Abstract The aim of the research is to classify the European Union (EU) countries based on the progress in the economic performance of agriculture. The originality of the paper stems from the fact that a new set of indicators (in relative form) was used to identify the clusters. The following indicators are used to assess the economic performance of the EU agricultural sector (by cluster analysis) for two periods (2015–2017 and 2018–2020): total labor force input, real income of factors in agriculture per annual work unit, total agricultural output, gross value added of the agricultural industry, and animal output. The study confirmed that EU countries, according to changes in agricultural performance, differ significantly. They were grouped into four relatively homogeneous clusters according to their similarity, with a clear geographical dispersion for both analyzed periods. Identifying development disparities between EU countries can be useful in future redesigns of the Common Agricultural Policy measures in terms of increased support to certain members.
{"title":"Economic Performance of Agriculture in the European Union Countries","authors":"Žarko Rađenović, B. Krstić, M. Marković","doi":"10.30858/zer/145686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/145686","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the research is to classify the European Union (EU) countries based on the progress in the economic performance of agriculture. The originality of the paper stems from the fact that a new set of indicators (in relative form) was used to identify the clusters. The following indicators are used to assess the economic performance of the EU agricultural sector (by cluster analysis) for two periods (2015–2017 and 2018–2020): total labor force input, real income of factors in agriculture per annual work unit, total agricultural output, gross value added of the agricultural industry, and animal output. The study confirmed that EU countries, according to changes in agricultural performance, differ significantly. They were grouped into four relatively homogeneous clusters according to their similarity, with a clear geographical dispersion for both analyzed periods. Identifying development disparities between EU countries can be useful in future redesigns of the Common Agricultural Policy measures in terms of increased support to certain members.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87863718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the research was to evaluate wages of wage earners and farmers’ own labor payment based on farm income in terms of various types of farming in Poland. The paper also examines the impact of subsidies on the payment of farmers’ own labor inputs and production efficiency. The research involved farms keeping accounting records, which were classified by the FADN methodology (TF8). The analysis uses standard results from 2010, 2015, and 2019 processed in the FADN EU system. Relatively low wages for wage earners were observed on farms specialized in permanent crops (EUR 2.12–2.76/hour) and horticulture (EUR 2.05–3.32/hour), and quite high on mixed farms (EUR 4.05–6.67/hour) and farms specialized in other grazing livestock (EUR 3.98–6.04/hour). Assuming wages for wage earners as the cost of one hour of farmers’ own labor, at the level of income without subsidies, farmers’ own labor was fully paid only on farms specialized in horticulture and granivores, as well as in 2010 and 2015 on farms specialized in permanent crops. On the other hand, income with subsidies ensured full payment of farmers’ own labor on farms specialized in horticulture and granivores; in 2010 on farms specialized in field crops, as well as in 2010 and 2015 on farms specialized in permanent crops and dairy cows. In the remaining cases (i.e., types and years), farmers’ own labor inputs were partially paid (from 22.2 to 96.9%). The research concerned commercial farms with market-oriented production. However, there are also farms in Poland, which are not so closely linked with market, therefore their economic situation may be much worse. As a consequence, their opportunities to generate income and pay for farmers’ own labor can be limited.
