。在大多数经合组织国家，移民的创业精神往往略高于本地出生人口(OECD 2010)。而在这些国家，大约12.7%的工作年龄移民是个体经营者，而在非移民人口中这一比例为12.0%(同上)。在学术文献中，这一现象通常被解释为正规劳动力市场对移民的歧视(Oskam et al. 2022)。尤其是第一代移民，由于缺乏语言技能和与接受资格和工作经验相关的问题，面临着进入就业世界的挑战(Sultana 2022)。因此，移民创业往往是必需品驱动的，这意味着移民公司是由于缺乏替代工作机会而建立的。近年来，一种新的趋势正在出现:农民工创业越来越受到机遇的驱动。有很多原因可以解释这一点。一方面，包括国际学生在内的高技能移民群体在毕业后不久就开始创业(Terstriep et al. 2022;Leicht et al. 2017)。另一方面，机会驱动的移徙者创业往往不是目的地国移徙者的新经历，而是移徙者在原籍国已经开始的创业活动的继续。这意味着在居住国重新建立和调整已经存在的商业模式(同上)。
{"title":"Spatial perspectives on migrant entrepreneurship","authors":"Alexandra David, Susann Schäfer","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2022-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2022-0033","url":null,"abstract":"The high mobility of people across borders due to economic, social, and ecological factors, as well as political crises leading to mass movement events, such as the ‘long summer of migration’ in Europe (2015–2017), has contributed to more diverse societies with a high share of people with migration backgrounds and increasing cross-border mobility experiences. Such mobility has an impact on the economies of both the countries of the migrants’ origin and destination. In several countries around the world, migrant businesses are a significant pillar of the economy (Bove & Elia 2017; Sternberg et al. 2022). Entrepreneurship tends to be slightly higher among migrants compared to among the native-born population in most OECD countries (OECD 2010). Whereas in these countries around 12.7 % of migrants of working age are self-employed, this is 12.0 % among the non-migrant population (ibid.). This observation is generally explained in the academic literature by the discrimination towards migrants on formal labour markets (Oskam et al. 2022). Especially the first generation of migrants faces challenges to enter the world of employed work due to the lack of language skills and problems associated with the acceptance of qualifications and work experience (Sultana 2022). Consequently, migrant entrepreneurship is often necessity-driven, meaning that migrant firms are established due to the lack of alternative work opportunities. In recent years, a new trend is emerging: Migrant entrepreneurship is increasingly opportunity-driven. There are manifold reasons explaining this. On the one hand, groups of highly skilled migrants including international students, launch their businesses soon after graduation (Terstriep et al. 2022; Leicht et al. 2017). On the other hand, often opportunity-driven migrant entrepreneurship is not a new experience for migrants in the countries of destination, but a continuation of migrants’ entrepreneurial activities which has already started in the countries of their origin. It means, that already existent business models are re-established and adapted in the countries of residence (ibid.).","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":"195 1 1","pages":"131 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78328427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In the past decade, refugee entrepreneurship has received unprecedented political and public attention worldwide and especially in Germany. Due to the circumstances of the forced migration and asylum procedure, refugee entrepreneurs are socially disembedded in both: the co-ethnic community and in the local community, in comparison to other immigrant entrepreneurs or native entrepreneurs. Since asylum seekers are allocated to their residence independent of their will, it is crucial to assess how their socio-spatial embeddedness determines refugee entrepreneurial propensity. We depart from the abstract concept of mixed embeddedness and concretize spatial embeddedness in urban, semi-urban and rural environments. By building on the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE), we include embeddedness in cultural diversity in our research model, too. The econometric analyses of the German Microcensus suggest, first, that refugees are especially prone to entrepreneurship. Second, intercultural embeddedness has the strongest significant positive correlation with refugee entrepreneurial propensity, compared to other immigrants and native-born. However, when including interaction effects of cultural diversity in different spaces, the positive relationship of ethnic diversity and refugee entrepreneurship holds only true in semi-urban spaces. This provides clues that refugee entrepreneurs in rural or urban environments access resources and opportunities through alternative social capital.
