Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the attitudes and ethnocentric behaviors of consumers on the local food market. The survey also included consumers’ purchasing channels, which helped determine the specifics of local product distribution. The criterion for classifying the respondent into the research sample was to indicate the economic motives of consumer ethnocentrism as a factor in the purchase decision. 1,009 correctly completed questionnaires were accepted for analysis. Descriptive statistics and the U Mann–Whitney test were used in the analyses. The results made it possible to determine the products appreciated by respondents, such as eggs, dairy products, and groats. Local alcoholic beverages in the categories “local wines” and “craft beers” were appreciated more by men. The respondents had the lowest interest in oils produced locally. Among the features with which consumers associate local food are producer identification, freshness, good taste, and affordability. Consumers take advantage of short supply chains such as direct sales by the producer or take the opportunity to buy products at local events or thematic trips such as the culinary trail. Consumers are able to accept a price increase of 10–15%, with larger increases they start looking for cheaper substitutes. In conclusion it was stated that the market for local products is a source of support for the local economy, therefore the authorities should create conditions for its development through undertaking appropriate measures promoting local products.
{"title":"Consumer Ethnocentrism on the Market for Local Products: Determinants of Consumer Behaviors","authors":"J. Wojciechowska-Solis","doi":"10.30858/zer/155842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/155842","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the attitudes and ethnocentric behaviors of consumers on the local food market. The survey also included consumers’ purchasing channels, which helped determine the specifics of local product distribution. The criterion for classifying the respondent into the research sample was to indicate the economic motives of consumer ethnocentrism as a factor in the purchase decision. 1,009 correctly completed questionnaires were accepted for analysis. Descriptive statistics and the U Mann–Whitney test were used in the analyses. The results made it possible to determine the products appreciated by respondents, such as eggs, dairy products, and groats. Local alcoholic beverages in the categories “local wines” and “craft beers” were appreciated more by men. The respondents had the lowest interest in oils produced locally. Among the features with which consumers associate local food are producer identification, freshness, good taste, and affordability. Consumers take advantage of short supply chains such as direct sales by the producer or take the opportunity to buy products at local events or thematic trips such as the culinary trail. Consumers are able to accept a price increase of 10–15%, with larger increases they start looking for cheaper substitutes. In conclusion it was stated that the market for local products is a source of support for the local economy, therefore the authorities should create conditions for its development through undertaking appropriate measures promoting local products.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86137758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the research is to present electricity consumption in rural areas and the preferred directions of development of the energy sector in Poland in the opinion of the rural population of the Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Voivodships. Due to the extensive scope of the analysis, the part showing the actual energy consumption was based on the data from statistical offices, whereas the part concerning the prospects was based on the survey conducted in 2021 among 516 inhabitants of rural areas of the Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Voivodships, which are typically agricultural regions. The study was partial and was carried out using the diagnostic survey method and the CAWI technique. The study was not probabilistic. The study shows that the surveyed inhabitants of rural areas positively assessed the consequences of the European Union climate policy for the natural environment and expect greater state support to increase the share of renewable energy sources in Poland’s energy mix and to apply the requirements for the energy efficiency of devices. The respondents were convinced of the possibility of covering and replacing energy from conventional sources. They positively assessed energy from renewable sources, perceiving renewable energy, mainly photovoltaics, as the main source of energy in Poland’s energy mix.
