Highlights The thermal balance model body temperature and respiration rate results compared well with published data. Model results were commonly within one standard deviation of reported averages. Research that measures more model inputs, coefficients, and results is needed. The thermal balance model can be used to identify heat stress factors and assess mitigation practices. Abstract. A steady-state process-based lactating cow thermal balance spreadsheet model developed by Nelson and Janni (in press) was compared to mean measured body temperatures, respiration rates, and skin temperatures from two published studies (Gebremedhin et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2015). Model body temperatures were also compared with reticular temperatures from cows standing in unshaded paddocks that were part of a solar shade study (Sharpe et al., 2021). Gebremedhin et al. (2010) reported measured mean rectal temperatures, 39.4 ± 0.5 C and 40.6 ± 0.4 C for hot and dry conditions with and without a solar load; model body temperatures for similar hot and dry conditions were 39.7 C and 40.6 C with and without a solar load, respectively. Model respiration rates were within one standard deviation of measured mean respiration rates (Gebremedhin et al., 2010). The model body temperature for a baseline condition was 39.1°C, which was within 0.1°C of the mean baseline temperature of 39.2 ± 0.6°C (Chen et al., 2015). The model respiration rate was 63 breaths per minute (bpm); much lower than the reported baseline respiration rate of 88 bpm (Chen et al., 2015). Model body temperatures were 0.1°C to 0.7°C lower than the measured mean reticular temperatures of standing cows in non-shaded paddocks with solar loads when ambient temperatures ranged from 24.4°C to 26.5°C. Model results compared well with mean measured parameters from three studies. The model can be used to assess the impact of factors affecting heat exchange (e.g., body mass, milk yield, solar load, air dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and air velocity) on heat exchange flux, cow respiration rate, and body temperature. Keywords: Body temperature, Dairy, Heat stress, Lactating cow, Respiration rate, Thermal balance model.
热平衡模型的体温和呼吸速率结果与已发表的数据比较良好。模型结果通常在报告平均值的一个标准差范围内。研究需要测量更多的模型输入、系数和结果。热平衡模型可用于确定热应力因素和评估缓解措施。摘要由Nelson和Janni(已出版)开发的基于稳态过程的泌乳奶牛热平衡电子表格模型与两项已发表的研究(Gebremedhin等人，2010;陈等人，2015)。模型体温还与奶牛站在无遮阳围场的网状温度进行了比较，这是遮阳研究的一部分(Sharpe et al.， 2021)。Gebremedhin等人(2010)报告了在有和没有太阳能负荷的干热条件下测量的直肠平均温度，分别为39.4±0.5℃和40.6±0.4℃;在类似的炎热和干燥条件下，模型体温分别为39.7摄氏度和40.6摄氏度，有和没有太阳能负荷。模型呼吸速率在测量的平均呼吸速率的一个标准差内(Gebremedhin et al.， 2010)。基线条件下的模型体温为39.1°C，与平均基线温度(39.2±0.6°C)相差0.1°C (Chen et al.， 2015)。模型呼吸速率为63次/分钟(bpm);远低于报告的基线呼吸速率88 bpm (Chen et al.， 2015)。当环境温度在24.4°C至26.5°C之间时，模型体温比无遮蔽围场中有太阳负荷的奶牛的平均网状温度低0.1°C至0.7°C。模型结果与三个研究的平均测量参数比较良好。该模型可用于评估影响热交换的因素(如体重、产奶量、太阳能负荷、空气干球温度、露点温度和风速)对热交换通量、奶牛呼吸速率和体温的影响。关键词:体温，奶牛，热应激，泌乳奶牛，呼吸速率，热平衡模型
{"title":"Dairy Cow Thermal Balance Model During Heat Stress: Part 2. Model Assessment","authors":"K. Janni, Chad R. Nelson, B. J. Heins, K. Sharpe","doi":"10.13031/ja.15191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15191","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights The thermal balance model body temperature and respiration rate results compared well with published data. Model results were commonly within one standard deviation of reported averages. Research that measures more model inputs, coefficients, and results is needed. The thermal balance model can be used to identify heat stress factors and assess mitigation practices. Abstract. A steady-state process-based lactating cow thermal balance spreadsheet model developed by Nelson and Janni (in press) was compared to mean measured body temperatures, respiration rates, and skin temperatures from two published studies (Gebremedhin et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2015). Model body temperatures were also compared with reticular temperatures from cows standing in unshaded paddocks that were part of a solar shade study (Sharpe et al., 2021). Gebremedhin et al. (2010) reported measured mean rectal temperatures, 39.4 ± 0.5 C and 40.6 ± 0.4 C for hot and dry conditions with and without a solar load; model body temperatures for similar hot and dry conditions were 39.7 C and 40.6 C with and without a solar load, respectively. Model respiration rates were within one standard deviation of measured mean respiration rates (Gebremedhin et al., 2010). The model body temperature for a baseline condition was 39.1°C, which was within 0.1°C of the mean baseline temperature of 39.2 ± 0.6°C (Chen et al., 2015). The model respiration rate was 63 breaths per minute (bpm); much lower than the reported baseline respiration rate of 88 bpm (Chen et al., 2015). Model body temperatures were 0.1°C to 0.7°C lower than the measured mean reticular temperatures of standing cows in non-shaded paddocks with solar loads when ambient temperatures ranged from 24.4°C to 26.5°C. Model results compared well with mean measured parameters from three studies. The model can be used to assess the impact of factors affecting heat exchange (e.g., body mass, milk yield, solar load, air dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and air velocity) on heat exchange flux, cow respiration rate, and body temperature. Keywords: Body temperature, Dairy, Heat stress, Lactating cow, Respiration rate, Thermal balance model.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90143918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Li, Bo Ni, Gaoji Yang, Juanjuan Xu, Kunhua Wang, Xiangyu Guan, Shaojin Wang