{"title":"Lost in space? Refugee Entrepreneurship and Cultural Diversity in Spatial Contexts","authors":"C. Hartmann, Ralf Philipp","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2021-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2021-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the past decade, refugee entrepreneurship has received unprecedented political and public attention worldwide and especially in Germany. Due to the circumstances of the forced migration and asylum procedure, refugee entrepreneurs are socially disembedded in both: the co-ethnic community and in the local community, in comparison to other immigrant entrepreneurs or native entrepreneurs. Since asylum seekers are allocated to their residence independent of their will, it is crucial to assess how their socio-spatial embeddedness determines refugee entrepreneurial propensity. We depart from the abstract concept of mixed embeddedness and concretize spatial embeddedness in urban, semi-urban and rural environments. By building on the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE), we include embeddedness in cultural diversity in our research model, too. The econometric analyses of the German Microcensus suggest, first, that refugees are especially prone to entrepreneurship. Second, intercultural embeddedness has the strongest significant positive correlation with refugee entrepreneurial propensity, compared to other immigrants and native-born. However, when including interaction effects of cultural diversity in different spaces, the positive relationship of ethnic diversity and refugee entrepreneurship holds only true in semi-urban spaces. This provides clues that refugee entrepreneurs in rural or urban environments access resources and opportunities through alternative social capital.","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":"12 1","pages":"151 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82343418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Fingleton, B. Gardiner, R. Martin, Luca Barbieri
{"title":"The impact of brexit on regional productivity in the UK","authors":"B. Fingleton, B. Gardiner, R. Martin, Luca Barbieri","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2021-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2021-0061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83572645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Our focus in this paper is on a somewhat curious feature of evolutionary economic geography, namely that although concerned with evolution – with processes of historical change and transformation – evolutionary economic geography seems not to take history as seriously as it would be expected to do. We argue that evolutionary economic geography is inescapably an historical social science, and that as such would benefit from exploring the different ways in which history can be used in causal investigation, from problematising the different temporalities of economic change and transformation, and from giving more attention to appreciative theorising and narrative case study over variable-centred approaches.
{"title":"Making history matter more in evolutionary economic geography","authors":"R. Martin, P. Sunley","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2022-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2022-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Our focus in this paper is on a somewhat curious feature of evolutionary economic geography, namely that although concerned with evolution – with processes of historical change and transformation – evolutionary economic geography seems not to take history as seriously as it would be expected to do. We argue that evolutionary economic geography is inescapably an historical social science, and that as such would benefit from exploring the different ways in which history can be used in causal investigation, from problematising the different temporalities of economic change and transformation, and from giving more attention to appreciative theorising and narrative case study over variable-centred approaches.","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":"166 1","pages":"65 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80664961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper examines the emergence of China – now the world’s largest source of scientific publications – in global science from the perspective of the connectivity of its major cities in interurban scientific collaboration networks. We construct collaboration networks between 526 major cities (including 44 Chinese cities) for 2002–2006 and 2014–2018 based on co-publication data drawn from the Web of Science. Both datasets are analyzed using a combination of different centrality measures, which in turn allows assessing the shifting geographies of global science in general and the shifting position of Chinese cities therein in particular. The results show that: (1) on a global scale, the bipolar dominance of Europe and North America has waned in light of the rise of Asia-Pacific and especially China. Most Chinese cities have made significant gains in different centrality measures, albeit that only a handful of cities qualify as world-leading scientific centers. (2) The rise in connectivity of Chinese cities is therefore geographically uneven, as cities along the East Coast and the Yangtze River corridor have become markedly more prominent than cities in other parts of China. The uneven trajectories of Chinese cities can be traced back to changing institutional, economic, and geopolitical contexts. (3) Evolution in the global scientific collaboration network exhibits strong ‘Matthew Effects’, which can be attributed to the path-dependent nature of knowledge production and preferential attachment processes in scientific collaboration.
