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Editorial: ZFW – Advances in Economic Geography 社论:ZFW -经济地理学进展
Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-04-15 DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2022-0012
H. Bathelt, Sebastian Henn
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引用次数: 1
Study and work paving the way for Moroccan migrants: the entrepreneurial path to transnational and domestic business activities 学习和工作为摩洛哥移民铺平道路:通往跨国和国内商业活动的创业之路
Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-04-06 DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2021-0021
Juan Francisco Alvarado Valenzuela, G. Solano
Abstract In this article we look at the various paths taken by transnational and domestic entrepreneurs based on their education and work experience. These act as catalysts for skills that allow migrant entrepreneurs to better position themselves in different markets. Differences in migrant entrepreneurs allow us to better understand the strategies employed and the consequences for society and the economy at both domestic and transnational levels. Earlier research has extensively analysed individual characteristics of migrant entrepreneurs and, to a much lesser extent, the geographical nature of their business activities. This article addresses this gap by looking at the geographical orientation of migrant entrepreneurs’ businesses. The research question is as follows: In what ways are transnational or domestic activities of Moroccan migrant entrepreneurs in the Netherlands and Italy influenced by skills acquired in earlier experiences? We provide empirical evidence on the different paths leading to domestic and transnational activities using a micro-level perspective of the experiences collected in the narratives of first-generation Moroccan migrant entrepreneurs who have migrated to Milan or Amsterdam (N=70). Four different paths combining these two life experiences emerged from the interviews: #1 Job-based, #2 Education-driven, #3 Job-education merger, and #4 By chance (neither education nor work experience). The most relevant paths for migrant entrepreneurs seem to be the first (#1) and third (#3) paths. Furthermore, our findings show that transnationally oriented entrepreneurs have an extended business-oriented education and rely on skills learned, in contrast to domestically oriented entrepreneurs who become entrepreneurs ‘by chance’.
在这篇文章中,我们根据他们的教育和工作经历,来看看跨国和国内企业家所走的各种道路。这些都是培养技能的催化剂,使移民企业家能够在不同的市场中更好地定位自己。移民企业家的差异使我们能够更好地了解所采用的战略及其在国内和跨国层面对社会和经济的影响。早先的研究广泛分析了移徙企业家的个人特征,并在较小程度上分析了其商业活动的地理性质。本文通过考察移民企业家业务的地理定位来解决这一差距。研究问题如下:在荷兰和意大利的摩洛哥移民企业家的跨国或国内活动在哪些方面受到早期经验中获得的技能的影响?我们利用微观层面的视角,从移居米兰或阿姆斯特丹的第一代摩洛哥移民企业家的叙述中收集到的经验,提供了通往国内和跨国活动的不同路径的经验证据(N=70)。从采访中我们可以看到结合这两种生活经历的四条不同路径:第一是基于工作的,第二是教育驱动的,第三是工作与教育的结合,第四是偶然的(既没有教育也没有工作经验)。对于移民企业家来说,最相关的途径似乎是第一条(#1)和第三条(#3)。此外,我们的研究结果表明,与“偶然”成为企业家的国内企业家相比,跨国企业家接受了广泛的商业导向教育,并依赖于所学的技能。
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引用次数: 1
Resilience and specialization – How German regions weathered the Great Recession 弹性和专业化——德国各地区如何度过大衰退
Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2021-0014
Christian Hundt, Lennart Grün
Abstract This paper takes an explorative approach for analyzing the economic development of German Spatial Planning Regions during and after the Great Recession covering the period from 2007 to 2017. Specifically, we are interested in the relation between the short- and the mid-term resilience of regions and in the role of the underlying economic structure in this regard. For this purpose, we categorize regions by their GDP per capita growth in the resistance and recovery phase and then characterize the resulting region types by their average structural characteristics and track their performance through the renewal and reorientation phase. Our analysis reveals that, in general, larger shares of manufacturing, higher degrees of export orientation and specialization, and lower shares of public sector services are associated with weaker resilience and stronger recovery capacity. In addition, we observe a catch-up effect of regions with at least either an above-average resistance or recovery compared to regions with both weak resistance and slow recovery. However, we do not find a substantial reorientation effect because, in the case of Germany, the advantages of regional economic specialization still outweigh its potential disadvantages.
