Highlights Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) is applied as a nondestructive tool. Impedance and capacitance approaches have been explored to predict the moisture content. The logarithmic function of impedance to capacitance predicts the moisture content precisely. Abstract. Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) is a powerful, nondestructive method to study the electrical properties of biomaterials. The electrical properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf powder was used to investigate the moisture content using the nondestructive approach. Frequency-dependent relationships of impedance and capacitance with moisture content in various combinations have been explored to predict the moisture content precisely. It was found that the logarithmic function of impedance to capacitance could be used to predict the moisture content precisely in the under-investigated frequency range (1–10 MHz) with the highest accuracy, as confirmed by the found statistical support. Keywords: Complex impedance spectroscopy, Moisture estimation, Nondestructive testing, Spinach.
{"title":"Nondestructive Evaluation of Moisture Content for Spinach Leaf Powder Using Complex Impedance Spectroscopy","authors":"Shubhra Shekhar, K. Prasad","doi":"10.13031/ja.14873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.14873","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) is applied as a nondestructive tool. Impedance and capacitance approaches have been explored to predict the moisture content. The logarithmic function of impedance to capacitance predicts the moisture content precisely. Abstract. Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) is a powerful, nondestructive method to study the electrical properties of biomaterials. The electrical properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf powder was used to investigate the moisture content using the nondestructive approach. Frequency-dependent relationships of impedance and capacitance with moisture content in various combinations have been explored to predict the moisture content precisely. It was found that the logarithmic function of impedance to capacitance could be used to predict the moisture content precisely in the under-investigated frequency range (1–10 MHz) with the highest accuracy, as confirmed by the found statistical support. Keywords: Complex impedance spectroscopy, Moisture estimation, Nondestructive testing, Spinach.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74744413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights The thermal balance model body temperature and respiration rate results compared well with published data. Model results were commonly within one standard deviation of reported averages. Research that measures more model inputs, coefficients, and results is needed. The thermal balance model can be used to identify heat stress factors and assess mitigation practices. Abstract. A steady-state process-based lactating cow thermal balance spreadsheet model developed by Nelson and Janni (in press) was compared to mean measured body temperatures, respiration rates, and skin temperatures from two published studies (Gebremedhin et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2015). Model body temperatures were also compared with reticular temperatures from cows standing in unshaded paddocks that were part of a solar shade study (Sharpe et al., 2021). Gebremedhin et al. (2010) reported measured mean rectal temperatures, 39.4 ± 0.5 C and 40.6 ± 0.4 C for hot and dry conditions with and without a solar load; model body temperatures for similar hot and dry conditions were 39.7 C and 40.6 C with and without a solar load, respectively. Model respiration rates were within one standard deviation of measured mean respiration rates (Gebremedhin et al., 2010). The model body temperature for a baseline condition was 39.1°C, which was within 0.1°C of the mean baseline temperature of 39.2 ± 0.6°C (Chen et al., 2015). The model respiration rate was 63 breaths per minute (bpm); much lower than the reported baseline respiration rate of 88 bpm (Chen et al., 2015). Model body temperatures were 0.1°C to 0.7°C lower than the measured mean reticular temperatures of standing cows in non-shaded paddocks with solar loads when ambient temperatures ranged from 24.4°C to 26.5°C. Model results compared well with mean measured parameters from three studies. The model can be used to assess the impact of factors affecting heat exchange (e.g., body mass, milk yield, solar load, air dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and air velocity) on heat exchange flux, cow respiration rate, and body temperature. Keywords: Body temperature, Dairy, Heat stress, Lactating cow, Respiration rate, Thermal balance model.
