Abstract Subsidies based on agricultural production are a common form of subsidies in many countries, both less developed (due to their economic difficulties in achieving a satisfactory level of food self-sufficiency) and highly developed. However, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, this support was not so popular. It was only in the second decade that it began to be restored, which is sometimes referred to as recoupling. The COViD-19 pandemic and the Ukrainian–Russian war are undoubtedly two important circumstances that have increased interest in these subsidies. Therefore, it is important to identify theoretical and socio-political justifications for using these subsidies and the problems related to preparing schemes for determining their unit rates. After conducting the analysis, it turned out that the microeconomic theory rather provides arguments against the wide use of agricultural production subsidies. The justifications for pursuing a policy which refers to the difficulties in particular sectors of agriculture are also unconvincing. The calculation of unit payment rates is a challenge due to the lack of a solid methodology and sufficiently reliable source data.
{"title":"Key Problems of Using Subsidies Coupled with Agricultural Production","authors":"Justyna Herda-Kopańska, J. Kulawik","doi":"10.30858/zer/152475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/152475","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Subsidies based on agricultural production are a common form of subsidies in many countries, both less developed (due to their economic difficulties in achieving a satisfactory level of food self-sufficiency) and highly developed. However, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, this support was not so popular. It was only in the second decade that it began to be restored, which is sometimes referred to as recoupling. The COViD-19 pandemic and the Ukrainian–Russian war are undoubtedly two important circumstances that have increased interest in these subsidies. Therefore, it is important to identify theoretical and socio-political justifications for using these subsidies and the problems related to preparing schemes for determining their unit rates. After conducting the analysis, it turned out that the microeconomic theory rather provides arguments against the wide use of agricultural production subsidies. The justifications for pursuing a policy which refers to the difficulties in particular sectors of agriculture are also unconvincing. The calculation of unit payment rates is a challenge due to the lack of a solid methodology and sufficiently reliable source data.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72490620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The main aim of the paper is to familiarize the readers with the economy, and above all the agricultural sector of the Kingdom of Bhutan. The direct inspiration for this paper was the ban on cage breeding of laying hens introduced in this country in 2012, which brings to mind an important event, which happened in 1972, when the King of Bhutan announced the concept of the Gross National Happiness Index (GNH). Figures and graphics presented in the article were prepared on the basis of Bhutan’s national statistics and available publications. The structure of Bhutan’s economy is dominated by the industrial and services sectors. The share of agriculture in generating GdP has ranged from 14 to 22% in the last twenty years, with employment in agriculture reaching almost 60% of the total workforce. The agricultural sector is highly fragmented, and at the same time vulnerable to threats resulting from difficult natural conditions and climate change. Bhutan is not achieving food self-sufficiency, despite strong support from Bhutanese authorities for the sector and increasing productivity. The changes taking place in agriculture and the entire economy of Bhutan are strongly oriented towards the implementation of the sustainable development paradigm.
{"title":"Agriculture in the Peripheries – the Kingdom of Bhutan","authors":"E. Majewski, Chaitra Sirsikar","doi":"10.30858/zer/152474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/152474","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main aim of the paper is to familiarize the readers with the economy, and above all the agricultural sector of the Kingdom of Bhutan. The direct inspiration for this paper was the ban on cage breeding of laying hens introduced in this country in 2012, which brings to mind an important event, which happened in 1972, when the King of Bhutan announced the concept of the Gross National Happiness Index (GNH). Figures and graphics presented in the article were prepared on the basis of Bhutan’s national statistics and available publications. The structure of Bhutan’s economy is dominated by the industrial and services sectors. The share of agriculture in generating GdP has ranged from 14 to 22% in the last twenty years, with employment in agriculture reaching almost 60% of the total workforce. The agricultural sector is highly fragmented, and at the same time vulnerable to threats resulting from difficult natural conditions and climate change. Bhutan is not achieving food self-sufficiency, despite strong support from Bhutanese authorities for the sector and increasing productivity. The changes taking place in agriculture and the entire economy of Bhutan are strongly oriented towards the implementation of the sustainable development paradigm.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83387008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the study was to determine cadastral tax rate calculated on farm assets, which would allow for replacing the current wealth taxes without increasing the tax burden for farms. The research was based on data from FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) farms. The method of financial analysis simulation was used. The research shows that the total wealth tax burden related to farm income is small. The taxes are the greatest burden to the income of very small farms whose economic size is between EUR 2,000 and 8,000 annually (7.37%) and farms dealing with field crops (4.36%). Meanwhile, farms dealing with horticulture (0.69%) and poultry production (0.54%), as well as large farms with an annual economic size of EUR 100,000–500,000 (1.93%) and very large farms with an economic size of more than EUR 500,000 (1.13%) currently pay relatively lower taxes. It was also found that significant changes occurred in the structure of farm assets. While in the 1970s the largest share (approx. 84%) of the assets of individual farms at that time concerned buildings, currently the share of buildings in assets decreased to approx. 19%. There is a relatively larger share of buildings in assets among farms specialized in horticulture and poultry amounting to 43.2 and 37.8%, respectively. The research allowed for determining the rate of a possible cadastral tax, while maintaining the current tax burden for farms. The tax rate may not exceed 0.22%. Relating it to the value of buildings, permanent crops, and land, it will not increase the current tax burden for farms.