摘要本文从中国主要城市在城市间科学合作网络中的连通性角度考察了中国在全球科学领域的崛起——中国现在是世界上最大的科学出版物来源国。基于Web of Science的共同发表数据，我们构建了2002-2006年和2014-2018年526个主要城市(包括44个中国城市)之间的合作网络。这两个数据集都使用不同的中心性度量组合进行分析，这反过来又可以评估全球科学的总体地理变化，特别是中国城市在其中的位置变化。结果表明:(1)在全球范围内，随着亚太地区尤其是中国的崛起，欧洲和北美的两极主导地位已经减弱。大多数中国城市在不同的中心性指标上取得了显著进步，尽管只有少数城市有资格成为世界领先的科学中心。(2)因此，中国城市连通性的提升在地理上是不平衡的，东海岸和长江走廊沿线的城市明显比中国其他地区的城市更加突出。中国城市发展轨迹的不平衡可以追溯到制度、经济和地缘政治环境的变化。(3)全球科学合作网络的演化表现出强烈的“马太效应”，这可以归因于知识生产的路径依赖性质和科学合作中的优先依恋过程。
{"title":"An analysis of the evolution of Chinese cities in global scientific collaboration networks","authors":"Zhan Cao, B. Derudder, Liang Dai, Zhenwei Peng","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2021-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2021-0039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the emergence of China – now the world’s largest source of scientific publications – in global science from the perspective of the connectivity of its major cities in interurban scientific collaboration networks. We construct collaboration networks between 526 major cities (including 44 Chinese cities) for 2002–2006 and 2014–2018 based on co-publication data drawn from the Web of Science. Both datasets are analyzed using a combination of different centrality measures, which in turn allows assessing the shifting geographies of global science in general and the shifting position of Chinese cities therein in particular. The results show that: (1) on a global scale, the bipolar dominance of Europe and North America has waned in light of the rise of Asia-Pacific and especially China. Most Chinese cities have made significant gains in different centrality measures, albeit that only a handful of cities qualify as world-leading scientific centers. (2) The rise in connectivity of Chinese cities is therefore geographically uneven, as cities along the East Coast and the Yangtze River corridor have become markedly more prominent than cities in other parts of China. The uneven trajectories of Chinese cities can be traced back to changing institutional, economic, and geopolitical contexts. (3) Evolution in the global scientific collaboration network exhibits strong ‘Matthew Effects’, which can be attributed to the path-dependent nature of knowledge production and preferential attachment processes in scientific collaboration.","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":"31 1","pages":"5 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87868711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The present article aims at analyzing the dynamics of innovation that emerges and develops in some iconic collaborative spaces that are epicenters of a technological or artistic revolution. The study focuses on three cases (the Homebrew Computer Club, the TransMedTech institute, and the elBulli restaurant). The results highlight some important common traits between these collaborative spaces, namely: The dynamics of innovation in these spaces is orchestrated by bottom-up initiatives carried out by informal groups of passionate individuals (called the “commoners” in the contribution) who articulate a series of “innovation commons” to develop their collaborative innovative project. Based on our observations, the dynamics of innovation in the collaborative spaces results from the following sequence of commons: 1) social relationship commons, 2) symbolic commons, and 3) innovation commons. Each of these commons corresponds to a collective action governance mechanism over a specific common pool resource which is a key determinant of the innovative project.
{"title":"Architectures of the commons: collaborative spaces and innovation","authors":"P. Cohendet","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present article aims at analyzing the dynamics of innovation that emerges and develops in some iconic collaborative spaces that are epicenters of a technological or artistic revolution. The study focuses on three cases (the Homebrew Computer Club, the TransMedTech institute, and the elBulli restaurant). The results highlight some important common traits between these collaborative spaces, namely: The dynamics of innovation in these spaces is orchestrated by bottom-up initiatives carried out by informal groups of passionate individuals (called the “commoners” in the contribution) who articulate a series of “innovation commons” to develop their collaborative innovative project. Based on our observations, the dynamics of innovation in the collaborative spaces results from the following sequence of commons: 1) social relationship commons, 2) symbolic commons, and 3) innovation commons. Each of these commons corresponds to a collective action governance mechanism over a specific common pool resource which is a key determinant of the innovative project.","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":"102 1","pages":"36 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88025790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcelo Cano-Kollmann, R. Mudambi, A. T. Tavares-Lehmann
Abstract In this paper we explore patenting activity in two peripheral economies (Portugal and Greece), to analyze the dispersion of inventor networks. Inventor networks are key conduits through which knowledge flows. Therefore, they can be critical in the catch-up process of peripheral economies – economies that belong to the group of rich countries but have weaker innovation systems. As global value chains fragment into geographically dispersed activities, opportunities arise for peripheral economies to participate in global innovation processes. However, different types of innovation activities have distinct network properties. More codifiable innovative activities can be carried out through collaboration by internationally dispersed teams. On the other hand, activities that are more dependent on tacit knowledge are likely to require the co-location of knowledge workers. This implies that innovation that relies mostly on tacit knowledge will provide limited connectivity benefits for peripheral economies’ innovation systems. We hypothesize that, while this is generally true, “leading” innovative multinational enterprises may possess more sophisticated capabilities for transnational collaboration than less innovative firms. Therefore, innovation in activities involving tacit knowledge may show different network characteristics depending on who performs them: leading firms or “laggards”. Our results, based on data from Portugal and Greece are consistent with our hypotheses.