Highlights The effect of air temperature and electrode gap (EG) on RF drying efficiency was evaluated. Drying rate (D r ), the mathematical modeling of drying curves, heating uniformity, effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (D eff ), and quality parameters after drying were analyzed. Drying rate was accelerated by reducing EG or increasing air temperature under EG RF drying. The trend of heating uniformity was the same as that of D eff value. The evaluated quality parameters of treated whole jujubes showed that 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying had the best quality. Abstract. This study aims to investigate the drying and quality characteristics of whole jujubes heated by air assisted radio frequency (RF) energy. The effect of air temperature and electrode gap (EG) on RF drying efficiency was evaluated. The drying rate (Dr), the mathematical modeling of drying curves, heating uniformity, effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (Deff), and quality parameters after drying were analyzed. The results showed that under the conditions of 30°C air temperature or 17 cm EG RF drying, Dr was accelerated by reducing EG from 18 cm to 16 cm or increasing air temperature from 20°C to 40°C. The Midilli model had the best fitting to drying curves under 30°C RF treatments with 16 cm, 17 cm, and 18 cm EG, and 40°C RF heating with 17 cm EG conditions. But the Logarithmic model was better for 20°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF heating due to the largest R2 with lowest RMSE. The largest Deff value was shown at 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying, followed by 30°C air assisted 16 cm, 17 cm, and 18 cm EG RF heating, and 20°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying. The trend of heating uniformity was the same as that of the Deff value. The evaluated quality parameters of treated whole jujubes showed that 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying had the best quality. Therefore, 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF heating was chosen for drying jujubes due to its faster drying rate and better quality. Keywords: Air temperature, Drying characteristics, Jujube; Quality, Radio frequency heating.
研究了空气温度和电极间隙对射频干燥效率的影响。分析了干燥速率(D r)、干燥曲线的数学建模、加热均匀性、有效水分扩散系数(D eff)和干燥后的质量参数。在微波干燥条件下，降低EG或提高空气温度均可加快干燥速度。加热均匀性的变化趋势与eff值的变化趋势一致。对处理后的全枣品质参数进行评价，结果表明，40℃空气辅助17 cm EG射频干燥的品质最佳。摘要本研究旨在研究空气辅助射频(RF)能量加热整枣的干燥和品质特性。研究了空气温度和电极间隙对射频干燥效率的影响。分析了干燥速率(Dr)、干燥曲线数学建模、加热均匀性、有效水分扩散系数(Deff)和干燥后的质量参数。结果表明，在30℃空气温度或17 cm EG RF干燥条件下，通过将EG从18 cm减少到16 cm或将空气温度从20℃提高到40℃来加速Dr。Midilli模型对30°C射频加热16 cm、17 cm和18 cm EG和40°C射频加热17 cm EG条件下的干燥曲线拟合效果最好。但对于20°C空气辅助的17 cm EG射频加热，对数模型效果更好，因为R2最大，RMSE最低。最大的Deff值显示在40°C空气辅助17 cm EG RF干燥，其次是30°C空气辅助16 cm, 17 cm和18 cm EG RF加热，以及20°C空气辅助17 cm EG RF干燥。加热均匀性的变化趋势与Deff值的变化趋势一致。对处理后的全枣品质参数进行评价，结果表明，40℃空气辅助17 cm EG射频干燥的品质最佳。因此，选择40°C空气辅助17 cm EG射频加热干燥枣子，其干燥速度更快，品质更好。关键词:气温;干燥特性;大枣;品质，射频加热。
{"title":"Drying and Quality Characteristics of Whole Jujubes Subjected to Air Assisted Radio Frequency Heating","authors":"Rui Li, Bo Ni, Gaoji Yang, Juanjuan Xu, Kunhua Wang, Xiangyu Guan, Shaojin Wang","doi":"10.13031/ja.15433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15433","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights The effect of air temperature and electrode gap (EG) on RF drying efficiency was evaluated. Drying rate (D r ), the mathematical modeling of drying curves, heating uniformity, effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (D eff ), and quality parameters after drying were analyzed. Drying rate was accelerated by reducing EG or increasing air temperature under EG RF drying. The trend of heating uniformity was the same as that of D eff value. The evaluated quality parameters of treated whole jujubes showed that 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying had the best quality. Abstract. This study aims to investigate the drying and quality characteristics of whole jujubes heated by air assisted radio frequency (RF) energy. The effect of air temperature and electrode gap (EG) on RF drying efficiency was evaluated. The drying rate (Dr), the mathematical modeling of drying curves, heating uniformity, effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (Deff), and quality parameters after drying were analyzed. The results showed that under the conditions of 30°C air temperature or 17 cm EG RF drying, Dr was accelerated by reducing EG from 18 cm to 16 cm or increasing air temperature from 20°C to 40°C. The Midilli model had the best fitting to drying curves under 30°C RF treatments with 16 cm, 17 cm, and 18 cm EG, and 40°C RF heating with 17 cm EG conditions. But the Logarithmic model was better for 20°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF heating due to the largest R2 with lowest RMSE. The largest Deff value was shown at 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying, followed by 30°C air assisted 16 cm, 17 cm, and 18 cm EG RF heating, and 20°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying. The trend of heating uniformity was the same as that of the Deff value. The evaluated quality parameters of treated whole jujubes showed that 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying had the best quality. Therefore, 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF heating was chosen for drying jujubes due to its faster drying rate and better quality. Keywords: Air temperature, Drying characteristics, Jujube; Quality, Radio frequency heating.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135600683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ChaoFeng Wang, Congyue Wang, Lele Wang, Yuanhong Li, Yubin Lan
Highlights This method has achieved faster detection speed while maintaining accuracy. It is a real-time tracking method that can track dragon fruits in orchard environments in real-time. The introduction of an attention mechanism in the network provides good robustness to changes in lighting and target scale. Abstract. This article addresses the issue of dragon fruit real-time detection in orchard environments and proposes a real-time detection and tracking model for dragon fruit using an improved YOLOv5 object detection algorithm and Deep-sort object tracking algorithm. By applying real-time tracking to dragon fruit harvesting, the tracking algorithm provides timely feedback on the fruit's location, allowing for prompt correction of environmental issues that may affect the accuracy of the harvesting process. This approach enhances the robustness of the target positioning algorithm. First,based on the YOLOv5 