热平衡模型的体温和呼吸速率结果与已发表的数据比较良好。模型结果通常在报告平均值的一个标准差范围内。研究需要测量更多的模型输入、系数和结果。热平衡模型可用于确定热应力因素和评估缓解措施。摘要由Nelson和Janni(已出版)开发的基于稳态过程的泌乳奶牛热平衡电子表格模型与两项已发表的研究(Gebremedhin等人，2010;陈等人，2015)。模型体温还与奶牛站在无遮阳围场的网状温度进行了比较，这是遮阳研究的一部分(Sharpe et al.， 2021)。Gebremedhin等人(2010)报告了在有和没有太阳能负荷的干热条件下测量的直肠平均温度，分别为39.4±0.5℃和40.6±0.4℃;在类似的炎热和干燥条件下，模型体温分别为39.7摄氏度和40.6摄氏度，有和没有太阳能负荷。模型呼吸速率在测量的平均呼吸速率的一个标准差内(Gebremedhin et al.， 2010)。基线条件下的模型体温为39.1°C，与平均基线温度(39.2±0.6°C)相差0.1°C (Chen et al.， 2015)。模型呼吸速率为63次/分钟(bpm);远低于报告的基线呼吸速率88 bpm (Chen et al.， 2015)。当环境温度在24.4°C至26.5°C之间时，模型体温比无遮蔽围场中有太阳负荷的奶牛的平均网状温度低0.1°C至0.7°C。模型结果与三个研究的平均测量参数比较良好。该模型可用于评估影响热交换的因素(如体重、产奶量、太阳能负荷、空气干球温度、露点温度和风速)对热交换通量、奶牛呼吸速率和体温的影响。关键词:体温，奶牛，热应激，泌乳奶牛，呼吸速率，热平衡模型
{"title":"Dairy Cow Thermal Balance Model During Heat Stress: Part 2. Model Assessment","authors":"K. Janni, Chad R. Nelson, B. J. Heins, K. Sharpe","doi":"10.13031/ja.15191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15191","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights The thermal balance model body temperature and respiration rate results compared well with published data. Model results were commonly within one standard deviation of reported averages. Research that measures more model inputs, coefficients, and results is needed. The thermal balance model can be used to identify heat stress factors and assess mitigation practices. Abstract. A steady-state process-based lactating cow thermal balance spreadsheet model developed by Nelson and Janni (in press) was compared to mean measured body temperatures, respiration rates, and skin temperatures from two published studies (Gebremedhin et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2015). Model body temperatures were also compared with reticular temperatures from cows standing in unshaded paddocks that were part of a solar shade study (Sharpe et al., 2021). Gebremedhin et al. (2010) reported measured mean rectal temperatures, 39.4 ± 0.5 C and 40.6 ± 0.4 C for hot and dry conditions with and without a solar load; model body temperatures for similar hot and dry conditions were 39.7 C and 40.6 C with and without a solar load, respectively. Model respiration rates were within one standard deviation of measured mean respiration rates (Gebremedhin et al., 2010). The model body temperature for a baseline condition was 39.1°C, which was within 0.1°C of the mean baseline temperature of 39.2 ± 0.6°C (Chen et al., 2015). The model respiration rate was 63 breaths per minute (bpm); much lower than the reported baseline respiration rate of 88 bpm (Chen et al., 2015). Model body temperatures were 0.1°C to 0.7°C lower than the measured mean reticular temperatures of standing cows in non-shaded paddocks with solar loads when ambient temperatures ranged from 24.4°C to 26.5°C. Model results compared well with mean measured parameters from three studies. The model can be used to assess the impact of factors affecting heat exchange (e.g., body mass, milk yield, solar load, air dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and air velocity) on heat exchange flux, cow respiration rate, and body temperature. Keywords: Body temperature, Dairy, Heat stress, Lactating cow, Respiration rate, Thermal balance model.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90143918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Marek, S. Evett, K. Thorp, Kendall C. DeJonge, T. Marek, D. Brauer
Highlights Losses for MESA and LESA were comparable on the day of irrigation and oftentimes greater for the subsequent day. Losses were greater due to incomplete canopy conditions for both MESA and LESA on both days. Evaporative losses from irrigation extended to at least the subsequent day following irrigation in most cases. Losses over two days accounted for as much as 39.5% and 28.0% of irrigation depth for MESA and LESA, respectively. Abstract. Effective irrigation systems that increase crop water productivity by minimizing evaporative losses are paramount for extending the longevity of finite groundwater resources in the semi-arid U.S. Southern High Plains (SHP). Although subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) acreage has increased in recent years, center-pivot sprinkler systems still account for greater than 85% of the irrigated area in the SHP. Modern sprinkler configurations are typically classified according to application height as either mid-elevation spray application (MESA) or low-elevation spray application (LESA). While application drift and evaporative losses are easily measured under fallow conditions, quantifying evaporative losses under cropped conditions is difficult. Lysimeter-derived daily evapotranspiration (ET) values for SDI-irrigated and sprinkler-irrigated fields planted to corn in 2016 (MESA) and 2018 (LESA) near Bushland, TX, were compared for days when sprinkler irrigation events occurred and for subsequent days, when possible. Differences (extra ET) were attributed to evaporative losses associated with MESA and LESA irrigation. Average daily extra ET values for both sprinkler irrigation methods were similar on the day of irrigation, although MESA was slightly larger than LESA at 1.4 and 1.2 mm, respectively. The average daily extra ET values for incomplete canopy conditions were 2.2 mm for MESA and 1.9 mm for LESA, while values were identical for both methods at 0.6 mm for full canopy conditions. Average daily extra ET values were also expressed as a percentage of daily standardized grass reference ET (ETos) values. Average values for MESA and LESA were 20.1% and 13.5%, respectively, for the season, with similar findings of 29.3% and 19.4% for incomplete canopy conditions. Average extra ET/ETos values for incomplete canopy conditions were similar at 7.5% and 7.7% for MESA and LESA, respectively. Evaporative irrigation losses, calculated as the percentage of extra ET to irrigation depth, were slightly larger overall for the day of irrigation for MESA (5.4%) than LESA (5.2%). Losses of 7.9% and 7.0% were observed for incomplete canopy conditions for MESA and LESA, respectively. Average losses for LESA (3.5%) under full canopy conditions were greater than those for MESA (1.9%). A comparison of extra ET values for days following irrigation revealed that evaporative losses from irrigation events extended beyond the day of irrigation. MESA extra ET values for the day following irrigations increa
