Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.189
A. Fattah
The United States of America faces many internal threats and challenges, and terrorism is one of the most significant challenges and threats. The years following the attacks of (September 11, 2001) witnessed a substantial decrease in the rate of external (foreign) terrorism in the United States, at a time when domestic terrorism witnessed an apparent rise at unprecedented rates in the last two decades. There are four main categories of ideologies in the United States of America: the far right, the far left, religious extremism, and ethnic extremism. The far right is the first and most significant challenge and threat to the United States, as the operations and attacks of this wing have increased rapidly in terms of quality and quantity. Within this wing, there are many movements, and white extremists and anti-government extremists are considered the most critical movements. It is a statistical study that tries to shed light on domestic terrorism in the United States of America after the 11 September 2001 attacks by collecting data from American formal and informal institutions. The study utilizes the quantitative approach as a tool for analyzing these data.
{"title":"Domestic Terrorism in the United States of America after the Attacks September 11, 2001 A statistical study of the role of the extreme right))","authors":"A. Fattah","doi":"10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.189","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The United States of America faces many internal threats and challenges, and terrorism is one of the most significant challenges and threats. The years following the attacks of (September 11, 2001) witnessed a substantial decrease in the rate of external (foreign) terrorism in the United States, at a time when domestic terrorism witnessed an apparent rise at unprecedented rates in the last two decades. There are four main categories of ideologies in the United States of America: the far right, the far left, religious extremism, and ethnic extremism. The far right is the first and most significant challenge and threat to the United States, as the operations and attacks of this wing have increased rapidly in terms of quality and quantity. Within this wing, there are many movements, and white extremists and anti-government extremists are considered the most critical movements. It is a statistical study that tries to shed light on domestic terrorism in the United States of America after the 11 September 2001 attacks by collecting data from American formal and informal institutions. The study utilizes the quantitative approach as a tool for analyzing these data. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":297047,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal For Political Science","volume":"478 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123391765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.196
Assist.Prof.Dr. Raed Irhaim Muhammed
The events witnessed in the Middle East and the study of U.S. foreign policy and its hostility towards various countries, particularly in the context of terrorism and how to address and implement it, can potentially lead to an increase in terrorist activities. The approach adopted by most U.S. presidents in the Middle East region revolves around ensuring access to oil and preventing the spread of nuclear weapons in these countries. The Americans have been present in Afghanistan for over 20 years and have spent substantial amounts of money, yet the intentions and objectives of the Taliban remain unclear to them and the international community. This prolonged presence has caused security, political, and economic instability in Afghanistan, leading to unpredictable consequences in the country and fears of a potential resurgence of terrorism in the future. The aftermath of the U.S. withdrawal could potentially result in significant and diverse changes, with the possibility of a civil war within Afghanistan, which poses future risks and threats for both the country and the international community.
{"title":"The Impact of U.S. Policy on Political Change in the Middle East: Afghanistan Political Change in as a Model","authors":"Assist.Prof.Dr. Raed Irhaim Muhammed","doi":"10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.196","url":null,"abstract":"The events witnessed in the Middle East and the study of U.S. foreign policy and its hostility towards various countries, particularly in the context of terrorism and how to address and implement it, can potentially lead to an increase in terrorist activities. The approach adopted by most U.S. presidents in the Middle East region revolves around ensuring access to oil and preventing the spread of nuclear weapons in these countries. The Americans have been present in Afghanistan for over 20 years and have spent substantial amounts of money, yet the intentions and objectives of the Taliban remain unclear to them and the international community. \u0000This prolonged presence has caused security, political, and economic instability in Afghanistan, leading to unpredictable consequences in the country and fears of a potential resurgence of terrorism in the future. The aftermath of the U.S. withdrawal could potentially result in significant and diverse changes, with the possibility of a civil war within Afghanistan, which poses future risks and threats for both the country and the international community.","PeriodicalId":297047,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal For Political Science","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133434600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.203
S. Saleh
Author: Dr. Firas Jamal Shaker Place and date of publication: Al-Araby for Publishing and Distribution, Cairo - Egypt, 2022. Number of pages of the book: 304 pages
{"title":"Information wars in the security and military field - America and China","authors":"S. Saleh","doi":"10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.203","url":null,"abstract":"Author: Dr. Firas Jamal Shaker \u0000Place and date of publication: Al-Araby for Publishing and Distribution, \u0000Cairo - Egypt, 2022. \u0000Number of pages of the book: 304 pages","PeriodicalId":297047,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal For Political Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123758346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.198
Assistant Lecturer Hind Ahmed Abd
This study examines the developmental experiences in the Baltic countries, namely Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, after 2004. Following their accession to the European Union, these countries underwent significant transformations in the fields of economy, population, and culture. The study aims to analyze the developmental changes in these countries and evaluate their impact on the assets of the population, their languages, and the population's developmental indicators and wealth. The analysis revolves around the key aspects of development in these countries after 2004. The influence of these transformations on the assets of the population and their languages will be studied, with a focus on demographic changes and linguistic diversity. Additionally, the study will analyze population development indicators such as population growth rate, fertility rate, and mortality rate, to understand the population shifts in those countries.
