Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.139
Yvonne Yen Liu, D. Apollon
o provide some extra context for the journal’s readers, we have included graphical representations of information collected by the Applied Research Center from their report The Color of Food. As the authors remind us, there is more to the Good Food movement than the relationship between consumer and producer, and this report focuses on the data that tells of a story of low-wage jobs scarcely above the poverty level, and vast racial and gender inequalities. Please visit www.arc.org for more information, and our thanks to ARC for granting us permission to use their research.
{"title":"Selected Comparisons from The Color of Food","authors":"Yvonne Yen Liu, D. Apollon","doi":"10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.139","url":null,"abstract":"o provide some extra context for the journal’s readers, we have included graphical representations of information collected by the Applied Research Center from their report The Color of Food. As the authors remind us, there is more to the Good Food movement than the relationship between consumer and producer, and this report focuses on the data that tells of a story of low-wage jobs scarcely above the poverty level, and vast racial and gender inequalities. Please visit www.arc.org for more information, and our thanks to ARC for granting us permission to use their research.","PeriodicalId":297214,"journal":{"name":"Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125866077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.83
E. Holt-gimenez, Yi Wang
The global food crisis has pushed the U.S. food movement to a political juncture. A sixth of the world’s population is now hungry—just as a sixth of the U.S. population is “food insecure.” These severe levels of hunger and insecurity share root causes, located in the political economy of a global, corporate food regime. Because of its political location between reformist calls for food security and radical calls for food sovereignty, food justice is pivotally placed to influence the direction of food-systems change. This placement subjects the concept of food justice to multiple claims, definitions, and practices that tend either to affirm a structural focus on resource redistribution, or to dilute its political meaning by focusing on food access. How issues of race and class are resolved will influence the political direction of the food justice movement’s organizational alliances: toward reform or toward transformation. How the food justice movement “pivots” may determine the degree to which it is able to bring about substantive changes to the U.S. food system.
{"title":"Reform or Transformation?: The Pivotal Role of Food Justice in the U.S. Food Movement","authors":"E. Holt-gimenez, Yi Wang","doi":"10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.83","url":null,"abstract":"The global food crisis has pushed the U.S. food movement to a political juncture. A sixth of the world’s population is now hungry—just as a sixth of the U.S. population is “food insecure.” These severe levels of hunger and insecurity share root causes, located in the political economy of a global, corporate food regime. Because of its political location between reformist calls for food security and radical calls for food sovereignty, food justice is pivotally placed to influence the direction of food-systems change. This placement subjects the concept of food justice to multiple claims, definitions, and practices that tend either to affirm a structural focus on resource redistribution, or to dilute its political meaning by focusing on food access. How issues of race and class are resolved will influence the political direction of the food justice movement’s organizational alliances: toward reform or toward transformation. How the food justice movement “pivots” may determine the degree to which it is able to bring about substantive changes to the U.S. food system.","PeriodicalId":297214,"journal":{"name":"Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114515851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.137
G. Ibrahim
A refugee from Somalia now living in Minnesota recounts his experiences working in meat packing and processing plants.
现在住在明尼苏达州的索马里难民讲述了他在肉类包装和加工厂工作的经历。
{"title":"Mohamed Sheikh Osman’s Story","authors":"G. Ibrahim","doi":"10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.137","url":null,"abstract":"A refugee from Somalia now living in Minnesota recounts his experiences working in meat packing and processing plants.","PeriodicalId":297214,"journal":{"name":"Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115916290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.13
M. White
This article analyzes an overlooked innovative experience led by black women activists, who participate in urban agriculture as a way of reassessing their cultural roots and reclaiming personal power, freed from the constraints imposed by consumerism and marketing, on the supply of food in the city of Detroit. By farming, they demonstrate agency and self-determination in their efforts to build a sense of community. Using an ecofeminist perspective, this article examines the relationship between women’s resistance and the environment. By focusing on women’s urban gardening, the article broadens the definition to include less formal, but no less important, forms of resistance. The article is divided into two parts. The first deals with the implementation of the project launched by the members of the Detroit Black Community Food Security Network (DBCFSN). Government statistics and secondary research provide the backdrop to the economic problems in the City of Detroit that triggered the community response. The second part presents women farmers’ attempts to transform vacant land to create a community-based food system. These activists construct the farm as a community safe space, which operates as a creative, public outdoor classroom where they nurture activism and challenge the racial and class-based barriers to accessing healthy food. In addition to improving access to healthy food by repurposing vacant land, they are transforming their communities into safe and green spaces.