{"title":"What Cadastral Tax Rate Should Be Imposed on Farm Assets","authors":"Marian Podstawka","doi":"10.30858/zer/147882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/147882","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study was to determine cadastral tax rate calculated on farm assets, which would allow for replacing the current wealth taxes without increasing the tax burden for farms. The research was based on data from FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) farms. The method of financial analysis simulation was used. The research shows that the total wealth tax burden related to farm income is small. The taxes are the greatest burden to the income of very small farms whose economic size is between EUR 2,000 and 8,000 annually (7.37%) and farms dealing with field crops (4.36%). Meanwhile, farms dealing with horticulture (0.69%) and poultry production (0.54%), as well as large farms with an annual economic size of EUR 100,000–500,000 (1.93%) and very large farms with an economic size of more than EUR 500,000 (1.13%) currently pay relatively lower taxes. It was also found that significant changes occurred in the structure of farm assets. While in the 1970s the largest share (approx. 84%) of the assets of individual farms at that time concerned buildings, currently the share of buildings in assets decreased to approx. 19%. There is a relatively larger share of buildings in assets among farms specialized in horticulture and poultry amounting to 43.2 and 37.8%, respectively. The research allowed for determining the rate of a possible cadastral tax, while maintaining the current tax burden for farms. The tax rate may not exceed 0.22%. Relating it to the value of buildings, permanent crops, and land, it will not increase the current tax burden for farms.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76449506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the study is to assess environmental, organizational, and economic implications for agriculture in municipalities with different share of the Natura 2000 network in Poland. Data on the distribution of Natura 2000 sites and natural management conditions in municipalities are derived from the General Directorate for Environmental Protection and the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation State Research Institute for 2018. Data on the features of the organizational potential of agriculture across municipalities were collected from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture. They were generated on the basis of applications for direct payments under the 2016 and 2021 campaigns submitted by 1345.2 and 1269.5 thousand farms, i.e., the beneficiaries of the 2014–2020 common agricultural policy (CAP), respectively. It was found that municipalities with a large and particularly large share of Natura 2000 areas, as compared to municipalities without such areas, were characterized by significantly worse management conditions and a more diverse landscape, as well as a larger share in agricultural area with extensive production characteristic of high nature value farmlands (HNVf) designated in Poland under the 2014–2020 CAP. Farms located in Natura 2000 areas, as compared to other farms, were characterized by a larger average agricultural area, as well as by lower labor inputs per 1 ha of agricultural area. They were characterized by lower total costs, including direct costs, which resulted in lower factor productivity and income per 1 ha of agricultural area. The conclusion was that they had less development opportunities.
{"title":"Environmental, Organizational, and Economic Implications for Agriculture in Areas with Different Share of the Natura 2000 Network","authors":"M. Zieliński","doi":"10.30858/zer/147883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/147883","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study is to assess environmental, organizational, and economic implications for agriculture in municipalities with different share of the Natura 2000 network in Poland. Data on the distribution of Natura 2000 sites and natural management conditions in municipalities are derived from the General Directorate for Environmental Protection and the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation State Research Institute for 2018. Data on the features of the organizational potential of agriculture across municipalities were collected from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture. They were generated on the basis of applications for direct payments under the 2016 and 2021 campaigns submitted by 1345.2 and 1269.5 thousand farms, i.e., the beneficiaries of the 2014–2020 common agricultural policy (CAP), respectively. It was found that municipalities with a large and particularly large share of Natura 2000 areas, as compared to municipalities without such areas, were characterized by significantly worse management conditions and a more diverse landscape, as well as a larger share in agricultural area with extensive production characteristic of high nature value farmlands (HNVf) designated in Poland under the 2014–2020 CAP. Farms located in Natura 2000 areas, as compared to other farms, were characterized by a larger average agricultural area, as well as by lower labor inputs per 1 ha of agricultural area. They were characterized by lower total costs, including direct costs, which resulted in lower factor productivity and income per 1 ha of agricultural area. The conclusion was that they had less development opportunities.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88523869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In pursuing the government’s goal of socio-economic development and poverty reduction, some commercial foreign farmers were invited. Part of the expectation from this collaboration was to boost food production, create jobs for youth, and alleviate rural poverty. The aim of this study was to consider the spillover effect of the foreign farmers’ presence on the poverty status of farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria. The population for the study comprises of all the farming households in Edu local government area. There was a random selection of 20 villages and 12 farming households from each village, summing 240 respondents. Analytical methods used were descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results have shown that adoption index and household size are positively related to total revenue at a 1% level of significance, which indicated a strong influence of the adoption of foreign farmers’ technology on the income of local farmers. It was concluded that it is a positive spill-over effect of the presence of foreign farmers concerning the technological transfer, increased output with its positive effect on poverty far outweighs the displacement of farmlands. This should preferably be enhanced for better productivity.