{"title":"Rural Electricity Consumption: Reality and Prospects in the Opinion of the Inhabitants of Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Voivodships","authors":"M. Woźniak, K. Kud","doi":"10.30858/zer/155843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/155843","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the research is to present electricity consumption in rural areas and the preferred directions of development of the energy sector in Poland in the opinion of the rural population of the Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Voivodships. Due to the extensive scope of the analysis, the part showing the actual energy consumption was based on the data from statistical offices, whereas the part concerning the prospects was based on the survey conducted in 2021 among 516 inhabitants of rural areas of the Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Voivodships, which are typically agricultural regions. The study was partial and was carried out using the diagnostic survey method and the CAWI technique. The study was not probabilistic. The study shows that the surveyed inhabitants of rural areas positively assessed the consequences of the European Union climate policy for the natural environment and expect greater state support to increase the share of renewable energy sources in Poland’s energy mix and to apply the requirements for the energy efficiency of devices. The respondents were convinced of the possibility of covering and replacing energy from conventional sources. They positively assessed energy from renewable sources, perceiving renewable energy, mainly photovoltaics, as the main source of energy in Poland’s energy mix.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84543400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of land grabbing and its impact on ensuring food security in Africa between 2000 and 2020. The analysis used data on large-scale land acquisitions from the Land Matrix database and legal acts from the online contracts repository, i.e., the Open Land Contracts (OLC) kept at Columbia University. In the article non-reactive research methods were used, i.e., the analysis of the literature on the subject as well as statistical and descriptive methods. Between 2000 and 2020, Africa recorded the highest number of large-scale land acquisitions on a global scale. Transactions were concluded throughout the period, although most of them were concluded from 2007 to 2011, i.e., during the periods of higher prices of agricultural products. In terms of specific objectives, agricultural transactions were dominated by food crops (182 transactions and over 1 million ha of contracted land) and crop production for biofuels (55 transactions and almost 1.5 million ha of land). 64.3% of agricultural land purchase transactions were in the operational phase, i.e., in production. The conducted research allowed for drawing the following conclusions: some of the agreements omitted the issue of food security of local communities altogether, which contradicts the declarations of national governments, whose aim was to guarantee it as a result of the defectiveness of the contracts (vide the methods of their conclusion and enforcement), they are unilaterally invalidated by the national courts in the host country or are sued by investors; land grabbing contributes to the loss or reduction of food security in developing countries that seek to obtain investments in arable land.
{"title":"Land Grabbing and Food Security in Developing Countries","authors":"Iwona Łuczyk","doi":"10.30858/zer/155994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/155994","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of land grabbing and its impact on ensuring food security in Africa between 2000 and 2020. The analysis used data on large-scale land acquisitions from the Land Matrix database and legal acts from the online contracts repository, i.e., the Open Land Contracts (OLC) kept at Columbia University. In the article non-reactive research methods were used, i.e., the analysis of the literature on the subject as well as statistical and descriptive methods. Between 2000 and 2020, Africa recorded the highest number of large-scale land acquisitions on a global scale. Transactions were concluded throughout the period, although most of them were concluded from 2007 to 2011, i.e., during the periods of higher prices of agricultural products. In terms of specific objectives, agricultural transactions were dominated by food crops (182 transactions and over 1 million ha of contracted land) and crop production for biofuels (55 transactions and almost 1.5 million ha of land). 64.3% of agricultural land purchase transactions were in the operational phase, i.e., in production. The conducted research allowed for drawing the following conclusions: some of the agreements omitted the issue of food security of local communities altogether, which contradicts the declarations of national governments, whose aim was to guarantee it as a result of the defectiveness of the contracts (vide the methods of their conclusion and enforcement), they are unilaterally invalidated by the national courts in the host country or are sued by investors; land grabbing contributes to the loss or reduction of food security in developing countries that seek to obtain investments in arable land.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75202971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the article is to describe Polish agri-food exports to countries that are members of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and to assess the possibilities of developing exports of Polish food producers to the markets of these countries. The study was conducted, among others, with the use of a synthetic perspective index based on the data from Statistics Poland and the wiTs-comtrade database. The study shows that rcep countries have a relatively low share in Polish agri-food exports (2.7% in 2021) and the trade is characterized by a permanently negative balance of food turnover. In the context of the growth prospects for polish exports, it is difficult to speak of the same product groups in all markets. On the contrary, the choice of a given market determines which products can be regarded as prospective in Polish exports to this market. The products include not only processed, but also agricultural and low-processed ones. There is a risk that the agreement, which has been in force since the beginning of 2022, will cause the diversion effect, consisting in reducing the trade of RCEP countries with non-RCEP countries. This may make it necessary to adapt the trade strategy implemented on the asian market by EU countries, including Poland, to the new conditions.