{"title":"Wages for Paid Labor, Farmers’ Own Labor Payment, and Production Efficiency in the Case of Polish Farms Classified by Types of Farming","authors":"A. Skarżyńska, Łukasz Abramczuk, Monika Goławska","doi":"10.30858/zer/145358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/145358","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the research was to evaluate wages of wage earners and farmers’ own labor payment based on farm income in terms of various types of farming in Poland. The paper also examines the impact of subsidies on the payment of farmers’ own labor inputs and production efficiency. The research involved farms keeping accounting records, which were classified by the FADN methodology (TF8). The analysis uses standard results from 2010, 2015, and 2019 processed in the FADN EU system. Relatively low wages for wage earners were observed on farms specialized in permanent crops (EUR 2.12–2.76/hour) and horticulture (EUR 2.05–3.32/hour), and quite high on mixed farms (EUR 4.05–6.67/hour) and farms specialized in other grazing livestock (EUR 3.98–6.04/hour). Assuming wages for wage earners as the cost of one hour of farmers’ own labor, at the level of income without subsidies, farmers’ own labor was fully paid only on farms specialized in horticulture and granivores, as well as in 2010 and 2015 on farms specialized in permanent crops. On the other hand, income with subsidies ensured full payment of farmers’ own labor on farms specialized in horticulture and granivores; in 2010 on farms specialized in field crops, as well as in 2010 and 2015 on farms specialized in permanent crops and dairy cows. In the remaining cases (i.e., types and years), farmers’ own labor inputs were partially paid (from 22.2 to 96.9%). The research concerned commercial farms with market-oriented production. However, there are also farms in Poland, which are not so closely linked with market, therefore their economic situation may be much worse. As a consequence, their opportunities to generate income and pay for farmers’ own labor can be limited.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76501867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the study is to determine the scale and conditions of agricultural land leases in the case of individual farms and their impact on the area structure of farms, opportunities for the development of lease transactions, mainly between neighbors, as well as difficulties in this segment of the agricultural land market. The analysis was based on data from Statistics Poland (Polish: GUS) and the National Support Centre for Agriculture (Polish: KOWR), as well as the results of multi-year field research representative of individual farms conducted by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics National Research Institute mainly in 2011 and 2020. The analysis showed the development of the lease market, mainly neighbor-to-neighbor leases, and the increasing impact of leases on increased land equipment for individual farms. Between 2011 and 2020, the share of individual farms organized with leased land increased from 16 to 28%, and the share of leased land in the total area of land at the disposal of individual farmers grew from 15 to 20%. The number of persons who leased a larger area of land also increased. The changes were mainly a consequence of an increase (by approx. 40%) in land leased from neighbors. With depleting resources of undistributed treasury land and farmers’ attachment to patrimony, neighbor-to-neighbor leases will be the basic way to provide more land to commercial farms, and thus increase their competitiveness. For this to happen, it is necessary to overcome the main barriers hindering the growth of agricultural land mobility through the institutional regulation of the private lease market and taking actions to persuade owners of agricultural real estates who earn their living from non-agricultural sources to lease land that they do not use.
{"title":"Scale and Conditions of Agricultural Land Lease in the Case of Individual Farms","authors":"B. Karwat-Woźniak, Bogdan Buks","doi":"10.30858/zer/147614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/147614","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study is to determine the scale and conditions of agricultural land leases in the case of individual farms and their impact on the area structure of farms, opportunities for the development of lease transactions, mainly between neighbors, as well as difficulties in this segment of the agricultural land market. The analysis was based on data from Statistics Poland (Polish: GUS) and the National Support Centre for Agriculture (Polish: KOWR), as well as the results of multi-year field research representative of individual farms conducted by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics National Research Institute mainly in 2011 and 2020. The analysis showed the development of the lease market, mainly neighbor-to-neighbor leases, and the increasing impact of leases on increased land equipment for individual farms. Between 2011 and 2020, the share of individual farms organized with leased land increased from 16 to 28%, and the share of leased land in the total area of land at the disposal of individual farmers grew from 15 to 20%. The number of persons who leased a larger area of land also increased. The changes were mainly a consequence of an increase (by approx. 40%) in land leased from neighbors. With depleting resources of undistributed treasury land and farmers’ attachment to patrimony, neighbor-to-neighbor leases will be the basic way to provide more land to commercial farms, and thus increase their competitiveness. For this to happen, it is necessary to overcome the main barriers hindering the growth of agricultural land mobility through the institutional regulation of the private lease market and taking actions to persuade owners of agricultural real estates who earn their living from non-agricultural sources to lease land that they do not use.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81995313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the paper was to review and analyze the theory and definition of human needs, as well as the direction of work on the selection of a set of indicators characterizing the standard of living and the quality of live of the population. The study used the method of back-up data analysis (desk research). The descriptive method and the technique of examining documents and describing their content were also applied. The basic empirical material was statistical data, mainly the results of household budget surveys. The study period was 2010–2020. The study indicated that work on sets of indicators characterizing the standard of living and the quality of life, their modification and improvement depending on the changing socio-economic situation are necessary for an effective cohesion policy. There is still no single universal definition of the concept and method of measuring the standard of living and the quality of life due to difficulties in defining indicators and variables. A set of indicators was also developed by Statistics Poland. It is an open set, which can be modified and improved depending on the changing socio-economic situation. The domains which were taken into account refer to the solutions adopted within the European Statistical System, however, they are not identical. Recently, research on the standard of living and the quality of life lays greater emphasis on subjective rather than objective indicators. The standard of living and the quality of life of the population should be monitored regularly, as this will help to adopt the sets of indicators comparable at different territorial levels.