{"title":"Effect of Foreign Farmers’ Presence on Poverty Status of Rural Farming Households in Nigeria","authors":"G. Akinsola, M. Adewumi","doi":"10.30858/zer/146781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/146781","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In pursuing the government’s goal of socio-economic development and poverty reduction, some commercial foreign farmers were invited. Part of the expectation from this collaboration was to boost food production, create jobs for youth, and alleviate rural poverty. The aim of this study was to consider the spillover effect of the foreign farmers’ presence on the poverty status of farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria. The population for the study comprises of all the farming households in Edu local government area. There was a random selection of 20 villages and 12 farming households from each village, summing 240 respondents. Analytical methods used were descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results have shown that adoption index and household size are positively related to total revenue at a 1% level of significance, which indicated a strong influence of the adoption of foreign farmers’ technology on the income of local farmers. It was concluded that it is a positive spill-over effect of the presence of foreign farmers concerning the technological transfer, increased output with its positive effect on poverty far outweighs the displacement of farmlands. This should preferably be enhanced for better productivity.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74687150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The growing health problems of the world’s population related to inadequate nutrition have prompted many countries to take measures to develop healthy eating habits. One of the activities in the EU was the implementation of the School Fruit Scheme between 2009/10 and 2016/17, and School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme since 2017/18, in which fruit and vegetables have been one of the two components (the second component is milk and milk products). The aim of the article was to evaluate their effectiveness in terms of the consumption of fruit and vegetables in Polish families. The article was based on: EU legal acts, evaluations of the functioning and implementation of the schemes made by EU and Polish institutions, statistical data from Statistics Poland, and a review of the literature on the consumption of fruit and vegetables. It was found that despite the greater number of schools and children participating in the scheme and the growing expenses for its implementation, in most EU countries, including Poland, there is no increase in the consumption of horticultural products covered by the scheme (Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the number of children participating in the scheme and consumption in households between 2009/10 and 2020/21 amounted to −0.77). The reasons may be the weaknesses of the scheme (i.e., generally poor quality of products, too short duration of the scheme, and also insufficient involvement of parents in its implementation) on the one hand and the influence of other factors determining the consumption of fruit and vegetables under the scheme being difficult to statistically confirm (greater availability of other products, ineffective advertising) on the other.
{"title":"Assessment of the Effectiveness of the School Fruit Scheme and School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme in Poland","authors":"B. Nosecka, Anna Bugała","doi":"10.30858/zer/149258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/149258","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The growing health problems of the world’s population related to inadequate nutrition have prompted many countries to take measures to develop healthy eating habits. One of the activities in the EU was the implementation of the School Fruit Scheme between 2009/10 and 2016/17, and School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme since 2017/18, in which fruit and vegetables have been one of the two components (the second component is milk and milk products). The aim of the article was to evaluate their effectiveness in terms of the consumption of fruit and vegetables in Polish families. The article was based on: EU legal acts, evaluations of the functioning and implementation of the schemes made by EU and Polish institutions, statistical data from Statistics Poland, and a review of the literature on the consumption of fruit and vegetables. It was found that despite the greater number of schools and children participating in the scheme and the growing expenses for its implementation, in most EU countries, including Poland, there is no increase in the consumption of horticultural products covered by the scheme (Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the number of children participating in the scheme and consumption in households between 2009/10 and 2020/21 amounted to −0.77). The reasons may be the weaknesses of the scheme (i.e., generally poor quality of products, too short duration of the scheme, and also insufficient involvement of parents in its implementation) on the one hand and the influence of other factors determining the consumption of fruit and vegetables under the scheme being difficult to statistically confirm (greater availability of other products, ineffective advertising) on the other.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85972684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The pandemic caused by the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has widespread socio-economic consequences worldwide. The implications of the COVID-19 crisis also include changes in production, consumption, trade, and agri-food commodity prices. This paper focuses on the repercussions of the COVID-19 crisis on producer and retail prices of agri-food commodities in European Union (EU) countries. The study is based on monthly producer and consumer food price indices in EU countries. In estimating the impact of COVID-19 on prices, actual price changes were compared with counterfactual figures derived from ex-post forecasts calculated according to regARIMA models. The study of the causes of price changes was based on both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the quantitative approach, the impact of the strength of applied restrictions and the trade position of countries on the deviation of actual prices from the forecasts was examined. For this purpose, regression models based on cross-sectional data were applied. The results show that there is a quite significant variation in the dynamics of changes in agri-food commodity prices both among countries and across the marketing chain. A negative and statistically significant relationship has been found between country food self-sufficiency in the pre-COVID-19 period and changes in producer prices during the first phase of the COVID-19 crisis. In turn, the strength of stay-at-home restrictions was significant for retail price formation during the COVID-19 crisis. The general conclusion is that the responses of agri-food prices during the pandemic vary both spatially and over time.