{"title":"Prospects for the Development of Polish Agri-Food Exports to the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Countries","authors":"Łukasz Ambroziak, I. Szczepaniak, K. Pawlak","doi":"10.30858/zer/155841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/155841","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the article is to describe Polish agri-food exports to countries that are members of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and to assess the possibilities of developing exports of Polish food producers to the markets of these countries. The study was conducted, among others, with the use of a synthetic perspective index based on the data from Statistics Poland and the wiTs-comtrade database. The study shows that rcep countries have a relatively low share in Polish agri-food exports (2.7% in 2021) and the trade is characterized by a permanently negative balance of food turnover. In the context of the growth prospects for polish exports, it is difficult to speak of the same product groups in all markets. On the contrary, the choice of a given market determines which products can be regarded as prospective in Polish exports to this market. The products include not only processed, but also agricultural and low-processed ones. There is a risk that the agreement, which has been in force since the beginning of 2022, will cause the diversion effect, consisting in reducing the trade of RCEP countries with non-RCEP countries. This may make it necessary to adapt the trade strategy implemented on the asian market by EU countries, including Poland, to the new conditions.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79754679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most striking recent technology developments. Potentially, it can significantly affect all areas of economic activities including agriculture. The paper addresses two issues such as the actual essence of AI and its most important current and expected future applications in agriculture and their potential impact on labor use and productivity of this sector. The research methods applied in the paper are critical analysis of selected literature sources and deductive reasoning regarding the likely influence of ai applications on labor use in agriculture and its total factor productivity. It was found out that applications of AI in agriculture are numerous and very diverse both in terms of technological solutions and managed processes. Moreover, the market for AI applications in agriculture is expected to grow quite rapidly due to an increasing tendency to automatize agricultural production and marketing processes. This inevitably leads to substitution of physical labor with sophisticated machinery and robots. Also, it generates demand for new labor competencies needed to manage increasingly capital intensive agricultural production and related processes driven by the use of AI. Based on mainly theoretical considerations, it can be surmised that widespread use of ai in agriculture should positively contribute to the growth in the total factor productivity (TFP) of the sector. Consequently, countries where agricultural producers adopt AI solutions faster can gain competitive advantage in food production.
{"title":"Development of Artificial Intelligence and Potential Impact of Its Applications in Agriculture on Labor Use and Productivity","authors":"S. Figiel","doi":"10.30858/zer/153583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/153583","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most striking recent technology developments. Potentially, it can significantly affect all areas of economic activities including agriculture. The paper addresses two issues such as the actual essence of AI and its most important current and expected future applications in agriculture and their potential impact on labor use and productivity of this sector. The research methods applied in the paper are critical analysis of selected literature sources and deductive reasoning regarding the likely influence of ai applications on labor use in agriculture and its total factor productivity. It was found out that applications of AI in agriculture are numerous and very diverse both in terms of technological solutions and managed processes. Moreover, the market for AI applications in agriculture is expected to grow quite rapidly due to an increasing tendency to automatize agricultural production and marketing processes. This inevitably leads to substitution of physical labor with sophisticated machinery and robots. Also, it generates demand for new labor competencies needed to manage increasingly capital intensive agricultural production and related processes driven by the use of AI. Based on mainly theoretical considerations, it can be surmised that widespread use of ai in agriculture should positively contribute to the growth in the total factor productivity (TFP) of the sector. Consequently, countries where agricultural producers adopt AI solutions faster can gain competitive advantage in food production.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73673497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the paper was to assess the debt burden on farmers and suggest policy solutions. The study is based on a field survey of six hundred indebted farmers. It showed that the average amount of debt per sampled farmer was INR 563,960 (USD 6,945.24).1 The study found a skewed debt access to semi--medium and medium farmers. The largest debt share is mostly observed among semi-medium, medium, and large farmers, as the top 33% of farmers account for 71.8% of the debt share. By contrast, the bottom 48% (marginal farmers) are left to struggle with only 14.8% of the debt share. The source-wise distribution shows that one-third of debt share is still acquired from non-institutional sources. It depicts that non-institutional sources are also engaged in the disbursement of loans to agriculture sector at higher and compound interest rates. Furthermore, commission agents’ or arhtiyas’2 role is dominant among the farmers. Nearly half of the debt amount is still used for non-productive activities. This is one of the major challenges for policymakers to resolve the problem of indebtedness.