{"title":"Characterizing Evaporative Losses From Sprinkler Irrigation Using Large Weighing Lysimeters","authors":"G. Marek, S. Evett, K. Thorp, Kendall C. DeJonge, T. Marek, D. Brauer","doi":"10.13031/ja.15300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15300","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Losses for MESA and LESA were comparable on the day of irrigation and oftentimes greater for the subsequent day. Losses were greater due to incomplete canopy conditions for both MESA and LESA on both days. Evaporative losses from irrigation extended to at least the subsequent day following irrigation in most cases. Losses over two days accounted for as much as 39.5% and 28.0% of irrigation depth for MESA and LESA, respectively. Abstract. Effective irrigation systems that increase crop water productivity by minimizing evaporative losses are paramount for extending the longevity of finite groundwater resources in the semi-arid U.S. Southern High Plains (SHP). Although subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) acreage has increased in recent years, center-pivot sprinkler systems still account for greater than 85% of the irrigated area in the SHP. Modern sprinkler configurations are typically classified according to application height as either mid-elevation spray application (MESA) or low-elevation spray application (LESA). While application drift and evaporative losses are easily measured under fallow conditions, quantifying evaporative losses under cropped conditions is difficult. Lysimeter-derived daily evapotranspiration (ET) values for SDI-irrigated and sprinkler-irrigated fields planted to corn in 2016 (MESA) and 2018 (LESA) near Bushland, TX, were compared for days when sprinkler irrigation events occurred and for subsequent days, when possible. Differences (extra ET) were attributed to evaporative losses associated with MESA and LESA irrigation. Average daily extra ET values for both sprinkler irrigation methods were similar on the day of irrigation, although MESA was slightly larger than LESA at 1.4 and 1.2 mm, respectively. The average daily extra ET values for incomplete canopy conditions were 2.2 mm for MESA and 1.9 mm for LESA, while values were identical for both methods at 0.6 mm for full canopy conditions. Average daily extra ET values were also expressed as a percentage of daily standardized grass reference ET (ETos) values. Average values for MESA and LESA were 20.1% and 13.5%, respectively, for the season, with similar findings of 29.3% and 19.4% for incomplete canopy conditions. Average extra ET/ETos values for incomplete canopy conditions were similar at 7.5% and 7.7% for MESA and LESA, respectively. Evaporative irrigation losses, calculated as the percentage of extra ET to irrigation depth, were slightly larger overall for the day of irrigation for MESA (5.4%) than LESA (5.2%). Losses of 7.9% and 7.0% were observed for incomplete canopy conditions for MESA and LESA, respectively. Average losses for LESA (3.5%) under full canopy conditions were greater than those for MESA (1.9%). A comparison of extra ET values for days following irrigation revealed that evaporative losses from irrigation events extended beyond the day of irrigation. MESA extra ET values for the day following irrigations increa","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82035916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights A scoping review was conducted by analyzing 68 articles to identify available literature and connections among digitalization, circular economy, and agri-food applications. Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, and Big Data were the most common Industry 4.0 themes, whereas Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Smart Manufacturing are increasingly adopted within industries. Agri-food industry has unique challenges compared to other industries. Precision agriculture, smart packaging, smart manufacturing, and consumer-level focused solutions are promising. Food industry also faces policy, economic, and social barriers that need to be addressed to digitalize the circular economy. Abstract. Circular Economy (CE) and digitalization are two emerging concepts transforming industries, including the agricultural and food industries. Accordingly, there has been growing research interest in these topics and the potential of digital tools to support the transition toward a CE. The aim of this scoping literature review is to identify the synergies and current state of research on digital tools supporting CE concepts in various industries, with an emphasis on agri-food systems. A total of 68 articles, seven of which focus specifically on the agri-food industry, were reviewed. Current digital tools that can support CE concepts as outlined by the ReSOLVE framework were identified and discussed, along with barriers to implementing digital CE approaches. Results from this review suggest that digital tools such as IoT, Cloud Computing, Advanced Sensing, Digital Twins, Robotics, and AI will play a critical role in enabling CE solutions within agri-food systems. But a holistic approach that addresses policy, economic, and social domains in concert with technological development is needed to achieve a tangible pathway toward the implementation of digital CE solutions. Assessment and adoption of specific digitalization approaches offer numerous opportunities for circular economy transformation within agricultural and food systems. Keywords: Circular economy, Digitalization, Food, Agriculture, Industry 4.0.
