Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse最新文献

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Race, Genetics, Medicine and the Museum 种族，遗传学，医学和博物馆

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Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse

Pub Date : 2016-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/15596893.2015.1131095

Monique Scott

Abstract The natural history museum has long been invested in educating the public about what it means to be human, including human identity, human ancestry and human diversity. With the recent scientific advances in human genomic research and the public fervor for individual genetic ancestry testing, the museum is now challenged both to keep pace with current scientific research and wrestle with popular scientific thinking that circulates outside the museum. This article considers several strategies that the American Museum of Natural History Museum has used to intervene in public perceptions of “race”, genetics and human health through critical interactive dialogue—the museum as a space for audiences of various ages to investigate and interrogate the science and politics of human identity that accompany this new genetic frontier.

自然历史博物馆长期以来一直致力于教育公众关于人类的意义，包括人类身份，人类祖先和人类多样性。随着最近人类基因组研究的科学进步和公众对个人基因血统测试的热情，博物馆现在面临着既要跟上当前科学研究的步伐，又要与博物馆外流传的流行科学思想作斗争的挑战。本文考虑了美国自然历史博物馆通过关键的互动对话来干预公众对“种族”、遗传学和人类健康的看法的几种策略——博物馆作为一个空间，供不同年龄的观众调查和询问伴随这一新的基因前沿的人类身份的科学和政治。

引用次数: 0

Biology Exhibits and the Museum of the Future 生物学展览和未来博物馆

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Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse

Pub Date : 2016-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/15596893.2016.1131097

Charles F. Carlson

Abstract Typically museum displays on biology and the biomedical sciences have involved a focus on the specimens themselves, or the equipment and instruments used in various procedures. However, this is but a shadow of the great unfolding story of our time. A biology museum of the future might encompass these specimens and come to focus on the underlying commonalities and shared features that powerfully shape and control the nature of life as we know it. In this article, I reflect on my experiences and suggest a few examples that might foster community interest and engagement.

一般来说，博物馆在生物学和生物医学科学方面的展示涉及到对标本本身的关注，或者在各种程序中使用的设备和仪器。然而，这只是我们这个时代正在展开的伟大故事的一个影子。未来的生物博物馆可能会包括这些标本，并将重点放在潜在的共性和共同特征上，这些共性和共同特征有力地塑造和控制了我们所知道的生命的本质。在本文中，我将回顾自己的经历，并提出一些能够培养社区兴趣和参与度的例子。

引用次数: 0

The Evolution Health Connection-Integrating the Visitor Perspective: Significance for Evolution Education 进化健康联系——整合访客视角:对进化教育的意义

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Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse

Pub Date : 2016-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/15596893.2016.1131102

M. Weiß, E. Evans, S. Palmquist

Abstract The New York Hall of Science developed an exhibition, The Evolution Health Connection, in order to help visitors understand the role of evolution in their everyday life, particularly in their health. The exhibition focuses on familiar health topics—obesity, skin color, lactose intolerance and health implications related to upright posture—and invites visitors to consider the relationship between natural selection and these health issues. In order to test the validity of the assumption that an evolution exhibition related to personal health could be effective, randomly selected visitors were assigned either to visit the evolution exhibition or an exhibition on astrobiology. Responses to post-visit interviews revealed that adult and youth visitors to the evolution exhibition had a better grasp of the role of natural selection in the prevalence of health issues than did visitors to the astrobiology exhibition.

纽约科学馆举办了一个名为“进化与健康的联系”的展览，以帮助参观者了解进化在日常生活中的作用，特别是在他们的健康方面。展览聚焦于人们熟悉的健康话题——肥胖、肤色、乳糖不耐症和直立姿势对健康的影响——并邀请参观者思考自然选择与这些健康问题之间的关系。为了检验与个人健康有关的进化论展览可能有效这一假设的有效性，随机选择的参观者被分配参观进化论展览或天体生物学展览。对参观后访谈的回应显示，与天体生物学展览的参观者相比，参观进化论展览的成人和青年参观者对自然选择在健康问题流行中的作用有更好的把握。

引用次数: 2

Viruses, Vaccines and the Public. 病毒、疫苗和公众

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Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse

Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-05-12 DOI: 10.1080/15596893.2016.1131099

Judy Diamond, Julia McQuillan, Amy N Spiegel, Patricia Wonch Hill, Rebecca Smith, John West, Charles Wood

Current research in virology is changing public conceptions about vaccines and infectious disease. The University of Nebraska State Museum collaborated with research virologists, science writers, artists and learning researchers to create public outreach materials about viruses and infectious disease. The project, funded by the National Institute of Health's SEPA program, developed comics, a book with Carl Zimmer, and other materials and programs. The project launched three kinds of learning research: 1) a survey of Nebraska adults on their opinions about vaccines and infectious disease; 2) a study comparing the mental models of viruses, vaccines and infection from virologists, teachers, and students; and 3) a controlled study 873 high school students randomly assigned to read either a comic or a text-based essay with the same virus information.