{"title":"Indebtedness: Field Notes on Farmers from Haryana, India","authors":"B. Jakhar, Manoj Siwach, Rohtas Kait","doi":"10.30858/zer-156651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer-156651","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the paper was to assess the debt burden on farmers and suggest policy solutions. The study is based on a field survey of six hundred indebted farmers. It showed that the average amount of debt per sampled farmer was INR 563,960 (USD 6,945.24).1 The study found a skewed debt access to semi--medium and medium farmers. The largest debt share is mostly observed among semi-medium, medium, and large farmers, as the top 33% of farmers account for 71.8% of the debt share. By contrast, the bottom 48% (marginal farmers) are left to struggle with only 14.8% of the debt share. The source-wise distribution shows that one-third of debt share is still acquired from non-institutional sources. It depicts that non-institutional sources are also engaged in the disbursement of loans to agriculture sector at higher and compound interest rates. Furthermore, commission agents’ or arhtiyas’2 role is dominant among the farmers. Nearly half of the debt amount is still used for non-productive activities. This is one of the major challenges for policymakers to resolve the problem of indebtedness.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89552283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the study is to present the determinants of the potential application of the circular economy model in the food processing sector on the example the dairy industry. The first part of the article analyzes various factors that stimulate and limit the transformation of the dairy industry towards the circular economy. The second part presents the examples of solutions corresponding to the idea of a circular economy that have been implemented or are planned to be implemented in dairy enterprises. This paper is an overview. It uses strategic eu and national documents, literature on the circular economy in agri--food systems, as well as reports from the trade press presenting specific examples of the implementation of circular economy solutions in dairies. The analysis shows that in the dairy industry there are great opportunities to implement the circular economy model, but it is a complex process under the influence of stimulating and limiting factors. It requires systemic changes at various levels of the economy, significant financial resources, and above all, adaptation investments in the field of innovative technologies, energy systems, and water and wastewater management. Successful activities supporting the transformation towards the circular economy implemented in dairy enterprises include in particular solutions consisting in: reducing the amount of waste produced and reusing it, direct use of by-products, using renewable energy sources (in heating and cooling systems), reducing consumption of water and reusing it, using eco-friendly packaging and sustainable transportation. In conclusion, it should be stated that the actions taken by the food processing sector, including the dairy industry, aimed at transformation towards the circular economy are necessary, especially in the context of the challenges related to the european Green Deal and the Farm to Fork Strategy.
{"title":"Determinants of Implementation of the Circular Economy in the Food Processing Sector on the Example of the Dairy Industry","authors":"Arkadiusz Gralak, R. Grochowska, I. Szczepaniak","doi":"10.30858/zer/152535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/152535","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study is to present the determinants of the potential application of the circular economy model in the food processing sector on the example the dairy industry. The first part of the article analyzes various factors that stimulate and limit the transformation of the dairy industry towards the circular economy. The second part presents the examples of solutions corresponding to the idea of a circular economy that have been implemented or are planned to be implemented in dairy enterprises. This paper is an overview. It uses strategic eu and national documents, literature on the circular economy in agri--food systems, as well as reports from the trade press presenting specific examples of the implementation of circular economy solutions in dairies. The analysis shows that in the dairy industry there are great opportunities to implement the circular economy model, but it is a complex process under the influence of stimulating and limiting factors. It requires systemic changes at various levels of the economy, significant financial resources, and above all, adaptation investments in the field of innovative technologies, energy systems, and water and wastewater management. Successful activities supporting the transformation towards the circular economy implemented in dairy enterprises include in particular solutions consisting in: reducing the amount of waste produced and reusing it, direct use of by-products, using renewable energy sources (in heating and cooling systems), reducing consumption of water and reusing it, using eco-friendly packaging and sustainable transportation. In conclusion, it should be stated that the actions taken by the food processing sector, including the dairy industry, aimed at transformation towards the circular economy are necessary, especially in the context of the challenges related to the european Green Deal and the Farm to Fork Strategy.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90431257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article discusses the issue of the impact of changes in purchase prices of an agricultural product on production profitability in agriculture, and more precisely with respect to agricultural producers on a given agricultural product market (in a given sector) in an analytical and model approach. The logic of formal deductive reasoning is then illustrated and verified empirically. The authors’ own analytical description of the relationship determining changes in the level of production profitability for agricultural producers, with a particular emphasis on the change in the purchase price, is in fact the goal and added value of the article. It enables the identification of dependencies resulting from market laws that affect changes in production profitability. In particular, the authors present the influence of mutual relationships between changes in the purchase price level and the purchase volume on revenue, and thus production profitability. The article has a theoretical and cognitive and, to some extent, methodological message. The reasoning in the article is carried out in terms and at the level of generality appropriate for microeconomics and the theory of agricultural economics as well as a given product market for agricultural producers.