{"title":"European Union Agri-Food Prices During COVID-19 and their Seleceted Determinants","authors":"M. Hamulczuk, Marta Skrzypczyk","doi":"10.30858/zer/147950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/147950","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The pandemic caused by the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has widespread socio-economic consequences worldwide. The implications of the COVID-19 crisis also include changes in production, consumption, trade, and agri-food commodity prices. This paper focuses on the repercussions of the COVID-19 crisis on producer and retail prices of agri-food commodities in European Union (EU) countries. The study is based on monthly producer and consumer food price indices in EU countries. In estimating the impact of COVID-19 on prices, actual price changes were compared with counterfactual figures derived from ex-post forecasts calculated according to regARIMA models. The study of the causes of price changes was based on both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the quantitative approach, the impact of the strength of applied restrictions and the trade position of countries on the deviation of actual prices from the forecasts was examined. For this purpose, regression models based on cross-sectional data were applied. The results show that there is a quite significant variation in the dynamics of changes in agri-food commodity prices both among countries and across the marketing chain. A negative and statistically significant relationship has been found between country food self-sufficiency in the pre-COVID-19 period and changes in producer prices during the first phase of the COVID-19 crisis. In turn, the strength of stay-at-home restrictions was significant for retail price formation during the COVID-19 crisis. The general conclusion is that the responses of agri-food prices during the pandemic vary both spatially and over time.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87044437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the article is to assess the directions, pace, and advancement of digital transformation in food industry enterprises in the European Union (EU). The analysis uses statistical data collected in public databases as well as secondary data from the state-of-the-art literature and surveys carried out in enterprises in the sector. Moreover, the Digital Intensity Index developed by Eurostat was used. The progress made by food industry enterprises in terms of digitalization was assessed in terms of their relevance to the prospects of building a more sustainable food system in the EU. The conducted analysis allows to conclude that even though the pace of digitalization in the sector’s enterprises has accelerated in recent years, the level and scope of digital changes is still limited. What is more, large inequalities in the level of digitalization, visible both within the sector itself and between EU Member States, remain a problem. The directions of using digital solutions show that digitalization is seen mainly to increase production efficiency and attract new customers and sales channels. Parallel possibilities to support environmental and climate protection are not yet sufficiently exploited. Given the challenges related to the implementation of the European Green Deal, it is necessary to accelerate and expand the scope of digitalization in EU food industry enterprises.