目前的病毒学研究正在改变公众对疫苗和传染病的观念。内布拉斯加大学州立博物馆与研究病毒学家、科学作家、艺术家和学习研究人员合作，制作了有关病毒和传染病的公共宣传材料。该项目由美国国立卫生研究院SEPA项目资助，开发了漫画、与卡尔·齐默(Carl Zimmer)合著的一本书，以及其他材料和项目。该项目启动了三种学习研究:1)内布拉斯加州成年人对疫苗和传染病的看法的调查;2)比较病毒学家、教师和学生对病毒、疫苗和感染的心理模型的研究;3)一项对照研究，873名高中生被随机分配阅读漫画或基于文本的文章，其中包含相同的病毒信息。

引用次数: 13

Medicinal Plants from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Used as Immunostimulants. 墨西哥、中美洲和加勒比海地区用作免疫刺激剂的药用植物。

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Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse

Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-03-03 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4017676

Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro, María Del Carmen Juárez-Vázquez, Nimsi Campos-Xolalpa

A literature review was undertaken by analyzing distinguished books, undergraduate and postgraduate theses, and peer-reviewed scientific articles and by consulting worldwide accepted scientific databases, such as SCOPUS, Web of Science, SCIELO, Medline, and Google Scholar. Medicinal plants used as immunostimulants were classified into two categories: (1) plants with pharmacological studies and (2) plants without pharmacological research. Medicinal plants with pharmacological studies of their immunostimulatory properties were subclassified into four groups as follows: (a) plant extracts evaluated for in vitro effects, (b) plant extracts with documented in vivo effects, (c) active compounds tested on in vitro studies, and (d) active compounds assayed in animal models. Pharmacological studies have been conducted on 29 of the plants, including extracts and compounds, whereas 75 plants lack pharmacological studies regarding their immunostimulatory activity. Medicinal plants were experimentally studied in vitro (19 plants) and in vivo (8 plants). A total of 12 compounds isolated from medicinal plants used as immunostimulants have been tested using in vitro (11 compounds) and in vivo (2 compounds) assays. This review clearly indicates the need to perform scientific studies with medicinal flora from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, to obtain new immunostimulatory agents.

通过分析著名书籍、本科生和研究生论文、同行评审的科学文章，以及查阅全球公认的科学数据库（如 SCOPUS、Web of Science、SCIELO、Medline 和 Google Scholar），进行了文献综述。用作免疫增强剂的药用植物分为两类：(1) 有药理研究的植物；(2) 无药理研究的植物。对具有免疫刺激特性的药用植物进行了药理研究，并将其细分为以下四组：(a) 经体外效应评估的植物提取物；(b) 有体内效应记录的植物提取物；(c) 经体外研究测试的活性化合物；(d) 经动物模型化验的活性化合物。对 29 种植物（包括提取物和化合物）进行了药理学研究，而 75 种植物缺乏有关其免疫刺激活性的药理学研究。对药用植物进行了体外（19 种）和体内（8 种）实验研究。通过体外（11 种化合物）和体内（2 种化合物）试验，共测试了 12 种从用作免疫刺激剂的药用植物中分离出来的化合物。这篇综述清楚地表明，有必要对墨西哥、中美洲和加勒比海地区的药用植物群进行科学研究，以获得新的免疫刺激剂。

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引用次数: 0

The #museumsrespondtoFerguson Initiative, a Necessary Conversation #博物馆回应弗格森倡议，一个必要的对话

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Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse

Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.1179/1559689315Z.00000000036

Gretchen M. Jennings

Abstract The killing of unarmed African American teenager Michael Brown by a white police officer in Ferguson, MO in August 2014 has stimulated an ongoing national dialogue about race and racism in the United States. Museums have been involved in this discussion, primarily on social media. This article documents the origins, the evolution, and the impact of the #museumsrespondtoFerguson initiative that began in December 2014 and that continues a year later. It discusses the role that museums can and should play in the Ferguson initiative, and addresses questions about the relationship of museums’ individual missions to larger civic issues. The word “Ferguson” in museum discourse has come to refer not so much to the town and event as to larger concerns about race, racism, and the continuing lack of inclusion in our cultural spaces.

2014年8月，密苏里州弗格森市一名白人警察枪杀手无寸铁的非洲裔少年迈克尔·布朗，引发了美国关于种族和种族主义的全国性对话。博物馆也参与了这场讨论，主要是在社交媒体上。本文记录了#博物馆回应弗格森事件#的起源、演变和影响。#博物馆回应弗格森事件#始于2014年12月，一年后仍在继续。它讨论了博物馆在弗格森倡议中可以和应该发挥的作用，并解决了博物馆的个人使命与更大的公民问题之间的关系问题。博物馆话语中的“弗格森”一词已经不再是指这个城镇和事件，而是指对种族、种族主义以及我们的文化空间中持续缺乏包容性的更大担忧。

引用次数: 5

Joint Statement from Museum Bloggers and Colleagues on Ferguson and Related Events December 11, 2014 2014年12月11日，博物馆博主和同事就弗格森及相关事件发表联合声明