{"title":"Changes in Purchase Prices and Efficiency vs. Production Profitability in Agriculture: Analytical and Empirical Approach","authors":"A. Bezat-Jarzębowska, W. Rembisz","doi":"10.30858/zer/153031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/153031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article discusses the issue of the impact of changes in purchase prices of an agricultural product on production profitability in agriculture, and more precisely with respect to agricultural producers on a given agricultural product market (in a given sector) in an analytical and model approach. The logic of formal deductive reasoning is then illustrated and verified empirically. The authors’ own analytical description of the relationship determining changes in the level of production profitability for agricultural producers, with a particular emphasis on the change in the purchase price, is in fact the goal and added value of the article. It enables the identification of dependencies resulting from market laws that affect changes in production profitability. In particular, the authors present the influence of mutual relationships between changes in the purchase price level and the purchase volume on revenue, and thus production profitability. The article has a theoretical and cognitive and, to some extent, methodological message. The reasoning in the article is carried out in terms and at the level of generality appropriate for microeconomics and the theory of agricultural economics as well as a given product market for agricultural producers.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88200153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the article is to present the supply and demand situation on the market of rapeseed oil and maize used for fuel purposes in Poland, as well as analyze the relationship between their prices and production, as well as the consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel. The analysis covered the 2015–2020 period and was based on data from statistics Poland, the National Support Center for Agriculture, and the Polish Oil Industry and Trade Organization. Statistical analysis showed that between 2015 and 2020 the dynamics of the usage of raw materials to produce biofuels exceeded the growth rate of their production and harvest. The assessment of the relationship between production and consumption of fuels in Poland showed that the demand from the fuel sector had a dominant influence on the prices of rapeseed oil and maize during the period under consideration, and fuel production had a less significant share in shaping wholesale prices of rapeseed oil and purchase prices of maize. Biofuels are an important and topical issue both in the context of the new energy policy of the European Union (EU) and Poland until 2040 and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, with one of the consequences being the energy crisis and the announcement of the EU becoming independent from Russian energy. In such a situation, biofuels and raw materials for their production may turn out to be an important element of improving energy security.
{"title":"Tendencies for Usage of Rapeseed Oil and Maize for Biocomponent Production in Poland Between 2015 and 2020","authors":"Łukasz Chmielewski","doi":"10.30858/zer/152476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/152476","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the article is to present the supply and demand situation on the market of rapeseed oil and maize used for fuel purposes in Poland, as well as analyze the relationship between their prices and production, as well as the consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel. The analysis covered the 2015–2020 period and was based on data from statistics Poland, the National Support Center for Agriculture, and the Polish Oil Industry and Trade Organization. Statistical analysis showed that between 2015 and 2020 the dynamics of the usage of raw materials to produce biofuels exceeded the growth rate of their production and harvest. The assessment of the relationship between production and consumption of fuels in Poland showed that the demand from the fuel sector had a dominant influence on the prices of rapeseed oil and maize during the period under consideration, and fuel production had a less significant share in shaping wholesale prices of rapeseed oil and purchase prices of maize. Biofuels are an important and topical issue both in the context of the new energy policy of the European Union (EU) and Poland until 2040 and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, with one of the consequences being the energy crisis and the announcement of the EU becoming independent from Russian energy. In such a situation, biofuels and raw materials for their production may turn out to be an important element of improving energy security.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77200932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In 2022, thirty years have passed since the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This period is long enough to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy. The aim of this paper is to determine the achievements of climate policy so far and the most likely directions for further actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Particular attention was paid to agricultural emissions, which results from the significant share of agriculture in global emissions and the specific structure of emissions, i.e., the significant role of the sector in methane and nitrous oxide emissions. The paper uses statistical analysis based on the World Bank data. It was supplemented by a critical analysis of the literature on climate policy. The presented results show that the current policy does not bring the expected results. There are, however, some examples (the European Union), where the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is visible. As a result, the share of Community emissions in global emissions tends to decrease. This applies to both total and agricultural emissions, i.e., methane and nitrous oxide. Based on the presented data and global trends, it seems most likely that the current direction of changes will be continued, i.e., poor care for climate on a global scale and increasing emission restrictions in selected regions of the world. Nevertheless, this solution will be ineffective, since climate change is a global problem and must be solved globally.
{"title":"Global and European Climate Policy","authors":"Konrad Prandecki","doi":"10.30858/zer/152466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/152466","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 2022, thirty years have passed since the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This period is long enough to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy. The aim of this paper is to determine the achievements of climate policy so far and the most likely directions for further actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Particular attention was paid to agricultural emissions, which results from the significant share of agriculture in global emissions and the specific structure of emissions, i.e., the significant role of the sector in methane and nitrous oxide emissions. The paper uses statistical analysis based on the World Bank data. It was supplemented by a critical analysis of the literature on climate policy. The presented results show that the current policy does not bring the expected results. There are, however, some examples (the European Union), where the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is visible. As a result, the share of Community emissions in global emissions tends to decrease. This applies to both total and agricultural emissions, i.e., methane and nitrous oxide. Based on the presented data and global trends, it seems most likely that the current direction of changes will be continued, i.e., poor care for climate on a global scale and increasing emission restrictions in selected regions of the world. Nevertheless, this solution will be ineffective, since climate change is a global problem and must be solved globally.","PeriodicalId":29744,"journal":{"name":"Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87088110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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