object detection algorithm, the Convolutional Block Attention Module and Transformer self-attention mechanism are introduced to construct a YOLOv5s-DFT object detection model that is more suitable for dragon fruit detection. Next, Combining the Deep-sort multi-object tracking algorithm, this article proposes a real-time detection and tracking method for dragon fruit in the orchard environment. The YOLOv5s-DFT model was trained and experimented with using a self-built dataset. The trained model weight is only 19.26% of YOLOv7. The experimental result shows that, while ensuring detection accuracy, YOLOv5s-DFT has a faster detection speed in dragon fruit detection, with an average frame time of 0.01673 s, which is 0.00422 s faster than the original YOLOv5s. When tracking dragon fruit using the Deep-sort tracking algorithm, it can track dragon fruit at a speed of 47.08 frames per second. When utilizing the Deep-sort tracking algorithm to track dragon fruit, it achieves a tracking speed of 47.08 frames per second, enabling real-time acquisition of the fruit's position information. This technology provides technical assistance for the intelligent harvesting of dragon fruit and the intelligent management of dragon fruit orchards. Keywords: Dragon fruit, Improved YOLOv5, Orchard environment, Real-time tracking.
{"title":"Real-Time Tracking Based on Improved YOLOv5 Detection in Orchard Environment for Dragon Fruit","authors":"ChaoFeng Wang, Congyue Wang, Lele Wang, Yuanhong Li, Yubin Lan","doi":"10.13031/ja.15643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15643","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights This method has achieved faster detection speed while maintaining accuracy. It is a real-time tracking method that can track dragon fruits in orchard environments in real-time. The introduction of an attention mechanism in the network provides good robustness to changes in lighting and target scale. Abstract. This article addresses the issue of dragon fruit real-time detection in orchard environments and proposes a real-time detection and tracking model for dragon fruit using an improved YOLOv5 object detection algorithm and Deep-sort object tracking algorithm. By applying real-time tracking to dragon fruit harvesting, the tracking algorithm provides timely feedback on the fruit's location, allowing for prompt correction of environmental issues that may affect the accuracy of the harvesting process. This approach enhances the robustness of the target positioning algorithm. First,based on the YOLOv5 object detection algorithm, the Convolutional Block Attention Module and Transformer self-attention mechanism are introduced to construct a YOLOv5s-DFT object detection model that is more suitable for dragon fruit detection. Next, Combining the Deep-sort multi-object tracking algorithm, this article proposes a real-time detection and tracking method for dragon fruit in the orchard environment. The YOLOv5s-DFT model was trained and experimented with using a self-built dataset. The trained model weight is only 19.26% of YOLOv7. The experimental result shows that, while ensuring detection accuracy, YOLOv5s-DFT has a faster detection speed in dragon fruit detection, with an average frame time of 0.01673 s, which is 0.00422 s faster than the original YOLOv5s. When tracking dragon fruit using the Deep-sort tracking algorithm, it can track dragon fruit at a speed of 47.08 frames per second. When utilizing the Deep-sort tracking algorithm to track dragon fruit, it achieves a tracking speed of 47.08 frames per second, enabling real-time acquisition of the fruit's position information. This technology provides technical assistance for the intelligent harvesting of dragon fruit and the intelligent management of dragon fruit orchards. Keywords: Dragon fruit, Improved YOLOv5, Orchard environment, Real-time tracking.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135601001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights A scoping review was conducted by analyzing 68 articles to identify available literature and connections among digitalization, circular economy, and agri-food applications. Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, and Big Data were the most common Industry 4.0 themes, whereas Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Smart Manufacturing are increasingly adopted within industries. Agri-food industry has unique challenges compared to other industries. Precision agriculture, smart packaging, smart manufacturing, and consumer-level focused solutions are promising. Food industry also faces policy, economic, and social barriers that need to be addressed to digitalize the circular economy. Abstract. Circular Economy (CE) and digitalization are two emerging concepts transforming industries, including the agricultural and food industries. Accordingly, there has been growing research interest in these topics and the potential of digital tools to support the transition toward a CE. The aim of this scoping literature review is to identify the synergies and current state of research on digital tools supporting CE concepts in various industries, with an emphasis on agri-food systems. A total of 68 articles, seven of which focus specifically on the agri-food industry, were reviewed. Current digital tools that can support CE concepts as outlined by the ReSOLVE framework were identified and discussed, along with barriers to implementing digital CE approaches. Results from this review suggest that digital tools such as IoT, Cloud Computing, Advanced Sensing, Digital Twins, Robotics, and AI will play a critical role in enabling CE solutions within agri-food systems. But a holistic approach that addresses policy, economic, and social domains in concert with technological development is needed to achieve a tangible pathway toward the implementation of digital CE solutions. Assessment and adoption of specific digitalization approaches offer numerous opportunities for circular economy transformation within agricultural and food systems. Keywords: Circular economy, Digitalization, Food, Agriculture, Industry 4.0.