{"title":"The Role of Digitalization in Facilitating Circular Economy","authors":"Z. Boz, A. Martin-Ryals","doi":"10.13031/ja.14924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.14924","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights A scoping review was conducted by analyzing 68 articles to identify available literature and connections among digitalization, circular economy, and agri-food applications. Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, and Big Data were the most common Industry 4.0 themes, whereas Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Smart Manufacturing are increasingly adopted within industries. Agri-food industry has unique challenges compared to other industries. Precision agriculture, smart packaging, smart manufacturing, and consumer-level focused solutions are promising. Food industry also faces policy, economic, and social barriers that need to be addressed to digitalize the circular economy. Abstract. Circular Economy (CE) and digitalization are two emerging concepts transforming industries, including the agricultural and food industries. Accordingly, there has been growing research interest in these topics and the potential of digital tools to support the transition toward a CE. The aim of this scoping literature review is to identify the synergies and current state of research on digital tools supporting CE concepts in various industries, with an emphasis on agri-food systems. A total of 68 articles, seven of which focus specifically on the agri-food industry, were reviewed. Current digital tools that can support CE concepts as outlined by the ReSOLVE framework were identified and discussed, along with barriers to implementing digital CE approaches. Results from this review suggest that digital tools such as IoT, Cloud Computing, Advanced Sensing, Digital Twins, Robotics, and AI will play a critical role in enabling CE solutions within agri-food systems. But a holistic approach that addresses policy, economic, and social domains in concert with technological development is needed to achieve a tangible pathway toward the implementation of digital CE solutions. Assessment and adoption of specific digitalization approaches offer numerous opportunities for circular economy transformation within agricultural and food systems. Keywords: Circular economy, Digitalization, Food, Agriculture, Industry 4.0.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89602925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. S. Akinbile, Zifei Liu, Xiaomao Lin, Trisha L. Moore, Weixing Song
Highlights The subjectivity of landowner decisions in prescribed burning was influenced by solar radiation and relative humidity. Landowners preferred to burn when there was less cloud cover, which promoted O3 generation. Proposed optimum weather conditions will reduce the smoke impact on O3. Abstract. Land managers use weather conditions to determine when meteorological and fuel conditions are suitable for prescribed burning. The objectives of this study were: 1) to characterize meteorological parameters’ sensitivities and identify the influential weather parameters connected to daily fire activities; and 2) to identify optimum weather conditions that are practical for mitigating the smoke impact associated with prescribed fires in the Flint Hills region. Machine learning techniques using random forest (RF) with Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values and Pearson correlation were used to identify the relative importance of weather variables and their impact on landowner burn decisions in the Flint Hills region based on historic data from 2003-2019. Results showed that less cloud cover demonstrated superior predictive power in landowner decisions for prescribed burning and largely resulted in elevated ambient ozone (O3). We found out that six days per burning season on average provided the proposed optimum weather conditions, where cloud cover ranged from 10+ to 55%. However, 62% of the total burned area occurred when the cloud cover was less than 10+% during 2003-2019. By changing the current burning occurrence to the proposed optimum weather conditions in our study, the probability of 70+ ppb O3 occurrence could be reduced from 35% to 9% on heavy fire days. Keywords: Cloud cover, Optimum weather conditions, Ozone, Prescribed burning.
{"title":"Optimum Weather Conditions for Prescribed Burning in the Flint Hills Region","authors":"D. S. Akinbile, Zifei Liu, Xiaomao Lin, Trisha L. Moore, Weixing Song","doi":"10.13031/ja.15422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15422","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights The subjectivity of landowner decisions in prescribed burning was influenced by solar radiation and relative humidity. Landowners preferred to burn when there was less cloud cover, which promoted O3 generation. Proposed optimum weather conditions will reduce the smoke impact on O3. Abstract. Land managers use weather conditions to determine when meteorological and fuel conditions are suitable for prescribed burning. The objectives of this study were: 1) to characterize meteorological parameters’ sensitivities and identify the influential weather parameters connected to daily fire activities; and 2) to identify optimum weather conditions that are practical for mitigating the smoke impact associated with prescribed fires in the Flint Hills region. Machine learning techniques using random forest (RF) with Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values and Pearson correlation were used to identify the relative importance of weather variables and their impact on landowner burn decisions in the Flint Hills region based on historic data from 2003-2019. Results showed that less cloud cover demonstrated superior predictive power in landowner decisions for prescribed burning and largely resulted in elevated ambient ozone (O3). We found out that six days per burning season on average provided the proposed optimum weather conditions, where cloud cover ranged from 10+ to 55%. However, 62% of the total burned area occurred when the cloud cover was less than 10+% during 2003-2019. By changing the current burning occurrence to the proposed optimum weather conditions in our study, the probability of 70+ ppb O3 occurrence could be reduced from 35% to 9% on heavy fire days. Keywords: Cloud cover, Optimum weather conditions, Ozone, Prescribed burning.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88355607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Li, Bo Ni, Gaoji Yang, Juanjuan Xu, Kunhua Wang, Xiangyu Guan, Shaojin Wang
Highlights The effect of air temperature and electrode gap (EG) on RF drying efficiency was evaluated. Drying rate (D r ), the mathematical modeling of drying curves, heating uniformity, effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (D eff ), and quality parameters after drying were analyzed. Drying rate was accelerated by reducing EG or increasing air temperature under EG RF drying. The trend of heating uniformity was the same as that of D eff value. The evaluated quality parameters of treated whole jujubes showed that 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying had the best quality. Abstract. This study aims to investigate the drying and quality characteristics of whole jujubes heated by air assisted radio frequency (RF) energy. The effect of air temperature and electrode gap (EG) on RF drying efficiency was evaluated. The drying rate (Dr), the mathematical modeling of drying curves, heating uniformity, effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (Deff), and quality parameters after drying were analyzed. The results showed that under the conditions of 30°C air temperature or 17 cm EG RF drying, Dr was accelerated by reducing EG from 18 cm to 16 cm or increasing air temperature from 20°C to 40°C. The Midilli model had the best fitting to drying curves under 30°C RF treatments with 16 cm, 17 cm, and 18 cm EG, and 40°C RF heating with 17 cm EG conditions. But the Logarithmic model was better for 20°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF heating due to the largest R2 with lowest RMSE. The largest Deff value was shown at 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying, followed by 30°C air assisted 16 cm, 17 cm, and 18 cm EG RF heating, and 20°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying. The trend of heating uniformity was the same as that of the Deff value. The evaluated quality parameters of treated whole jujubes showed that 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying had the best quality. Therefore, 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF heating was chosen for drying jujubes due to its faster drying rate and better quality. Keywords: Air temperature, Drying characteristics, Jujube; Quality, Radio frequency heating.