{"title":"Development experiences in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania after 2004","authors":"Assistant Lecturer Hind Ahmed Abd","doi":"10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.198","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the developmental experiences in the Baltic countries, namely Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, after 2004. Following their accession to the European Union, these countries underwent significant transformations in the fields of economy, population, and culture. The study aims to analyze the developmental changes in these countries and evaluate their impact on the assets of the population, their languages, and the population's developmental indicators and wealth. \u0000The analysis revolves around the key aspects of development in these countries after 2004. The influence of these transformations on the assets of the population and their languages will be studied, with a focus on demographic changes and linguistic diversity. Additionally, the study will analyze population development indicators such as population growth rate, fertility rate, and mortality rate, to understand the population shifts in those countries.","PeriodicalId":297047,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal For Political Science","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134044421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.25130/tjfps.v2i10.129
Zeyad khalaf Abdullah Al-Jubouri
The concept of international relations is very broad. In its modern usage, it encompasses not only the relations between states but also includes the relations between states and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, and other actors. As a result of the scientific and technological advancements witnessed by humanity, along with the accompanying economic, social, and cultural developments, the state is no longer the sole actor in international relations. There are other international actors who have emerged successively, in harmony and accordance with these advancements. The international stage is no longer exclusive to the state alone. Alongside the state, international individuals have emerged who possess the ability to act, perform, and influence in international relations. The latest addition to these international actors is the individual international actor.
{"title":"\"The International Actor (The Individual) in International Relations\"","authors":"Zeyad khalaf Abdullah Al-Jubouri","doi":"10.25130/tjfps.v2i10.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v2i10.129","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of international relations is very broad. In its modern usage, it encompasses not only the relations between states but also includes the relations between states and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, and other actors. As a result of the scientific and technological advancements witnessed by humanity, along with the accompanying economic, social, and cultural developments, the state is no longer the sole actor in international relations. There are other international actors who have emerged successively, in harmony and accordance with these advancements. The international stage is no longer exclusive to the state alone. Alongside the state, international individuals have emerged who possess the ability to act, perform, and influence in international relations. The latest addition to these international actors is the individual international actor.","PeriodicalId":297047,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal For Political Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130903226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.25130/tjfps.v2i10.127
Sabah Nueas Shanafah
The geopolitics means the linkage of geographical elements to the act and activities of policy-making and foreign policy of a state, and the geopolitics theories associated also with the politics of power and influence. The Arab countries possess a unique site in the map of the world since it linked three continents ( Asia, Africa and Europe ) ,it also overseeing universal straits(Gibralter, Aden ,Bab el Mandeb ,Hormuz and Suez Canal ) through which 70% of the world trade is passing , besides the wealth of fertile soil and mineral and diligent population. The Arabs states s geopolitics needs to activate and monopolize to achieve prosperity and power. The leaders and policy –makers of Arab states have to reread their geography and determine the vital points of their geopolitical position.
{"title":"Geopolitical Advantages of Arab Countries and their Impact on the Stability of the Arab Region 2001","authors":"Sabah Nueas Shanafah","doi":"10.25130/tjfps.v2i10.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v2i10.127","url":null,"abstract":"The geopolitics means the linkage of geographical elements to the act and activities of policy-making and foreign policy of a state, and the geopolitics theories associated also with the politics of power and influence. \u0000The Arab countries possess a unique site in the map of the world since it linked three continents ( Asia, Africa and Europe ) ,it also overseeing universal straits(Gibralter, Aden ,Bab el Mandeb ,Hormuz and Suez Canal ) through which 70% of the world trade is passing , besides the wealth of fertile soil and mineral and diligent population. \u0000The Arabs states s geopolitics needs to activate and monopolize to achieve prosperity and power. \u0000 The leaders and policy –makers of Arab states have to reread their geography and determine the vital points of their geopolitical position.","PeriodicalId":297047,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal For Political Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129463122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of smart power is one of the relatively recent concepts in international relations, and it represents an important axis of the axes of the study of power, as on the one hand, soft power is the new measure for any emerging power after it possesses hard power, mainly in the military and economic aspects. This provides the academic field with more focus on smart power and studying it as a means of managing crises peacefully without falling into armed conflicts by relying on soft power and realizing the importance of hard power as an essential element of power without neglecting one of them, in addition to realizing the shift in the nature of the political hegemony of the major countries recently as they turned from colonialism Or even military intervention and periods of agency wars that lead to soft cultural or economic dominance...etc.