{"title":"The Role of Digitalization in Facilitating Circular Economy","authors":"Z. Boz, A. Martin-Ryals","doi":"10.13031/ja.14924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.14924","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights A scoping review was conducted by analyzing 68 articles to identify available literature and connections among digitalization, circular economy, and agri-food applications. Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, and Big Data were the most common Industry 4.0 themes, whereas Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Smart Manufacturing are increasingly adopted within industries. Agri-food industry has unique challenges compared to other industries. Precision agriculture, smart packaging, smart manufacturing, and consumer-level focused solutions are promising. Food industry also faces policy, economic, and social barriers that need to be addressed to digitalize the circular economy. Abstract. Circular Economy (CE) and digitalization are two emerging concepts transforming industries, including the agricultural and food industries. Accordingly, there has been growing research interest in these topics and the potential of digital tools to support the transition toward a CE. The aim of this scoping literature review is to identify the synergies and current state of research on digital tools supporting CE concepts in various industries, with an emphasis on agri-food systems. A total of 68 articles, seven of which focus specifically on the agri-food industry, were reviewed. Current digital tools that can support CE concepts as outlined by the ReSOLVE framework were identified and discussed, along with barriers to implementing digital CE approaches. Results from this review suggest that digital tools such as IoT, Cloud Computing, Advanced Sensing, Digital Twins, Robotics, and AI will play a critical role in enabling CE solutions within agri-food systems. But a holistic approach that addresses policy, economic, and social domains in concert with technological development is needed to achieve a tangible pathway toward the implementation of digital CE solutions. Assessment and adoption of specific digitalization approaches offer numerous opportunities for circular economy transformation within agricultural and food systems. Keywords: Circular economy, Digitalization, Food, Agriculture, Industry 4.0.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89602925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. S. Akinbile, Zifei Liu, Xiaomao Lin, Trisha L. Moore, Weixing Song
Highlights The subjectivity of landowner decisions in prescribed burning was influenced by solar radiation and relative humidity. Landowners preferred to burn when there was less cloud cover, which promoted O3 generation. Proposed optimum weather conditions will reduce the smoke impact on O3. Abstract. Land managers use weather conditions to determine when meteorological and fuel conditions are suitable for prescribed burning. The objectives of this study were: 1) to characterize meteorological parameters’ sensitivities and identify the influential weather parameters connected to daily fire activities; and 2) to identify optimum weather conditions that are practical for mitigating the smoke impact associated with prescribed fires in the Flint Hills region. Machine learning techniques using random forest (RF) with Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values and Pearson correlation were used to identify the relative importance of weather variables and their impact on landowner burn decisions in the Flint Hills region based on historic data from 2003-2019. Results showed that less cloud cover demonstrated superior predictive power in landowner decisions for prescribed burning and largely resulted in elevated ambient ozone (O3). We found out that six days per burning season on average provided the proposed optimum weather conditions, where cloud cover ranged from 10+ to 55%. However, 62% of the total burned area occurred when the cloud cover was less than 10+% during 2003-2019. By changing the current burning occurrence to the proposed optimum weather conditions in our study, the probability of 70+ ppb O3 occurrence could be reduced from 35% to 9% on heavy fire days. Keywords: Cloud cover, Optimum weather conditions, Ozone, Prescribed burning.