研究了空气温度和电极间隙对射频干燥效率的影响。分析了干燥速率(D r)、干燥曲线的数学建模、加热均匀性、有效水分扩散系数(D eff)和干燥后的质量参数。在微波干燥条件下，降低EG或提高空气温度均可加快干燥速度。加热均匀性的变化趋势与eff值的变化趋势一致。对处理后的全枣品质参数进行评价，结果表明，40℃空气辅助17 cm EG射频干燥的品质最佳。摘要本研究旨在研究空气辅助射频(RF)能量加热整枣的干燥和品质特性。研究了空气温度和电极间隙对射频干燥效率的影响。分析了干燥速率(Dr)、干燥曲线数学建模、加热均匀性、有效水分扩散系数(Deff)和干燥后的质量参数。结果表明，在30℃空气温度或17 cm EG RF干燥条件下，通过将EG从18 cm减少到16 cm或将空气温度从20℃提高到40℃来加速Dr。Midilli模型对30°C射频加热16 cm、17 cm和18 cm EG和40°C射频加热17 cm EG条件下的干燥曲线拟合效果最好。但对于20°C空气辅助的17 cm EG射频加热，对数模型效果更好，因为R2最大，RMSE最低。最大的Deff值显示在40°C空气辅助17 cm EG RF干燥，其次是30°C空气辅助16 cm, 17 cm和18 cm EG RF加热，以及20°C空气辅助17 cm EG RF干燥。加热均匀性的变化趋势与Deff值的变化趋势一致。对处理后的全枣品质参数进行评价，结果表明，40℃空气辅助17 cm EG射频干燥的品质最佳。因此，选择40°C空气辅助17 cm EG射频加热干燥枣子，其干燥速度更快，品质更好。关键词:气温;干燥特性;大枣;品质，射频加热。
{"title":"Drying and Quality Characteristics of Whole Jujubes Subjected to Air Assisted Radio Frequency Heating","authors":"Rui Li, Bo Ni, Gaoji Yang, Juanjuan Xu, Kunhua Wang, Xiangyu Guan, Shaojin Wang","doi":"10.13031/ja.15433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15433","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights The effect of air temperature and electrode gap (EG) on RF drying efficiency was evaluated. Drying rate (D r ), the mathematical modeling of drying curves, heating uniformity, effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (D eff ), and quality parameters after drying were analyzed. Drying rate was accelerated by reducing EG or increasing air temperature under EG RF drying. The trend of heating uniformity was the same as that of D eff value. The evaluated quality parameters of treated whole jujubes showed that 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying had the best quality. Abstract. This study aims to investigate the drying and quality characteristics of whole jujubes heated by air assisted radio frequency (RF) energy. The effect of air temperature and electrode gap (EG) on RF drying efficiency was evaluated. The drying rate (Dr), the mathematical modeling of drying curves, heating uniformity, effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (Deff), and quality parameters after drying were analyzed. The results showed that under the conditions of 30°C air temperature or 17 cm EG RF drying, Dr was accelerated by reducing EG from 18 cm to 16 cm or increasing air temperature from 20°C to 40°C. The Midilli model had the best fitting to drying curves under 30°C RF treatments with 16 cm, 17 cm, and 18 cm EG, and 40°C RF heating with 17 cm EG conditions. But the Logarithmic model was better for 20°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF heating due to the largest R2 with lowest RMSE. The largest Deff value was shown at 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying, followed by 30°C air assisted 16 cm, 17 cm, and 18 cm EG RF heating, and 20°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying. The trend of heating uniformity was the same as that of the Deff value. The evaluated quality parameters of treated whole jujubes showed that 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF drying had the best quality. Therefore, 40°C air assisted 17 cm EG RF heating was chosen for drying jujubes due to its faster drying rate and better quality. Keywords: Air temperature, Drying characteristics, Jujube; Quality, Radio frequency heating.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135600683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ChaoFeng Wang, Congyue Wang, Lele Wang, Yuanhong Li, Yubin Lan
Highlights This method has achieved faster detection speed while maintaining accuracy. It is a real-time tracking method that can track dragon fruits in orchard environments in real-time. The introduction of an attention mechanism in the network provides good robustness to changes in lighting and target scale. Abstract. This article addresses the issue of dragon fruit real-time detection in orchard environments and proposes a real-time detection and tracking model for dragon fruit using an improved YOLOv5 object detection algorithm and Deep-sort object tracking algorithm. By applying real-time tracking to dragon fruit harvesting, the tracking algorithm provides timely feedback on the fruit's location, allowing for prompt correction of environmental issues that may affect the accuracy of the harvesting process. This approach enhances the robustness of the target positioning algorithm. First,based on the YOLOv5 object detection algorithm, the Convolutional Block Attention Module and Transformer self-attention mechanism are introduced to construct a YOLOv5s-DFT object detection model that is more suitable for dragon fruit detection. Next, Combining the Deep-sort multi-object tracking algorithm, this article proposes a real-time detection and tracking method for dragon fruit in the orchard environment. The YOLOv5s-DFT model was trained and experimented with using a self-built dataset. The trained model weight is only 19.26% of YOLOv7. The experimental result shows that, while ensuring detection accuracy, YOLOv5s-DFT has a faster detection speed in dragon fruit detection, with an average frame time of 0.01673 s, which is 0.00422 s faster than the original YOLOv5s. When tracking dragon fruit using the Deep-sort tracking algorithm, it can track dragon fruit at a speed of 47.08 frames per second. When utilizing the Deep-sort tracking algorithm to track dragon fruit, it achieves a tracking speed of 47.08 frames per second, enabling real-time acquisition of the fruit's position information. This technology provides technical assistance for the intelligent harvesting of dragon fruit and the intelligent management of dragon fruit orchards. Keywords: Dragon fruit, Improved YOLOv5, Orchard environment, Real-time tracking.