摘要本文对2007 - 2017年经济大衰退期间和之后德国空间规划区的经济发展进行了探索性分析。具体来说,我们感兴趣的是各地区短期和中期弹性之间的关系,以及在这方面基础经济结构的作用。为此,我们根据抵抗和恢复阶段的人均GDP增长对地区进行分类,然后根据其平均结构特征对所产生的地区类型进行表征,并在更新和重新定位阶段跟踪其表现。我们的分析表明,总体而言,制造业比重越大,出口导向和专业化程度越高,公共部门服务业比重越低,韧性越弱,恢复能力越强。此外,我们观察到,与阻力弱且复苏缓慢的地区相比,阻力或复苏至少高于平均水平的地区存在追赶效应。然而,我们没有发现实质性的再定向效应,因为就德国而言,区域经济专业化的优势仍然大于其潜在的劣势。
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引用次数: 5
Urban-economic geographies beyond production: Nairobi’s sociotechnical system and the challenge of generative urbanization 超越生产的城市经济地理:内罗毕的社会技术系统和再生城市化的挑战
Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-03-26 DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2022-0003
James T. Murphy
Abstract Urban-regional economies are developing in highly variegated, uneven ways globally. In economic geography, studies of urban-regional development emphasize the prospects for innovative, globally-competitive industrial sectors to emerge and enhance a city-region’s exchange value in global markets. This focus reflects a productivist bias that may fail to address issues related to the use-value of, or living conditions associated with urban transitions. Such concerns are particularly significant in the Global South where urbanization has often not led to socioeconomic transformations that benefit the majority of urban residents. To examine the relationships between a city’s exchange and use value, this paper argues for a sociotechnical systems approach that conceptualizes cities as constituted by interdependent or coupled regimes related to production, consumption, and infrastructure that stabilize urban-regional economies and determine development pathways. The framework is deployed empirically to examine the case of Nairobi, Kenya – a rapidly growing urban-regional economy characterized by high rates of inward foreign direct investment, principally in speculative real estate ventures in the consumption regime. Domestic manufacturing industries (the production regime) are stagnating, struggling to compete against imports, and failing to generate widespread formal employment and raise tax revenues for the infrastructure regime. The net result is a city characterized by fragmented or splintered regimes that create highly uneven, exclusionary development outcomes. These dynamics and findings are analyzed in relation to a similar study of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in order to demonstrate the comparative potential of this conceptual approach. The paper concludes with a call for economic geographers to better account for the use-value of urban-regional economies such that development concerns beyond production become more central to our analyses.
在全球范围内,城市-区域经济正以高度多样化、不均衡的方式发展。在经济地理学中,对城市-区域发展的研究强调创新的、具有全球竞争力的工业部门的出现和提高城市-区域在全球市场上的交换价值的前景。这种侧重反映了一种生产主义偏见,可能无法解决与城市转型有关的使用价值或生活条件问题。这种担忧在全球南方国家尤其严重,因为那里的城市化往往没有导致使大多数城市居民受益的社会经济变革。为了研究城市交换和使用价值之间的关系,本文提出了一种社会技术系统方法,将城市概念化为与生产、消费和基础设施相关的相互依赖或耦合的制度,这些制度稳定了城市区域经济并确定了发展路径。这个框架是经验性地用来审查肯尼亚内罗毕的情况的。内罗毕是一个迅速增长的城市区域经济,其特点是外来直接投资的比率很高,主要是在消费制度中的投机性房地产企业。国内制造业(生产体制)停滞不前,难以与进口竞争,未能为基础设施体制创造广泛的正式就业和增加税收。最终的结果是一个城市的特点是支离破碎或分裂的政权,造成高度不平衡和排他性的发展结果。将这些动态和结果与坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆的一项类似研究相结合进行分析,以证明这种概念方法的相对潜力。本文最后呼吁经济地理学家更好地解释城市-区域经济的使用价值,使生产之外的发展问题成为我们分析的核心。
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引用次数: 1
Agency, sentiment, and risk and uncertainty: fears of job loss in 8 European countries 机构、情绪、风险和不确定性:8个欧洲国家对失业的担忧
Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-02-12 DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2021-0037
G. Clark
Abstract How people assess their prospects and act accordingly is anchored in time and space. But context is only half the story. Human beings share predispositions in favour of the here and now, discounting the future, and risk aversion. This paper provides a framework for integrating cognition with context in economic geography focusing upon agency, resources, and risk and uncertainty in European labour markets. In doing so, it seeks to avoid essentialising the individual while ensuring that the resulting framework does not leave individuals as cyphers of time and place. The framework is illustrated by reference to individual’s assessments of the consequences of technological change for their employment prospects in a multicountry European setting. Implications are drawn for a behavioural economic geography that is policy relevant.