{"title":"Optimum Weather Conditions for Prescribed Burning in the Flint Hills Region","authors":"D. S. Akinbile, Zifei Liu, Xiaomao Lin, Trisha L. Moore, Weixing Song","doi":"10.13031/ja.15422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15422","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights The subjectivity of landowner decisions in prescribed burning was influenced by solar radiation and relative humidity. Landowners preferred to burn when there was less cloud cover, which promoted O3 generation. Proposed optimum weather conditions will reduce the smoke impact on O3. Abstract. Land managers use weather conditions to determine when meteorological and fuel conditions are suitable for prescribed burning. The objectives of this study were: 1) to characterize meteorological parameters’ sensitivities and identify the influential weather parameters connected to daily fire activities; and 2) to identify optimum weather conditions that are practical for mitigating the smoke impact associated with prescribed fires in the Flint Hills region. Machine learning techniques using random forest (RF) with Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values and Pearson correlation were used to identify the relative importance of weather variables and their impact on landowner burn decisions in the Flint Hills region based on historic data from 2003-2019. Results showed that less cloud cover demonstrated superior predictive power in landowner decisions for prescribed burning and largely resulted in elevated ambient ozone (O3). We found out that six days per burning season on average provided the proposed optimum weather conditions, where cloud cover ranged from 10+ to 55%. However, 62% of the total burned area occurred when the cloud cover was less than 10+% during 2003-2019. By changing the current burning occurrence to the proposed optimum weather conditions in our study, the probability of 70+ ppb O3 occurrence could be reduced from 35% to 9% on heavy fire days. Keywords: Cloud cover, Optimum weather conditions, Ozone, Prescribed burning.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88355607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) is applied as a nondestructive tool. Impedance and capacitance approaches have been explored to predict the moisture content. The logarithmic function of impedance to capacitance predicts the moisture content precisely. Abstract. Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) is a powerful, nondestructive method to study the electrical properties of biomaterials. The electrical properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf powder was used to investigate the moisture content using the nondestructive approach. Frequency-dependent relationships of impedance and capacitance with moisture content in various combinations have been explored to predict the moisture content precisely. It was found that the logarithmic function of impedance to capacitance could be used to predict the moisture content precisely in the under-investigated frequency range (1–10 MHz) with the highest accuracy, as confirmed by the found statistical support. Keywords: Complex impedance spectroscopy, Moisture estimation, Nondestructive testing, Spinach.
{"title":"Nondestructive Evaluation of Moisture Content for Spinach Leaf Powder Using Complex Impedance Spectroscopy","authors":"Shubhra Shekhar, K. Prasad","doi":"10.13031/ja.14873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.14873","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) is applied as a nondestructive tool. Impedance and capacitance approaches have been explored to predict the moisture content. The logarithmic function of impedance to capacitance predicts the moisture content precisely. Abstract. Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) is a powerful, nondestructive method to study the electrical properties of biomaterials. The electrical properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf powder was used to investigate the moisture content using the nondestructive approach. Frequency-dependent relationships of impedance and capacitance with moisture content in various combinations have been explored to predict the moisture content precisely. It was found that the logarithmic function of impedance to capacitance could be used to predict the moisture content precisely in the under-investigated frequency range (1–10 MHz) with the highest accuracy, as confirmed by the found statistical support. Keywords: Complex impedance spectroscopy, Moisture estimation, Nondestructive testing, Spinach.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74744413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights Laser diffraction analysis of soil particle size distribution is uniquely suited for active turf racetracks. Eight standard sampling locations are shown to be sufficient for characterizing a racing surface. Differences between the three archetypes of turfgrass racing surfaces were significant using laser diffraction. There is a need for consensus on the proper handling of organic content in samples. Abstract. Significant research has focused on North American dirt and synthetic Thoroughbred racing surfaces. Turfgrass racing surfaces have received less consideration. Basic information, including climate and turfgrass species, can be documented relatively easily. However, a key characteristic, the particle size distribution of the growing medium, is not readily available for turf tracks. Particle size distribution and the deviation from nominal values are important to infiltration rate, shear strength, and turf health, as well as being critical for the selection of top-dressing and divot repair sand. The primary difficulty with obtaining the particle size distribution is the relatively large quantity of material required for traditional sedimentation test methods. Sampling an active racing surface could present a risk to the horses and riders. Laser diffraction testing methods present an opportunity to use much smaller samples. The use of smaller samples introduces new questions about the ability of a small sample to represent a large area, such as a racetrack. Tests were carried out with high resolution sampling at one racetrack. By sampling a large number of locations, 96 locations on a single racetrack, the variability of the track could be evaluated, and an eight-sample protocol was developed. Using the eight-location protocol, 22 additional turf racetracks throughout North America were sampled. A total of 23 turf racetracks were tested, representing all three of the designs used for North American turf racetracks. By looking at the three different track designs: engineered profile, engineered profile with fiber, and native soil, appropriate testing parameters and measurements were identified. While the primary objective was to understand turf racetracks, this unique data set also provided a method to investigate the applicability of laser diffraction for the analysis of soil samples. Mineralogy and organic content had previously been identified as important in the measurement of particle size distribution using laser diffraction. Mineralogy and organic content were determined for samples from each surface using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and loss on ignition. The PSD of the three types of turfgrass horse racing surfaces showed significant differences between native soil (N), engineered surfaces without synthetic fibers (EWOF), and engineered surfaces with synthetic fibers (EWF). These basic design descriptions were also found to be sufficient for making reasonable estimates of the settings used in the m