{"title":"Real-Time Tracking Based on Improved YOLOv5 Detection in Orchard Environment for Dragon Fruit","authors":"ChaoFeng Wang, Congyue Wang, Lele Wang, Yuanhong Li, Yubin Lan","doi":"10.13031/ja.15643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15643","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights This method has achieved faster detection speed while maintaining accuracy. It is a real-time tracking method that can track dragon fruits in orchard environments in real-time. The introduction of an attention mechanism in the network provides good robustness to changes in lighting and target scale. Abstract. This article addresses the issue of dragon fruit real-time detection in orchard environments and proposes a real-time detection and tracking model for dragon fruit using an improved YOLOv5 object detection algorithm and Deep-sort object tracking algorithm. By applying real-time tracking to dragon fruit harvesting, the tracking algorithm provides timely feedback on the fruit's location, allowing for prompt correction of environmental issues that may affect the accuracy of the harvesting process. This approach enhances the robustness of the target positioning algorithm. First,based on the YOLOv5 object detection algorithm, the Convolutional Block Attention Module and Transformer self-attention mechanism are introduced to construct a YOLOv5s-DFT object detection model that is more suitable for dragon fruit detection. Next, Combining the Deep-sort multi-object tracking algorithm, this article proposes a real-time detection and tracking method for dragon fruit in the orchard environment. The YOLOv5s-DFT model was trained and experimented with using a self-built dataset. The trained model weight is only 19.26% of YOLOv7. The experimental result shows that, while ensuring detection accuracy, YOLOv5s-DFT has a faster detection speed in dragon fruit detection, with an average frame time of 0.01673 s, which is 0.00422 s faster than the original YOLOv5s. When tracking dragon fruit using the Deep-sort tracking algorithm, it can track dragon fruit at a speed of 47.08 frames per second. When utilizing the Deep-sort tracking algorithm to track dragon fruit, it achieves a tracking speed of 47.08 frames per second, enabling real-time acquisition of the fruit's position information. This technology provides technical assistance for the intelligent harvesting of dragon fruit and the intelligent management of dragon fruit orchards. Keywords: Dragon fruit, Improved YOLOv5, Orchard environment, Real-time tracking.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135601001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yumeng Zhao, Mehari Z. Tekeste, Matthew W. Schramm, Matthew Francis Digman
Highlights Mechanical separation whole-plant corn (WPC) was simulated with DEM flexible fibers model. Mass percent WPC was sensitive to DEM particle shape distribution. DEM predicted mass fraction within 10% error compared with ASABE sieving test data. Abstract. Fractionating whole-plant corn (WPC) in a single-pass harvesting system requires studies on the WPC-to-equipment interaction for improved property control, as well as mechanical and air-driven separation processes compared to the traditional multi-pass grain and stover harvesting system. The discrete element method (DEM) technique has the potential to simulate WPC mechanical fractionation and support simulation-based design of WPC separation processes. In this study, methods to develop DEM particle models of WPC (kernel, cob, stalk, and husk) and their material properties for simulating mass fractionation using the ASABE standard mechanical shaker were proposed. Measurement was done on the axial dimensions (major, intermediate, and minor) and mass of each WPC type (mean sample size is 56), sampled from single-pass harvesting. Applying gaussian multivariate regression and bootstrapping re-sampling techniques, a DEM particle approximate to each WPC was developed. Sensitivity analysis of the DEM Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and interaction parameters of coefficient of restitution, coefficient of rolling friction, and coefficient of static friction on mass fraction was performed after 156 ASABE sieve-shaking DEM simulation runs, generated using Latin Hypercube Design (LHD) design of experiment (DOE) from 19 DEM material parameters. DEM simulation using Hertz-Mindlin with flexible bond contact laws and DOE optimized material properties successfully reproduced the mass fractions retained in ASABE sieves at 9.8% mean relative error and a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.87. The DEM methodology developed for mechanical WPC mass fractionation could be deployed to perform virtual design of feedstock handling equipment and performance analysis of mechanical fraction systems. Keywords: Chopped whole-plant corn (WPC), Corn cob, Corn husk, Corn kernel, Corn stalk, Discrete element method (DEM), Flexible-bonded particle.