{"title":"Sisters of the Soil: Urban Gardening as Resistance in Detroit","authors":"M. White","doi":"10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes an overlooked innovative experience led by black women activists, who participate in urban agriculture as a way of reassessing their cultural roots and reclaiming personal power, freed from the constraints imposed by consumerism and marketing, on the supply of food in the city of Detroit. By farming, they demonstrate agency and self-determination in their efforts to build a sense of community. Using an ecofeminist perspective, this article examines the relationship between women’s resistance and the environment. By focusing on women’s urban gardening, the article broadens the definition to include less formal, but no less important, forms of resistance. The article is divided into two parts. The first deals with the implementation of the project launched by the members of the Detroit Black Community Food Security Network (DBCFSN). Government statistics and secondary research provide the backdrop to the economic problems in the City of Detroit that triggered the community response. The second part presents women farmers’ attempts to transform vacant land to create a community-based food system. These activists construct the farm as a community safe space, which operates as a creative, public outdoor classroom where they nurture activism and challenge the racial and class-based barriers to accessing healthy food. In addition to improving access to healthy food by repurposing vacant land, they are transforming their communities into safe and green spaces.","PeriodicalId":297214,"journal":{"name":"Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123920826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.29
S. Sellers, Greg Asbed
Since 1997, federal officials have successfully prosecuted seven farm-labor servitude operations in Florida involving well over one thousand workers. Modern-day slavery in Florida agriculture cannot be understood in a vacuum. It is not separate from the past; rather, its roots extend deep in the state’s history. While the phenomenon of forced labor has taken many forms over the past four centuries in Florida agriculture, the industry has never been entirely free of the scourge of slavery. Though the extent of slavery in Florida agriculture has diminished over the centuries, one thing has remained constant: farm workers have always been, and remain today, the state’s poorest, least powerful workers. If we are to abolish slavery once and for all in Florida agriculture, we must pull it up from the roots by addressing farm-worker poverty and powerlessness.
{"title":"The History and Evolution of Forced Labor in Florida Agriculture","authors":"S. Sellers, Greg Asbed","doi":"10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.29","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1997, federal officials have successfully prosecuted seven farm-labor servitude operations in Florida involving well over one thousand workers. Modern-day slavery in Florida agriculture cannot be understood in a vacuum. It is not separate from the past; rather, its roots extend deep in the state’s history. While the phenomenon of forced labor has taken many forms over the past four centuries in Florida agriculture, the industry has never been entirely free of the scourge of slavery. Though the extent of slavery in Florida agriculture has diminished over the centuries, one thing has remained constant: farm workers have always been, and remain today, the state’s poorest, least powerful workers. If we are to abolish slavery once and for all in Florida agriculture, we must pull it up from the roots by addressing farm-worker poverty and powerlessness.","PeriodicalId":297214,"journal":{"name":"Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts","volume":"308 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132722569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.51
B. Athreya
The current practices of several large multinational corporations with interests in cocoa production, aided by organizations that present themselves as being committed to fair trade, reproduces and continues the standards of slavery for workers all over the world. This abuse is centered in the West African nation of Cote d’Ivoire, where 40 percent of the world’s cocoa is produced. Indigenous voices that could speak for farmers and their families in labor negotiations are systematically ignored or silenced.
{"title":"White Man’s “Burden” and the New Colonialism in West African Cocoa Production","authors":"B. Athreya","doi":"10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.51","url":null,"abstract":"The current practices of several large multinational corporations with interests in cocoa production, aided by organizations that present themselves as being committed to fair trade, reproduces and continues the standards of slavery for workers all over the world. This abuse is centered in the West African nation of Cote d’Ivoire, where 40 percent of the world’s cocoa is produced. Indigenous voices that could speak for farmers and their families in labor negotiations are systematically ignored or silenced.","PeriodicalId":297214,"journal":{"name":"Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts","volume":"152 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120974701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.103
D. Billings, Lila Cabbil
The authors, both experienced activists, discuss the myriad ways in which race shapes the reality of people’s lives, including the racialized outcomes of food production and consumption.