{"title":"Laser Diffraction Particle Size Distribution of North American Turfgrass Horse Racing Surfaces","authors":"P. Schmitt, Victoria L. Stanton, Michael Peterson","doi":"10.13031/ja.15396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15396","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Laser diffraction analysis of soil particle size distribution is uniquely suited for active turf racetracks. Eight standard sampling locations are shown to be sufficient for characterizing a racing surface. Differences between the three archetypes of turfgrass racing surfaces were significant using laser diffraction. There is a need for consensus on the proper handling of organic content in samples. Abstract. Significant research has focused on North American dirt and synthetic Thoroughbred racing surfaces. Turfgrass racing surfaces have received less consideration. Basic information, including climate and turfgrass species, can be documented relatively easily. However, a key characteristic, the particle size distribution of the growing medium, is not readily available for turf tracks. Particle size distribution and the deviation from nominal values are important to infiltration rate, shear strength, and turf health, as well as being critical for the selection of top-dressing and divot repair sand. The primary difficulty with obtaining the particle size distribution is the relatively large quantity of material required for traditional sedimentation test methods. Sampling an active racing surface could present a risk to the horses and riders. Laser diffraction testing methods present an opportunity to use much smaller samples. The use of smaller samples introduces new questions about the ability of a small sample to represent a large area, such as a racetrack. Tests were carried out with high resolution sampling at one racetrack. By sampling a large number of locations, 96 locations on a single racetrack, the variability of the track could be evaluated, and an eight-sample protocol was developed. Using the eight-location protocol, 22 additional turf racetracks throughout North America were sampled. A total of 23 turf racetracks were tested, representing all three of the designs used for North American turf racetracks. By looking at the three different track designs: engineered profile, engineered profile with fiber, and native soil, appropriate testing parameters and measurements were identified. While the primary objective was to understand turf racetracks, this unique data set also provided a method to investigate the applicability of laser diffraction for the analysis of soil samples. Mineralogy and organic content had previously been identified as important in the measurement of particle size distribution using laser diffraction. Mineralogy and organic content were determined for samples from each surface using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and loss on ignition. The PSD of the three types of turfgrass horse racing surfaces showed significant differences between native soil (N), engineered surfaces without synthetic fibers (EWOF), and engineered surfaces with synthetic fibers (EWF). These basic design descriptions were also found to be sufficient for making reasonable estimates of the settings used in the m","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74923299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yumeng Zhao, Mehari Z. Tekeste, Matthew W. Schramm, Matthew Francis Digman
Highlights Mechanical separation whole-plant corn (WPC) was simulated with DEM flexible fibers model. Mass percent WPC was sensitive to DEM particle shape distribution. DEM predicted mass fraction within 10% error compared with ASABE sieving test data. Abstract. Fractionating whole-plant corn (WPC) in a single-pass harvesting system requires studies on the WPC-to-equipment interaction for improved property control, as well as mechanical and air-driven separation processes compared to the traditional multi-pass grain and stover harvesting system. The discrete element method (DEM) technique has the potential to simulate WPC mechanical fractionation and support simulation-based design of WPC separation processes. In this study, methods to develop DEM particle models of WPC (kernel, cob, stalk, and husk) and their material properties for simulating mass fractionation using the ASABE standard mechanical shaker were proposed. Measurement was done on the axial dimensions (major, intermediate, and minor) and mass of each WPC type (mean sample size is 56), sampled from single-pass harvesting. Applying gaussian multivariate regression and bootstrapping re-sampling techniques, a DEM particle approximate to each WPC was developed. Sensitivity analysis of the DEM Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and interaction parameters of coefficient of restitution, coefficient of rolling friction, and coefficient of static friction on mass fraction was performed after 156 ASABE sieve-shaking DEM simulation runs, generated using Latin Hypercube Design (LHD) design of experiment (DOE) from 19 DEM material parameters. DEM simulation using Hertz-Mindlin with flexible bond contact laws and DOE optimized material properties successfully reproduced the mass fractions retained in ASABE sieves at 9.8% mean relative error and a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.87. The DEM methodology developed for mechanical WPC mass fractionation could be deployed to perform virtual design of feedstock handling equipment and performance analysis of mechanical fraction systems. Keywords: Chopped whole-plant corn (WPC), Corn cob, Corn husk, Corn kernel, Corn stalk, Discrete element method (DEM), Flexible-bonded particle.