{"title":"Simulation of Mechanical Fractionation of Chopped Whole-Plant Corn (WPC) Using Discrete Element Method (DEM)","authors":"Yumeng Zhao, Mehari Z. Tekeste, Matthew W. Schramm, Matthew Francis Digman","doi":"10.13031/ja.15315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15315","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Mechanical separation whole-plant corn (WPC) was simulated with DEM flexible fibers model. Mass percent WPC was sensitive to DEM particle shape distribution. DEM predicted mass fraction within 10% error compared with ASABE sieving test data. Abstract. Fractionating whole-plant corn (WPC) in a single-pass harvesting system requires studies on the WPC-to-equipment interaction for improved property control, as well as mechanical and air-driven separation processes compared to the traditional multi-pass grain and stover harvesting system. The discrete element method (DEM) technique has the potential to simulate WPC mechanical fractionation and support simulation-based design of WPC separation processes. In this study, methods to develop DEM particle models of WPC (kernel, cob, stalk, and husk) and their material properties for simulating mass fractionation using the ASABE standard mechanical shaker were proposed. Measurement was done on the axial dimensions (major, intermediate, and minor) and mass of each WPC type (mean sample size is 56), sampled from single-pass harvesting. Applying gaussian multivariate regression and bootstrapping re-sampling techniques, a DEM particle approximate to each WPC was developed. Sensitivity analysis of the DEM Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and interaction parameters of coefficient of restitution, coefficient of rolling friction, and coefficient of static friction on mass fraction was performed after 156 ASABE sieve-shaking DEM simulation runs, generated using Latin Hypercube Design (LHD) design of experiment (DOE) from 19 DEM material parameters. DEM simulation using Hertz-Mindlin with flexible bond contact laws and DOE optimized material properties successfully reproduced the mass fractions retained in ASABE sieves at 9.8% mean relative error and a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.87. The DEM methodology developed for mechanical WPC mass fractionation could be deployed to perform virtual design of feedstock handling equipment and performance analysis of mechanical fraction systems. Keywords: Chopped whole-plant corn (WPC), Corn cob, Corn husk, Corn kernel, Corn stalk, Discrete element method (DEM), Flexible-bonded particle.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134884144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights A precision regulation architecture of prataculture based on agriculture cyber-physical system (PRACPS) was proposed. The PRACPS-ALFA model was designed and implemented through the actual physical environment and Ptolemy tool. The PRACPS-ALFA has good applicability in the Ningxia irrigation area of the Yellow River. The architecture can achieve precise water regulation of forage under a complex physical environment. Abstract. Because the architecture of prataculture precision irrigation cannot dynamically track forage growth and change in future physical environments, a precision regulation architecture of prataculture based on an agriculture cyber-physical system (PRACPS) is proposed. We use the most widely planted alfalfa as an example and design an alfalfa application architecture based on the PRACPS (PRACPS-ALFA). An alfalfa growth model based on water factor was built into the PRACPS-ALFA. We discuss the construction methods of the physical space, the cyber space, and the cyber-physical interaction interfaces. The PRACPS-ALFA is designed and implemented through the actual physical environment and the Ptolemy tool. Four evaluation indices are designed to evaluate the applicability and accuracy of the architecture. Finally, through field experiments in the Ningxia irrigation area of the Yellow River, the model is validated and analyzed by the simulated and observed values of each evaluation indicator. The results show that the PRACPS-ALFA has good applicability in the Ningxia irrigation area of the Yellow River and can achieve precise water regulation of forage in a complex physical environment. Keywords: ACPS, Alfalfa, Applicability, Prataculture, Precision regulation, Ptolemy.