{"title":"The American smart power project towards the Arab Spring revolutions","authors":"Karrar Noori Hammed","doi":"10.25130/tjfps.v4i8.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v4i8.109","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of smart power is one of the relatively recent concepts in international relations, and it represents an important axis of the axes of the study of power, as on the one hand, soft power is the new measure for any emerging power after it possesses hard power, mainly in the military and economic aspects. This provides the academic field with more focus on smart power and studying it as a means of managing crises peacefully without falling into armed conflicts by relying on soft power and realizing the importance of hard power as an essential element of power without neglecting one of them, in addition to realizing the shift in the nature of the political hegemony of the major countries recently as they turned from colonialism Or even military intervention and periods of agency wars that lead to soft cultural or economic dominance...etc.","PeriodicalId":297047,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal For Political Science","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131668706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
هبه عبد السلام خطاب الناصري, مثنى فائق مرعي العبيدي
يعد التوجه نحو تعزيز القدرات السيبرانية من أولويات الحكومة الإيرانية و(الإسرائيلية) لاسيما في السنوات الأخيرة التي شهدت تنافساً كبيراً بينهما في سياق المحافظة على المصالح الحيوية وتوسيع النفوذ، اذ ان أيران سعت من خلال تطوير الإمكانيات السيبرانية ليس فقط لأغراض دفاعية أو هجومية بل للحد من حرية تدفق المعلومات الى المواطنين والتي تسببت في اندلاع ثورات كان ابرزها تلك التي حدثت عام 2009، بعكس من (إسرائيل) التي دعمت تطوير الإمكانيات الوطنية السيبرانية بهدف المحافظة على التفوق في المجال الإلكتروني على غيرها من دول الجوار؛ فضلاً عن توفير عامل اخر لردع الأخرين في حال الدخول في مواجهة سيبرانية لاسيما من قبل ايران.
{"title":"مؤسسات الفضاء السيبراني في منطقة الشرق الاوسط : ايران وإسرائيل انموذجاً","authors":"هبه عبد السلام خطاب الناصري, مثنى فائق مرعي العبيدي","doi":"10.25130/tjfps.v4i30.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v4i30.99","url":null,"abstract":"يعد التوجه نحو تعزيز القدرات السيبرانية من أولويات الحكومة الإيرانية و(الإسرائيلية) لاسيما في السنوات الأخيرة التي شهدت تنافساً كبيراً بينهما في سياق المحافظة على المصالح الحيوية وتوسيع النفوذ، اذ ان أيران سعت من خلال تطوير الإمكانيات السيبرانية ليس فقط لأغراض دفاعية أو هجومية بل للحد من حرية تدفق المعلومات الى المواطنين والتي تسببت في اندلاع ثورات كان ابرزها تلك التي حدثت عام 2009، بعكس من (إسرائيل) التي دعمت تطوير الإمكانيات الوطنية السيبرانية بهدف المحافظة على التفوق في المجال الإلكتروني على غيرها من دول الجوار؛ فضلاً عن توفير عامل اخر لردع الأخرين في حال الدخول في مواجهة سيبرانية لاسيما من قبل ايران.","PeriodicalId":297047,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal For Political Science","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123367074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
أ.م.د. جمال فيصل حمد المحمدي, م. سعود احمد ريحان المشهداني
تتناول هذه الدراسة موضوعا لطالما شغل الاوساط الصحفية والاعلامية، وادلت فيه المحاكم بدلوها على وفق منهج واضح يحقق العدالة ويكفل حماية حقوق الانسان وحرياته الاساسية، ألا وهو سياسة التنظيم الذاتي للصحافة وحماية حقوق الانسان، وذلك كدراسة في اليات تحقيق التوازن بين الحق في الخصوصية وحرية الصحافة، وتحاول هذه الدراسة تقديم نموذج بارز للاخلاق الصحفية، مبتدئة بعملية تأصيل تاريخي – سياسي – وقانوني، للعلاقة الجدلية بين حق الاشخاص في حرية التعبير والرأي كحق من الحقوق التي يستفيد منها الصحفيين وتقوم عليها اساسيات المهنة الصحفية، وبين ما تقره الدساتير والقوانين الوطنية والاتفاقيات والمواثيق الدولية بحق الانسان في حماية اسراره الشخصية ضمن الحق العام في الخصوصية، ويتضح الهدف من هذه الدراسة، ألا وهو خلق رؤية عصرية للصحافة، لغاية أن تكون لهذه الرؤية مدعاة لإحياء فكرة مهمة في مجال الصحافة، ألا وهي ( التنظيم الذاتي للصحافة )، ونداءا عاليا في الدعوة الى المثالية والتفاني من أجل تنمية وترسيخ المبادئ الصحفية التي تغذي الديمقراطية واحترام حقوق الإنسان، ليس فقط في وسائل الإعلام ولكن في كل مجالات الحياة الاجتماعية.