{"title":"Simulation of Mechanical Fractionation of Chopped Whole-Plant Corn (WPC) Using Discrete Element Method (DEM)","authors":"Yumeng Zhao, Mehari Z. Tekeste, Matthew W. Schramm, Matthew Francis Digman","doi":"10.13031/ja.15315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15315","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Mechanical separation whole-plant corn (WPC) was simulated with DEM flexible fibers model. Mass percent WPC was sensitive to DEM particle shape distribution. DEM predicted mass fraction within 10% error compared with ASABE sieving test data. Abstract. Fractionating whole-plant corn (WPC) in a single-pass harvesting system requires studies on the WPC-to-equipment interaction for improved property control, as well as mechanical and air-driven separation processes compared to the traditional multi-pass grain and stover harvesting system. The discrete element method (DEM) technique has the potential to simulate WPC mechanical fractionation and support simulation-based design of WPC separation processes. In this study, methods to develop DEM particle models of WPC (kernel, cob, stalk, and husk) and their material properties for simulating mass fractionation using the ASABE standard mechanical shaker were proposed. Measurement was done on the axial dimensions (major, intermediate, and minor) and mass of each WPC type (mean sample size is 56), sampled from single-pass harvesting. Applying gaussian multivariate regression and bootstrapping re-sampling techniques, a DEM particle approximate to each WPC was developed. Sensitivity analysis of the DEM Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and interaction parameters of coefficient of restitution, coefficient of rolling friction, and coefficient of static friction on mass fraction was performed after 156 ASABE sieve-shaking DEM simulation runs, generated using Latin Hypercube Design (LHD) design of experiment (DOE) from 19 DEM material parameters. DEM simulation using Hertz-Mindlin with flexible bond contact laws and DOE optimized material properties successfully reproduced the mass fractions retained in ASABE sieves at 9.8% mean relative error and a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.87. The DEM methodology developed for mechanical WPC mass fractionation could be deployed to perform virtual design of feedstock handling equipment and performance analysis of mechanical fraction systems. Keywords: Chopped whole-plant corn (WPC), Corn cob, Corn husk, Corn kernel, Corn stalk, Discrete element method (DEM), Flexible-bonded particle.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134884144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laxmi R. Prasad, Anita M. Thompson, Francisco J. Arriaga, Lydia Koropeckyj-Cox, Yongping Yuan
Highlights No-till and no-till residue systems were effective in reducing runoff particulate and total nutrients but increased dissolved nutrients. Maintaining >30% residue cover reduced most runoff constituents, irrespective of no-till or tillage. No-till-residue prevented runoff nutrient losses and benefitted farm revenue by avoiding tillage. Abstract. Reduced tillage management conservation practices (No-till and Reduced-till) are widely adopted in agriculture; however, understanding their overall effectiveness for water quality protection is challenging. A meta-analysis was conducted to understand and quantify the effectiveness of residue and tillage management on runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from agricultural fields. Annual runoff and the associated sediment, and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) loads were compiled from 60 peer reviewed research articles published across the United States and Canada. A total of 1575 site-years of data were categorized into tillage (<30% surface cover), no-tillage (<30% surface cover), tillage with residue (>30% surface cover), no-tillage with residue (>30% surface cover), and pasture management. No-tillage, no-tillage-residue, and tillage-residue managements were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing runoff, nutrients, and sediment loads compared to tillage. Synthesized and surveyed corn yield data were used to evaluate the economic cost effectiveness of no-tillage-residue management with respect to tillage. Across the site years (1968-2019) studied, median runoff depth for no-tillage and no-tillage-residue were 84% and 70% greater than tillage and tillage-residue management, respectively. No-tillage-residue management had up to 86% less sediment losses than tillage systems, on average, for both >30% and <30% surface cover. No-tillage-residue management was most effective, with a positive performance effectiveness of 65% to 90% in controlling sediments, particulate, and total nutrient losses in runoff compared to tillage. Cost effectiveness analysis revealed the benefits of no-tillage-residue management in reducing nutrient loads and increasing net-farm revenue by avoiding tillage operational costs. Except for dissolved phosphorus, no-tillage-residue management cost effectiveness for sediments and nutrient loads ranged from negative $6 to negative $102 per every Mg or kg of load reduction, indicating it had both economic and environmental benefits compared to tillage management. Overall, these results indicate that over the long-term, no-tillage and tillage, combined with greater than 30% residue cover, can effectively reduce sediment and nutrient losses. This work highlights the importance of crop residues on the soil surface to reduce runoff losses, even in no-tillage systems. Keywords: Conservation tillage, No-tillage, Residue cover, Tillage, Water quality.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Residue and Tillage Management on Runoff Pollutant Reduction from Agricultural Areas","authors":"Laxmi R. Prasad, Anita M. Thompson, Francisco J. Arriaga, Lydia Koropeckyj-Cox, Yongping Yuan","doi":"10.13031/ja.15518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15518","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights No-till and no-till residue systems were effective in reducing runoff particulate and total nutrients but increased dissolved nutrients. Maintaining &gt;30% residue cover reduced most runoff constituents, irrespective of no-till or tillage. No-till-residue prevented runoff nutrient losses and benefitted farm revenue by avoiding tillage. Abstract. Reduced tillage management conservation practices (No-till and Reduced-till) are widely adopted in agriculture; however, understanding their overall effectiveness for water quality protection is challenging. A meta-analysis was conducted to understand and quantify the effectiveness of residue and tillage management on runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from agricultural fields. Annual runoff and the associated sediment, and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) loads were compiled from 60 peer reviewed research articles published across the United States and Canada. A total of 1575 site-years of data were categorized into tillage (&lt;30% surface cover), no-tillage (&lt;30% surface cover), tillage with residue (&gt;30% surface cover), no-tillage with residue (&gt;30% surface cover), and pasture management. No-tillage, no-tillage-residue, and tillage-residue managements were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing runoff, nutrients, and sediment loads compared to tillage. Synthesized and surveyed corn yield data were used to evaluate the economic cost effectiveness of no-tillage-residue management with respect to tillage. Across the site years (1968-2019) studied, median runoff depth for no-tillage and no-tillage-residue were 84% and 70% greater than tillage and tillage-residue management, respectively. No-tillage-residue management had up to 86% less sediment losses than tillage systems, on average, for both &gt;30% and &lt;30% surface cover. No-tillage-residue management was most effective, with a positive performance effectiveness of 65% to 90% in controlling sediments, particulate, and total nutrient losses in runoff compared to tillage. Cost effectiveness analysis revealed the benefits of no-tillage-residue management in reducing nutrient loads and increasing net-farm revenue by avoiding tillage operational costs. Except for dissolved phosphorus, no-tillage-residue management cost effectiveness for sediments and nutrient loads ranged from negative $6 to negative $102 per every Mg or kg of load reduction, indicating it had both economic and environmental benefits compared to tillage management. Overall, these results indicate that over the long-term, no-tillage and tillage, combined with greater than 30% residue cover, can effectively reduce sediment and nutrient losses. This work highlights the importance of crop residues on the soil surface to reduce runoff losses, even in no-tillage systems. Keywords: Conservation tillage, No-tillage, Residue cover, Tillage, Water quality.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135319905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alvin Ray Womac, Erdal Ozkan, Heping Zhu, John Kochendorfer, Hongyoung Jeon, Nataraj Eswarachandra