{"title":"Degree and Scope of the Fulfillment of Needs as Indicators of Living Standard and Life Quality","authors":"B. Chmielewska","doi":"10.30858/zer/145776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/145776","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the paper was to review and analyze the theory and definition of human needs, as well as the direction of work on the selection of a set of indicators characterizing the standard of living and the quality of live of the population. The study used the method of back-up data analysis (desk research). The descriptive method and the technique of examining documents and describing their content were also applied. The basic empirical material was statistical data, mainly the results of household budget surveys. The study period was 2010–2020. The study indicated that work on sets of indicators characterizing the standard of living and the quality of life, their modification and improvement depending on the changing socio-economic situation are necessary for an effective cohesion policy. There is still no single universal definition of the concept and method of measuring the standard of living and the quality of life due to difficulties in defining indicators and variables. A set of indicators was also developed by Statistics Poland. It is an open set, which can be modified and improved depending on the changing socio-economic situation. The domains which were taken into account refer to the solutions adopted within the European Statistical System, however, they are not identical. Recently, research on the standard of living and the quality of life lays greater emphasis on subjective rather than objective indicators. The standard of living and the quality of life of the population should be monitored regularly, as this will help to adopt the sets of indicators comparable at different territorial levels.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80051726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"COMPETITIVENESS OF POLISH AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION – COMPETITIVE POTENTIAL AND POSITION","authors":"W. Poczta, Karolina Pawlak","doi":"10.30858/zer/130541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/130541","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44261783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the article is to contribute to the discussion and research devoted to the evolution of the agri-food sector in the period of systemic transformation, Poland’s membership in the European Union, and globalization of the world economy. The evolution of the Polish agri-food sector, which started in the first years of systemic transformation, intensified in the period of preparations for accession to the European Union (EU), and then stimulated by the processes of deepening economic and trade integration with the EU Member States and the global market, proves that this sector has undergone profound transformations. After joining the EU, the Polish food economy was co-financed with EU funds, which allowed for the acceleration of structural and modernization changes in the sector. Foreign direct investments also played a significant role in the process of strengthening the position of the Polish agri-food sector. However, the key factor in the sector’s development was the dynamic growth of agri-food exports, accompanied by the growing demand for food in the internal market. Due to changes in macroeconomic and market conditions, entities of the domestic agri-food sector will have to face new challenges in the future.
{"title":"THE EVOLUTION OF THE AGRI-FOOD SECTOR IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION, MEMBERSHIP IN THE EU AND GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY","authors":"I. Szczepaniak, P. Szajner","doi":"10.30858/zer/128631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/128631","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is to contribute to the discussion and research devoted to the evolution of the agri-food sector in the period of systemic transformation, Poland’s membership in the European Union, and globalization of the world economy. The evolution of the Polish agri-food sector, which started in the first years of systemic transformation, intensified in the period of preparations for accession to the European Union (EU), and then stimulated by the processes of deepening economic and trade integration with the EU Member States and the global market, proves that this sector has undergone profound transformations. After joining the EU, the Polish food economy was co-financed with EU funds, which allowed for the acceleration of structural and modernization changes in the sector. Foreign direct investments also played a significant role in the process of strengthening the position of the Polish agri-food sector. However, the key factor in the sector’s development was the dynamic growth of agri-food exports, accompanied by the growing demand for food in the internal market. Due to changes in macroeconomic and market conditions, entities of the domestic agri-food sector will have to face new challenges in the future.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46693262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BIOECONOMY AS A CONCEPT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRIBUSINESS","authors":"M. Adamowicz","doi":"10.30858/zer/131842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/131842","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43782469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHANGES IN THE INCOME SITUATION OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS IN THE LIGHT OF THE POLISH FADN OBSERVATIONS FROM 2004-2018","authors":"J. Kulawik, B. Wieliczko, Renata Płonka","doi":"10.30858/zer/130053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/130053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48924594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AGRICULTURE AND THE EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL","authors":"W. Wrzaszcz, Konrad Prandecki","doi":"10.30858/zer/131841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/131841","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44885548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FOOD QUALITY ON THE POLISH MARKET – THREATS AND WAYS OF THEIR ELIMINATION","authors":"M. Kwasek, Stanisław Kowalczyk","doi":"10.30858/ZER/125619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/ZER/125619","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48136773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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