{"title":"سياسة التنظيم الذاتي للصحافة وحماية حقوق الانسان دراسة في آليات تحقيق التوازن بين الحق في الخصوصية وحرية الصحافة","authors":"أ.م.د. جمال فيصل حمد المحمدي, م. سعود احمد ريحان المشهداني","doi":"10.25130/tjfps.v1i5.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v1i5.63","url":null,"abstract":"تتناول هذه الدراسة موضوعا لطالما شغل الاوساط الصحفية والاعلامية، وادلت فيه المحاكم بدلوها على وفق منهج واضح يحقق العدالة ويكفل حماية حقوق الانسان وحرياته الاساسية، ألا وهو سياسة التنظيم الذاتي للصحافة وحماية حقوق الانسان، وذلك كدراسة في اليات تحقيق التوازن بين الحق في الخصوصية وحرية الصحافة، وتحاول هذه الدراسة تقديم نموذج بارز للاخلاق الصحفية، مبتدئة بعملية تأصيل تاريخي – سياسي – وقانوني، للعلاقة الجدلية بين حق الاشخاص في حرية التعبير والرأي كحق من الحقوق التي يستفيد منها الصحفيين وتقوم عليها اساسيات المهنة الصحفية، وبين ما تقره الدساتير والقوانين الوطنية والاتفاقيات والمواثيق الدولية بحق الانسان في حماية اسراره الشخصية ضمن الحق العام في الخصوصية، ويتضح الهدف من هذه الدراسة، ألا وهو خلق رؤية عصرية للصحافة، لغاية أن تكون لهذه الرؤية مدعاة لإحياء فكرة مهمة في مجال الصحافة، ألا وهي ( التنظيم الذاتي للصحافة )، ونداءا عاليا في الدعوة الى المثالية والتفاني من أجل تنمية وترسيخ المبادئ الصحفية التي تغذي الديمقراطية واحترام حقوق الإنسان، ليس فقط في وسائل الإعلام ولكن في كل مجالات الحياة الاجتماعية.","PeriodicalId":297047,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal For Political Science","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114028835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parliamentary systems are the most prevalent form of government worldwide today, such as in Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, India, and others. However, there are countries that adopt political systems different from those mentioned, such as the presidential system in the United States of America and the assembly system in Switzerland. Nevertheless, most parliamentary systems have their origins in the British parliamentary experience, which was used as a model in establishing their powers and managing public affairs. The reality of the parliamentary experience in Iraq is one of the parliamentary experiences in the countries of the Global South that reflects a societal reality different from parliamentary experiences in emerging parliamentary democracies, as it is a young experience after 2003. It was established and developed in a historical context, political instability, and insecurity that Iraq witnessed after 2003, under the authority of the American occupation. The clear shortcomings in this parliamentary experience are attributed to historical circumstances, the pressures of the American occupation, and the newness of the experience. Therefore, it was necessary for us to examine the reality of the Iraqi parliamentary experience after 2003, in terms of its characteristics, legislation, oversight, and its challenges, as well as evaluating the work of governments, and looking at the future prospects of the experience.
{"title":"The Reality and Future of Parliamentary Experience in Iraq after 2003","authors":"Khalaf Saleh Ali, Motaz Ismail Khalaf","doi":"10.25130/tjfps.v1i31.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v1i31.40","url":null,"abstract":"Parliamentary systems are the most prevalent form of government worldwide today, such as in Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, India, and others. However, there are countries that adopt political systems different from those mentioned, such as the presidential system in the United States of America and the assembly system in Switzerland. Nevertheless, most parliamentary systems have their origins in the British parliamentary experience, which was used as a model in establishing their powers and managing public affairs. \u0000The reality of the parliamentary experience in Iraq is one of the parliamentary experiences in the countries of the Global South that reflects a societal reality different from parliamentary experiences in emerging parliamentary democracies, as it is a young experience after 2003. It was established and developed in a historical context, political instability, and insecurity that Iraq witnessed after 2003, under the authority of the American occupation. The clear shortcomings in this parliamentary experience are attributed to historical circumstances, the pressures of the American occupation, and the newness of the experience. \u0000Therefore, it was necessary for us to examine the reality of the Iraqi parliamentary experience after 2003, in terms of its characteristics, legislation, oversight, and its challenges, as well as evaluating the work of governments, and looking at the future prospects of the experience.","PeriodicalId":297047,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal For Political Science","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123411531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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