{"title":"The geographical dispersion of inventor networks in peripheral economies","authors":"Marcelo Cano-Kollmann, R. Mudambi, A. T. Tavares-Lehmann","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper we explore patenting activity in two peripheral economies (Portugal and Greece), to analyze the dispersion of inventor networks. Inventor networks are key conduits through which knowledge flows. Therefore, they can be critical in the catch-up process of peripheral economies – economies that belong to the group of rich countries but have weaker innovation systems. As global value chains fragment into geographically dispersed activities, opportunities arise for peripheral economies to participate in global innovation processes. However, different types of innovation activities have distinct network properties. More codifiable innovative activities can be carried out through collaboration by internationally dispersed teams. On the other hand, activities that are more dependent on tacit knowledge are likely to require the co-location of knowledge workers. This implies that innovation that relies mostly on tacit knowledge will provide limited connectivity benefits for peripheral economies’ innovation systems. We hypothesize that, while this is generally true, “leading” innovative multinational enterprises may possess more sophisticated capabilities for transnational collaboration than less innovative firms. Therefore, innovation in activities involving tacit knowledge may show different network characteristics depending on who performs them: leading firms or “laggards”. Our results, based on data from Portugal and Greece are consistent with our hypotheses.","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":"14 1","pages":"49 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78256911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A central challenge in current cluster policy discussions is how to build innovative clusters that are resilient to external shocks. We examine the Montréal aerospace industry to explore cluster resilience. The case is interesting since it recently experienced two industrial shocks: Boeing 737 MAX crashes in 2018 and 2019 and Bombardier’s sell-off of its flagship CSeries in 2020. Surprisingly, in the wake of the two radical disruptions, the cluster fared quite well in terms of employment and export performance. Using the method of abductive reasoning to find a-matter-of-course explanation of the surprising case, we observe that a low speed of aircraft development and production – a low industry clockspeed – stabilizes local production and knowledge networks through five mechanisms: long-term contracting, R&D cost sharing, production planning, social networking, and technology solidifying. Inspired from the case, we theoretically explore how fast (e. g., fashion and cellphones or the hare) and low (e. g., shipbuilding and aerospace or the tortoise) industry clockspeeds lead to different configurations of firm relations and are thus associated with different types of economic resilience.
{"title":"The Tortoise and the Hare: Industry Clockspeed and Resilience of Production and Knowledge Networks in Montréal’s Aerospace Industry","authors":"Pengfei Li, E. Turkina, Ari Van Assche","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2021-0062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2021-0062","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A central challenge in current cluster policy discussions is how to build innovative clusters that are resilient to external shocks. We examine the Montréal aerospace industry to explore cluster resilience. The case is interesting since it recently experienced two industrial shocks: Boeing 737 MAX crashes in 2018 and 2019 and Bombardier’s sell-off of its flagship CSeries in 2020. Surprisingly, in the wake of the two radical disruptions, the cluster fared quite well in terms of employment and export performance. Using the method of abductive reasoning to find a-matter-of-course explanation of the surprising case, we observe that a low speed of aircraft development and production – a low industry clockspeed – stabilizes local production and knowledge networks through five mechanisms: long-term contracting, R&D cost sharing, production planning, social networking, and technology solidifying. Inspired from the case, we theoretically explore how fast (e. g., fashion and cellphones or the hare) and low (e. g., shipbuilding and aerospace or the tortoise) industry clockspeeds lead to different configurations of firm relations and are thus associated with different types of economic resilience.","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":"28 1","pages":"81 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81049594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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