人们如何评估自己的前景并采取相应的行动是有时间和空间限制的。但背景只是故事的一半。人类有一种共同的倾向,即重视此时此地,忽视未来,以及厌恶风险。本文提供了一个框架,将认知与经济地理学的背景结合起来,重点关注欧洲劳动力市场的代理、资源、风险和不确定性。在这样做的过程中,它试图避免将个人本质化,同时确保最终的框架不会让个人成为时间和地点的密码。该框架是通过参考个人对技术变革对其在欧洲多国环境中的就业前景的后果的评估来说明的。对与政策相关的行为经济地理学的启示。
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引用次数: 3
Zum Stand der geographischen Handelsforschung: Handelsimmobilien und Handelstätigkeit – Ökonomisch-funktionaler Zusammenhang im Kontext der geographischen Handelsforschung 地理贸易研究:贸易地产和贸易活动——经济在地理贸易研究中起着作用
Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-20 DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2021-0008
K. Klein
Zusammenfassung Im Mittelpunkt steht der funktionale und ökonomisch begründete Zusammenhang zwischen der stationären Handelstätigkeit und der benötigten Handelsfläche. Die Basis für diese Untersuchung liefern die Theorie des Kapitalkreislaufs sowie ein Marktmodell für Handelsimmobilien. Damit gelingt der Nachweis der wechselseitigen Beeinflussung von Handelsentwicklung und Investitionstätigkeit. Der Online-Wettbewerb verändert die Bedeutung der Handelsfläche für die Handelstätigkeit und als Investitionsgut. Der vorgeschlagene interdisziplinäre Ansatz ergänzt die theoretischen Grundlagen der geographischen Handelsforschung und trägt zum Verständnis der flexibler werdenden Raumstrukturen im stationären Handel bei.
叙事重点是静止贸易与所需要的商业面之间的职能和经济联系。这项调查的基础来自资本循环理论和一个商业房地产市场模型。由此证明了贸易发展和投资相互影响。在线竞争改变了贸易区对贸易和投资的重要性。该方案的跨学科方法不仅满足了地理贸易研究的理论基础,而且有助于理解静止贸易中空间结构的扩展。
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引用次数: 0
Der Zusammenhang zwischen sozialen Ungleichheiten und Covid-19 Fallzahlen auf Stadtteilebene – Eine Fallstudie für 46 Stadtteile der Stadt Duisburg 社会不平等和covid 19个城市级事件之间的联系——都伊斯堡的46个城市都进行了案例研究
Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-20 DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2021-0030
Max-Leon Straßburger, L. Mewes
Zusammenfassung Während der laufenden SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie hat die Forschung gezeigt, dass sozio-ökonomische Ungleichheiten eine entscheidende Rolle beim Verständnis der Ausbreitung des Virus spielen. Menschen mit einem niedrigeren sozio-ökonomischen Status haben eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, sich mit COVID-19 zu infizieren und an dem Virus zu sterben. Da sozio-ökonomische Ungleichheiten eine starke räumliche Dimension haben, z. B. aufgrund zunehmender Ungleichheiten innerhalb von Städten, könnte dieses Wissen zur Erklärung und zur Vorhersage der geographischen Ausbreitung des Virus beitragen. Empirische Belege auf feiner geographischer Ebene innerhalb von Städten sind jedoch äußerst rar. Wir adressieren diese Forschungslücke und untersuchen die Beziehung zwischen SARS-CoV-2-Fällen pro 100.000 Einwohner und dem sozio-ökonomischen Status auf der Grundlage detaillierter Daten auf Stadtbezirksebene in Duisburg, Deutschland, welche vom Gesundheitsamt der Stadt Duisburg zur Verfügung gestellt wurden, sowie Daten des KECK-Atlasses. Unsere Regressionsergebnisse deuten stark auf einen negativen Zusammenhang zwischen sozio-ökonomischem Status und Morbiditätsraten für die zweite Welle der aktuellen Pandemie in Duisburg hin. Unsere Ergebnisse verbessern das Verständnis der geographischen Ausbreitung von SARS-CoV-2 in Städten und liefern politischen Entscheidungsträgern detaillierte Informationen darüber, wie geographisch sensible Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie konzipiert werden können, um sozio-ökonomisch benachteiligte Menschen in unserer Gesellschaft besser zu schützen.