{"title":"The Advancement of Digitalization Processes in Food Industry Enterprises in the European Union","authors":"K. Kosior","doi":"10.30858/zer/146782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/146782","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the article is to assess the directions, pace, and advancement of digital transformation in food industry enterprises in the European Union (EU). The analysis uses statistical data collected in public databases as well as secondary data from the state-of-the-art literature and surveys carried out in enterprises in the sector. Moreover, the Digital Intensity Index developed by Eurostat was used. The progress made by food industry enterprises in terms of digitalization was assessed in terms of their relevance to the prospects of building a more sustainable food system in the EU. The conducted analysis allows to conclude that even though the pace of digitalization in the sector’s enterprises has accelerated in recent years, the level and scope of digital changes is still limited. What is more, large inequalities in the level of digitalization, visible both within the sector itself and between EU Member States, remain a problem. The directions of using digital solutions show that digitalization is seen mainly to increase production efficiency and attract new customers and sales channels. Parallel possibilities to support environmental and climate protection are not yet sufficiently exploited. Given the challenges related to the implementation of the European Green Deal, it is necessary to accelerate and expand the scope of digitalization in EU food industry enterprises.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88980871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of this article is to present the need for a view of a family farm that is complementary to neoclassical economics and outline the framework concepts on which the future systems theory of family farms could be based. The article is a conceptual overview. The paper presents the development of economics and organization of farms. It was emphasized that in addition to the analytical approach, which today fits into the neoclassical mainstream of economic thought, the organic approach, which is related to the contemporary systems approach, was also important in the discipline. The authors presented two trends considered to be the foundation of the target theory of family farms: systems thinking and new institutional economics. An outline of the concept of a new approach to family farms is presented as a systemic whole connecting the family and its household involved in agricultural production, with the possibility of reducing internal transaction costs (agency costs) being an important attribute of this whole. Family farms still remain the predominant form of agricultural activity in Poland, Europe, and other continents. The family nature of the entities creates their specificity both in terms of goals and behaviors, which is difficult to reduce to the neoclassical model of firm, which seeks to maximize profits. What is needed is a holistic, systems approach complementary to the predominant neoclassical approach, considering close relations between the family and the agricultural production unit.
{"title":"Beyond the Black Box: Towards a Systems Theory of Farming Family and Family Farm","authors":"M. Pietrzak, W. Ziętara","doi":"10.30858/zer/143079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/143079","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this article is to present the need for a view of a family farm that is complementary to neoclassical economics and outline the framework concepts on which the future systems theory of family farms could be based. The article is a conceptual overview. The paper presents the development of economics and organization of farms. It was emphasized that in addition to the analytical approach, which today fits into the neoclassical mainstream of economic thought, the organic approach, which is related to the contemporary systems approach, was also important in the discipline. The authors presented two trends considered to be the foundation of the target theory of family farms: systems thinking and new institutional economics. An outline of the concept of a new approach to family farms is presented as a systemic whole connecting the family and its household involved in agricultural production, with the possibility of reducing internal transaction costs (agency costs) being an important attribute of this whole. Family farms still remain the predominant form of agricultural activity in Poland, Europe, and other continents. The family nature of the entities creates their specificity both in terms of goals and behaviors, which is difficult to reduce to the neoclassical model of firm, which seeks to maximize profits. What is needed is a holistic, systems approach complementary to the predominant neoclassical approach, considering close relations between the family and the agricultural production unit.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86523346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper investigated the patterns of changes in spatial price transmission between pigmeat prices of two post-communist Member States, namely Lithuania and Poland, and five main producing countries in the EU-15, namely Germany, Denmark, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. This study employed vector autoregression modelling, as well as the Granger causality concept, and focused on changes in price behavior from May 2004 to May 2021. The findings suggest fundamental differences in the short-term price behavior of two post-communist countries. Over the investigated period, Poland strengthened the position in the EU pigmeat market and could be classified as a price leading country for the certain markets. The case of Lithuania demonstrated that countries with lower productivity and the dominant share of pig population on small-scale farms as well as high price level became vulnerable and evolved towards a viable national pig farming structures. Hence, a movement of new Member States towards greater market integration must be linked to the spread of innovations in pig farming or exit of uncompetitive farms. In the case of Lithuania, a promising direction of policy implications is support for the establishment of modern and competitive medium-sized farms, as well as the spread of relevant knowledge and innovations.
{"title":"Spatial Pigmeat Price Transmission: The Case of Lithuania and Poland","authors":"N. Jurkėnaitė, A. Syp","doi":"10.30858/zer/145406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/145406","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper investigated the patterns of changes in spatial price transmission between pigmeat prices of two post-communist Member States, namely Lithuania and Poland, and five main producing countries in the EU-15, namely Germany, Denmark, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. This study employed vector autoregression modelling, as well as the Granger causality concept, and focused on changes in price behavior from May 2004 to May 2021. The findings suggest fundamental differences in the short-term price behavior of two post-communist countries. Over the investigated period, Poland strengthened the position in the EU pigmeat market and could be classified as a price leading country for the certain markets. The case of Lithuania demonstrated that countries with lower productivity and the dominant share of pig population on small-scale farms as well as high price level became vulnerable and evolved towards a viable national pig farming structures. Hence, a movement of new Member States towards greater market integration must be linked to the spread of innovations in pig farming or exit of uncompetitive farms. In the case of Lithuania, a promising direction of policy implications is support for the establishment of modern and competitive medium-sized farms, as well as the spread of relevant knowledge and innovations.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79542052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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