Highlights Wind tunnels were extensively used to study precision applications of agricultural sprays. Use of wind tunnels significantly contributed to the broad-reaching impact of precision applications. Wind tunnels provide controlled conditions to study a plethora of wide ranging spray variables. Abstract. The objective of this study was to review publications that were representative of wind tunnels and their uses to study variables affecting precision applications of agricultural sprays. Precision application involved the deliberate engineering of sprayers for accurate formation and dispersal of droplets and sprays to enhance spray deposits on targeted crop, foliage, or pest for increased agricultural production with reduced adverse effects to neighboring ecology and the environment. Categorical themes of wind tunnel uses were (1) spray atomization, (2) adjuvant effects, (3) spray drift, (4) spray, air movement, crop foliage interactions, (5) UAV applications, (6) airflow around sprayer, and (7) spray test methods and collections. A discovery was that nozzle design had more impact on droplet size than spray formulation, which emphasized the importance of spray nozzle selection for atomization, and that air induction (AI) venturi nozzles consistently provided reduced spray drift potential. On occasion, some adjuvants marketed as drift reduction agents acted in an opposite manner and decreased droplet size. Wind tunnel use for spray drift had the broadest range of variables studied among conceptual applications and included various nozzles, boom height, product active ingredients, adjuvants, and other variables. Deposits decreased in foliage from upper, middle, to lower foliage heights and decreased with increased wind speed. Low wind turbulence in the canopy did not contribute to deposition. Foliage deposition depended more on droplet size and local ambient winds. Canopy porosity limited the droplet size to less than 100 µm for contribution to deposits internal to the foliage. Wind tunnel use for UAV applications was mostly focused on spray drift for UAV variables such as rotor configurations and payload for mounted or tethered UAV. An ultimate recommendation was to use AI nozzles, reduce application speed, and to use a suitable adjuvant – which was similar to other applications. Contrasting results for the impact of airflow around sprays were reported for vortices around fan spray discharge of a nozzle versus a 4-nozzle boom study that found no differences in velocity and turbulence fields due to the presence or no presence of spray discharge. Spray test methods and collections determined in wind tunnels primarily focused on collection efficiencies for a wide range of spray collectors. Collection efficiencies varied with collector and droplet size. Keywords: Keywords.,Boom sprayer,Droplet size,Droplet trajectory,Nozzle classification,Spray deposit,Spray drift,Spray nozzles.
{"title":"Wind Tunnels and Their Uses to Study Variables Affecting Precision Applications of Agricultural Sprays","authors":"Alvin Ray Womac, Erdal Ozkan, Heping Zhu, John Kochendorfer, Hongyoung Jeon, Nataraj Eswarachandra","doi":"10.13031/ja.15622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15622","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Wind tunnels were extensively used to study precision applications of agricultural sprays. Use of wind tunnels significantly contributed to the broad-reaching impact of precision applications. Wind tunnels provide controlled conditions to study a plethora of wide ranging spray variables. Abstract. The objective of this study was to review publications that were representative of wind tunnels and their uses to study variables affecting precision applications of agricultural sprays. Precision application involved the deliberate engineering of sprayers for accurate formation and dispersal of droplets and sprays to enhance spray deposits on targeted crop, foliage, or pest for increased agricultural production with reduced adverse effects to neighboring ecology and the environment. Categorical themes of wind tunnel uses were (1) spray atomization, (2) adjuvant effects, (3) spray drift, (4) spray, air movement, crop foliage interactions, (5) UAV applications, (6) airflow around sprayer, and (7) spray test methods and collections. A discovery was that nozzle design had more impact on droplet size than spray formulation, which emphasized the importance of spray nozzle selection for atomization, and that air induction (AI) venturi nozzles consistently provided reduced spray drift potential. On occasion, some adjuvants marketed as drift reduction agents acted in an opposite manner and decreased droplet size. Wind tunnel use for spray drift had the broadest range of variables studied among conceptual applications and included various nozzles, boom height, product active ingredients, adjuvants, and other variables. Deposits decreased in foliage from upper, middle, to lower foliage heights and decreased with increased wind speed. Low wind turbulence in the canopy did not contribute to deposition. Foliage deposition depended more on droplet size and local ambient winds. Canopy porosity limited the droplet size to less than 100 µm for contribution to deposits internal to the foliage. Wind tunnel use for UAV applications was mostly focused on spray drift for UAV variables such as rotor configurations and payload for mounted or tethered UAV. An ultimate recommendation was to use AI nozzles, reduce application speed, and to use a suitable adjuvant – which was similar to other applications. Contrasting results for the impact of airflow around sprays were reported for vortices around fan spray discharge of a nozzle versus a 4-nozzle boom study that found no differences in velocity and turbulence fields due to the presence or no presence of spray discharge. Spray test methods and collections determined in wind tunnels primarily focused on collection efficiencies for a wide range of spray collectors. Collection efficiencies varied with collector and droplet size. Keywords: Keywords.,Boom sprayer,Droplet size,Droplet trajectory,Nozzle classification,Spray deposit,Spray drift,Spray nozzles.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136003529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：