对艾滋病流行的总结研究显示社会不平等性在了解病毒的传播过程中发挥着关键作用。2:早期早期的2:早期早期社会不平等的灵魂是有强大的空间的随着城市范围内贫富差距日增,上述知识有助于解释和预测病毒的地理传播。但地理位置低下,乌烟瘴气的城市规划呢?我们地址Forschungslücke并研究关系SARS-CoV-2-Fällen每10万居民和社会经济地位的基础上详细的数据在Stadtbezirksebene在德国杜伊斯堡,哪些是卫生部门,并提供大量的数据的杜伊斯堡市的KECK-Atlasses .我们的回归结果极为强调了杜伊斯堡当前蔓延的第二波社会经济状况和发病率之间的正相关关系。我们的结果增强了对城市里sarscov 2地域分布情况的认识,并为决策者提供了关于如何设计具有地理重要性的措施以遏制这种大流行病的详细信息,从而更好地保护社会经济处境不利的人。
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引用次数: 3
Hidden Champions and their integration in rural regional innovation systems: Insights from Germany 隐形冠军及其在农村区域创新体系中的整合:来自德国的见解
Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-11-19 DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2021-0024
Carsten Rietmann
Abstract This article studies the integration of Hidden Champions – little-known highly innovative global market leaders – in rural regional innovation systems (RIS) in Germany. These firms are analyzed in relation to their integration into a RIS framework, which differentiates two subsystems: knowledge generation and diffusion, and knowledge application and exploitation. The relevance of firm-internal and firm-external regional influencing factors on rural RIS integration is examined. The article proposes that Hidden Champions are weakly integrated in RIS due to their international sales focus and high technological specialization. To test this premise, 57 expert interviews with Hidden Champions and regional actors were conducted. It was found that key influences for RIS integration of this firm type are ownership structure, firm size, organizational status, location economies, and urbanization economies. Family businesses are on average more integrated than other firm types, but vary significantly in their integration.
摘要本文研究了德国农村区域创新体系(RIS)中隐性冠军(Hidden Champions)的整合问题。本文分析了这些企业与RIS框架整合的关系,该框架区分了两个子系统:知识生成和扩散,以及知识应用和开发。考察了企业-内部和企业-外部区域影响因素对农村RIS整合的相关性。本文认为,隐性冠军由于其国际销售重点和高度的技术专业化,在RIS中的整合程度较弱。为了验证这一假设,我们对57位专家进行了采访,采访对象包括隐形冠军和地区参与者。研究发现,股权结构、企业规模、组织地位、区位经济和城市化经济是影响该类型企业RIS整合的关键因素。平均而言,家族企业的整合程度高于其他类型的企业,但在整合程度上差异很大。
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引用次数: 4
Hidden Champions as a Determinant of Regional Development: An Analysis of German Districts 隐性冠军作为区域发展的决定因素:对德国地区的分析
Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2020-0043
L. Benz, J. Block, Matthias S. Johann
Abstract Hidden Champions (HCs) are defined as market leaders in niche markets. They represent the success of the German Mittelstand like no other group of firms. However, little is known on how HCs contribute to regional development. Given their export strength, regional embeddedness, and strong vertical integration we expect HCs to have a profound effect on regional development. Using a German dataset of 1,645 HCs located in 401 German districts, we analyze the effect of HCs on a variety of regional development dimensions. Our results show that HCs are not equally distributed across regions and influence regional development. Regions with a higher number of HCs show strong regional economic performance in terms of median income. Moreover, HC intensity affects regional unemployment and trainee rates as well as regional innovation in terms of patents. Surprisingly, we did not find an effect of regional HC intensity on regional R&D levels and GDP. We can further conclude that the effect of HCs is not limited to the particular region in which they are located but that sizable spillover effects exist. Besides its contribution to the regional development literature, our study adds to a better understanding of the HC-phenomenon. Implications for regional policy makers are discussed.
摘要隐性冠军(HCs)是指利基市场中的市场领导者。他们代表了德国中小企业的成功,这是其他任何企业集团都无法比拟的。然而,人们对高负担国家如何促进区域发展知之甚少。鉴于其出口实力、区域嵌入性和强大的垂直一体化,我们预计高收入国家将对区域发展产生深远影响。利用德国401个地区的1645个HCs数据集,我们分析了HCs对各种区域发展维度的影响。研究结果表明,高负担国家在区域间分布不均,影响区域发展。高收入国家数量较多的地区在收入中位数方面表现出强劲的区域经济表现。此外,在专利方面,HC强度影响区域失业率和培训生率以及区域创新。令人惊讶的是,我们没有发现区域HC强度对区域研发水平和GDP的影响。我们可以进一步得出结论,hc的影响并不局限于它们所在的特定地区,而是存在相当大的溢出效应。除了对区域发展文献的贡献外,我们的研究还有助于更好地理解hc现象。讨论了对区域决策者的影响。
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引用次数: 4
Mießner, M.; Naumann, M. (Hrsg.): Kritische Geographien ländlicher Enwicklung. Globale Transformationen und lokale Herausforderungen. (= Raumproduktionen: Theorie und gesellschaftliche Praxis, Band 33). Münster: Verlag Westfälisches Dampfboot 2019. 296 Seiten. ISBN 978-3-89691-277-0. 33 Euro. Mießner m;诺尔曼[编辑室]:对农村局势的批判性了解。全球转型及当地挑战(还建议空间生产:理论与社会实践,第33卷)2019年威斯特法利亚号轮船出版社.的第页书978-3-89691-277-0 .33 .欧元
Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2020-03-05 DOI: 10.1515/zfw-2020-0005
Ingo Mose
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引用次数: 0
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ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography
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