{"title":"Research on ACPS Architecture of Precision Prataculture: A Case of Water Precision Regulation for Alfalfa","authors":"Yongqi Ge, Rui Liu, Lingzhi Cao, Lifeng Lu, Yahong Zhang","doi":"10.13031/ja.15099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15099","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights A precision regulation architecture of prataculture based on agriculture cyber-physical system (PRACPS) was proposed. The PRACPS-ALFA model was designed and implemented through the actual physical environment and Ptolemy tool. The PRACPS-ALFA has good applicability in the Ningxia irrigation area of the Yellow River. The architecture can achieve precise water regulation of forage under a complex physical environment. Abstract. Because the architecture of prataculture precision irrigation cannot dynamically track forage growth and change in future physical environments, a precision regulation architecture of prataculture based on an agriculture cyber-physical system (PRACPS) is proposed. We use the most widely planted alfalfa as an example and design an alfalfa application architecture based on the PRACPS (PRACPS-ALFA). An alfalfa growth model based on water factor was built into the PRACPS-ALFA. We discuss the construction methods of the physical space, the cyber space, and the cyber-physical interaction interfaces. The PRACPS-ALFA is designed and implemented through the actual physical environment and the Ptolemy tool. Four evaluation indices are designed to evaluate the applicability and accuracy of the architecture. Finally, through field experiments in the Ningxia irrigation area of the Yellow River, the model is validated and analyzed by the simulated and observed values of each evaluation indicator. The results show that the PRACPS-ALFA has good applicability in the Ningxia irrigation area of the Yellow River and can achieve precise water regulation of forage in a complex physical environment. Keywords: ACPS, Alfalfa, Applicability, Prataculture, Precision regulation, Ptolemy.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75251469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Martel, S. Kirychuk, B. Predicala, R. Bolo, Yingjie Yang, B. Thompson, Huiqing Guo, Lifeng Zhang
Highlights An EPI system reduced PM and bacteria in broiler houses by up to 50% and 48%, on average, respectively. The system had no significant effect on animal productivity. The performance of the system decreased towards the end of the rearing cycle. Abstract. Air quality in poultry operations is important for animal and human health. This study evaluated an electrostatic particle ionization (EPI) system for improving air quality in mechanically ventilated broiler rooms (11.7 m long, 6.4 m wide, and 2.9 m high), each with 800 birds. The study evaluated the impact of the EPI system on the levels of particulate matter (PM), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as well as on animal performance. On average, the EPI system reduced PM fractions (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and PM15) by approximately 50%. Average reductions for total PM and bacteria were 40% and 48%, respectively. No significant reduction was observed for NH3, and no measurable H2S was detected during the entire study period. No significant effects on feed conversion ratio and animal mortality were observed. Reductions in PM and total culturable bacteria decreased over time, which could possibly be due to increased contaminant concentration, ventilation rate, and accumulated dust on collection surfaces towards the end of the rearing cycle. Further assessments are required to determine if additional EPI units or collection surfaces could improve the efficiency of the system. Overall, the system reduced airborne PM and bacteria and improved the air quality in broiler houses. Keywords: Animal performance, Air quality, Bacteria, Broiler houses, Electrostatic particle ionization, Particulate matter.
{"title":"Improving Air Quality in Broiler Rooms Using an Electrostatic Particle Ionization System","authors":"M. Martel, S. Kirychuk, B. Predicala, R. Bolo, Yingjie Yang, B. Thompson, Huiqing Guo, Lifeng Zhang","doi":"10.13031/ja.15291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15291","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights An EPI system reduced PM and bacteria in broiler houses by up to 50% and 48%, on average, respectively. The system had no significant effect on animal productivity. The performance of the system decreased towards the end of the rearing cycle. Abstract. Air quality in poultry operations is important for animal and human health. This study evaluated an electrostatic particle ionization (EPI) system for improving air quality in mechanically ventilated broiler rooms (11.7 m long, 6.4 m wide, and 2.9 m high), each with 800 birds. The study evaluated the impact of the EPI system on the levels of particulate matter (PM), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as well as on animal performance. On average, the EPI system reduced PM fractions (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and PM15) by approximately 50%. Average reductions for total PM and bacteria were 40% and 48%, respectively. No significant reduction was observed for NH3, and no measurable H2S was detected during the entire study period. No significant effects on feed conversion ratio and animal mortality were observed. Reductions in PM and total culturable bacteria decreased over time, which could possibly be due to increased contaminant concentration, ventilation rate, and accumulated dust on collection surfaces towards the end of the rearing cycle. Further assessments are required to determine if additional EPI units or collection surfaces could improve the efficiency of the system. Overall, the system reduced airborne PM and bacteria and improved the air quality in broiler houses. Keywords: Animal performance, Air quality, Bacteria, Broiler houses, Electrostatic particle ionization, Particulate matter.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73983253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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