{"title":"Food Justice: What’s Race Got to Do with It?","authors":"D. Billings, Lila Cabbil","doi":"10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.103","url":null,"abstract":"The authors, both experienced activists, discuss the myriad ways in which race shapes the reality of people’s lives, including the racialized outcomes of food production and consumption.","PeriodicalId":297214,"journal":{"name":"Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128142246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.1
Upton Sinclair
oor Jurgis was now an outcast and a tramp once more. He was crippled—he was as literally crippled as any wild animal which has lost its claws, or been torn out of its shell. He had been shorn, at one cut, of all those mysterious weapons whereby he had been able to make a living easily and to escape the consequences of his actions. He could no longer command a job when he wanted it; he could no longer steal with impunity—he must take his chances with the common herd. Nay worse, he dared not mingle with the herd—he must hide himself, for he was one marked out for destruction. His old companions would betray him, for the sake of the influence they would gain thereby; and he would be made to suffer, not merely for the offense he had committed, but for others which would be laid at his door, just as had been done for some poor devil on the occasion of that assault upon the “country customer” by him and Duane. And also he labored under another handicap now. He had acquired new standards of living, which were not easily to be altered. When he had been out of work before, he had been content if he could sleep in a doorway or under a truck out of the rain, and if he could get fifteen cents a day for saloon lunches. But now he desired all sorts of other things, and suffered because he had to do without them. He must have a drink now and then, a drink for its own sake, and apart from the food that came with it. The craving for it was strong enough to master every other consideration—he would have it, though it were his last nickel and he had to starve the balance of the day in consequence. Jurgis became once more a besieger of factory gates. But never since he had been in Chicago had he stood less chance
{"title":"Chapter 27 from The Jungle","authors":"Upton Sinclair","doi":"10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"oor Jurgis was now an outcast and a tramp once more. He was crippled—he was as literally crippled as any wild animal which has lost its claws, or been torn out of its shell. He had been shorn, at one cut, of all those mysterious weapons whereby he had been able to make a living easily and to escape the consequences of his actions. He could no longer command a job when he wanted it; he could no longer steal with impunity—he must take his chances with the common herd. Nay worse, he dared not mingle with the herd—he must hide himself, for he was one marked out for destruction. His old companions would betray him, for the sake of the influence they would gain thereby; and he would be made to suffer, not merely for the offense he had committed, but for others which would be laid at his door, just as had been done for some poor devil on the occasion of that assault upon the “country customer” by him and Duane. And also he labored under another handicap now. He had acquired new standards of living, which were not easily to be altered. When he had been out of work before, he had been content if he could sleep in a doorway or under a truck out of the rain, and if he could get fifteen cents a day for saloon lunches. But now he desired all sorts of other things, and suffered because he had to do without them. He must have a drink now and then, a drink for its own sake, and apart from the food that came with it. The craving for it was strong enough to master every other consideration—he would have it, though it were his last nickel and he had to starve the balance of the day in consequence. Jurgis became once more a besieger of factory gates. But never since he had been in Chicago had he stood less chance","PeriodicalId":297214,"journal":{"name":"Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125200446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.61
Joann Lo, Ariel Jacobson
In the United States, more than twenty million people work in the food system, joining millions more around the world whose labor and livelihoods are in the food sector. The food system has become increasingly globalized, with much of what we consume here in the United States produced overseas. International trade policies, consolidated corporate control, and increased industrialization of food production have converged to build a food system that relies heavily on exploited labor forces—from tea plantations in India, to banana plantations and packing operations in Guatemala, to cocoa farms in Ghana. Meanwhile, the segments of the food sector that remain in the United States, whether on large-scale farms, or in processing plants, restaurants, and grocery stores located in communities throughout this country, rely heavily on a vast, low-wage labor force. This article researches and analyzes how the historical roots and current practices in the food sector reflect a widespread disregard for workers’ human rights, and how discriminatory power relations between employer and employee are directly connected to the intersection of race, ethnicity, gender, class, and immigration status in all stages of the food chain. The paper proposes specific ideas for ending unjust labor practices in food-sector industries; for encouraging workers to organize in collaboration throughout the food chain and across racial and ethnic lines; and for creating new business models that will better serve the interests and protect the rights of workers, consumers, business owners, and other stakeholders.
{"title":"Human Rights from Field to Fork: Improving Labor Conditions for Food-sector Workers by Organizing across Boundaries","authors":"Joann Lo, Ariel Jacobson","doi":"10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.61","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States, more than twenty million people work in the food system, joining millions more around the world whose labor and livelihoods are in the food sector. The food system has become increasingly globalized, with much of what we consume here in the United States produced overseas. International trade policies, consolidated corporate control, and increased industrialization of food production have converged to build a food system that relies heavily on exploited labor forces—from tea plantations in India, to banana plantations and packing operations in Guatemala, to cocoa farms in Ghana. Meanwhile, the segments of the food sector that remain in the United States, whether on large-scale farms, or in processing plants, restaurants, and grocery stores located in communities throughout this country, rely heavily on a vast, low-wage labor force. This article researches and analyzes how the historical roots and current practices in the food sector reflect a widespread disregard for workers’ human rights, and how discriminatory power relations between employer and employee are directly connected to the intersection of race, ethnicity, gender, class, and immigration status in all stages of the food chain. The paper proposes specific ideas for ending unjust labor practices in food-sector industries; for encouraging workers to organize in collaboration throughout the food chain and across racial and ethnic lines; and for creating new business models that will better serve the interests and protect the rights of workers, consumers, business owners, and other stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":297214,"journal":{"name":"Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124094117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.121
Nelson Carrasquillo
Organizer and activist Nelson Carrasquillo provides an analysis of the growth of the agricultural sector in the United States, from the inception of slavery up to and including the current obstacles to fair wages and fair treatment of modern-day farm workers.
{"title":"Race and Ethnicity from the Point of View of Farm Workers in the Food System","authors":"Nelson Carrasquillo","doi":"10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/RACETHMULGLOCON.5.1.121","url":null,"abstract":"Organizer and activist Nelson Carrasquillo provides an analysis of the growth of the agricultural sector in the United States, from the inception of slavery up to and including the current obstacles to fair wages and fair treatment of modern-day farm workers.","PeriodicalId":297214,"journal":{"name":"Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123392699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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