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Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse

Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.1179/1559689315z.00000000041

引用次数: 4

A Guide to Discussions Surrounding Ferguson 围绕弗格森的讨论指南

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Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse

Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.1179/1559689315Z.00000000038

Alyssa Boge, Katherine Rieck

Recent media attention on the police violence against African Americans and the protests in Ferguson, MO and Baltimore, MD have spurred museum professionals to talk more openly about the role of politics, racism, social justice, and inclusion in museums. Many of these discussions have occurred on Twitter, blog posts, and conference presentations — in the field’s “grey literature,” so known because it is found outside the academy and frequently ephemeral. Through these outlets writers have called for museums to become more inclusive, transparent, and responsive. The following guide provides a broad overview of the recent discussion of social injustice in museums written by museum professionals, public historians, and anthropologists.

最近媒体关注警察对非裔美国人的暴力以及密苏里州弗格森和马里兰州巴尔的摩的抗议活动，这促使博物馆专业人士更公开地谈论政治、种族主义、社会正义和博物馆包容性的作用。许多这样的讨论发生在推特、博客文章和会议演讲上——在该领域的“灰色文献”中，因为它在学术界之外发现，而且经常是短暂的。通过这些渠道，作家们呼吁博物馆变得更加包容、透明和敏感。下面的指南提供了最近由博物馆专业人士、公共历史学家和人类学家撰写的关于博物馆社会不公正的讨论的广泛概述。

引用次数: 1

Speaking of Change in Charlotte, North Carolina: How Museums Can Shape Immigrant Receptivity in a Community Navigating Rapid Cultural Change 说到北卡罗来纳州夏洛特的变化:博物馆如何在一个快速文化变革的社区中塑造移民的接受性

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Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse

Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.1179/1559689315Z.00000000039

Susan B. Harden, P. McDaniel, Heather A. Smith, Emily Zimmern, Katie E. Brown

Abstract To what degree can a museum impact cultural change in a community? Drawing from an evaluation of Levine Museum of the New South's Speaking of Change program, this article – which is the outcome of a community engaged partnership between museum staff, urban social geographers, and urban education scholars – describes one museum's community practice in shaping receptivity toward newcomers in a new immigrant gateway. Specifically, we demonstrate how through its exhibit and dialogue programming, the museum deepened understanding of immigration in ways that led to a warmer welcome and proactive inclusion. This research illuminates the critical role of museums in guiding community receptivity towards immigrants in a way that provides counterbalance to reactive or hostile responses.

博物馆能在多大程度上影响一个社区的文化变革?这篇文章是博物馆工作人员、城市社会地理学家和城市教育学者之间的社区合作伙伴关系的结果，它描述了一个博物馆在新移民门户塑造对新来者的接受度方面的社区实践。具体来说，我们展示了博物馆如何通过展览和对话节目加深对移民的理解，从而带来更热烈的欢迎和积极的包容。这项研究阐明了博物馆在引导社区接受移民方面的关键作用，这种方式提供了对被动或敌对反应的平衡。

引用次数: 19

Informal Science Learning Experience for State Legislators: Influence of a Science Museum Exhibition on Legislator Knowledge of Early Childhood Issues 州议员的非正式科学学习经验:科学博物馆展览对立法者早期儿童问题知识的影响

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Museums & Social Issues-A Journal of Reflective Discourse

Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.1179/1559689315Z.00000000040

Sara E. Langworthy, Amanda S. Hodel, Lauren N. Robertson, Brittany Henn, Emily O. Prager, K. Cadigan, Sara J. Benning

Abstract Despite the growth of scientific understanding of early childhood development over the past few decades, there remains a sizable gap between what scientists know about early childhood and policymakers’ use of scientific information in creating and implementing policy. Informal science institutions like museums provide opportunities to reach lay audiences. This study sought to examine the degree to which a science museum exhibition about the science of early childhood was a useful source of research information for state legislators, and whether that information informed legislators’ policy decision-making. Results highlight challenges in engaging state legislators in learning from informal science settings, but suggest increased consideration is warranted for science museums’ to use exhibitions as a way to translate and distill scientific concepts for state legislators. Though the exhibition did not have direct impact on policy decision-making, some legislators indicated it added to their cumulative knowledge on research topics pertinent to early childhood policies.

尽管在过去的几十年里，对儿童早期发展的科学认识有所增长，但科学家对儿童早期发展的了解与决策者在制定和实施政策时使用科学信息之间仍然存在相当大的差距。像博物馆这样的非正式科学机构提供了接触外行观众的机会。本研究试图检验科学博物馆关于幼儿科学的展览在多大程度上是州立法者研究信息的有用来源，以及这些信息是否为立法者的政策决策提供了信息。结果强调了让州议员从非正式的科学环境中学习所面临的挑战，但建议科学博物馆有必要更多地考虑将展览作为一种为州议员翻译和提炼科学概念的方式。虽然该展览对政策制定没有直接影响，但一些议员表示，它增加了他们对与幼儿政策相关的研究课题的累积知识。

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引用次数: 0

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