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Politické myšlení Davida Huma. Základní otázky, východiska a inspirace pro americké otce zakladatele by Adéla Rádková (review) 大卫-休谟的政治思想。美国开国元勋的基本问题、出发点和灵感》,作者 Adéla Rádková(评论)
4区 哲学 Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/hms.2024.a924236
Hynek Janoušek
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引用次数: 0
Index to Volume 48 第48卷索引
4区 哲学 Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/hms.2023.a910753
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引用次数: 0
Experience, Embodiment, and History: Remarks on Waldow’s Experience Embodied 经验、具体化与历史:评沃尔多的经验具体化
4区 哲学 Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/hms.2023.a910749
Dario Perinetti
Experience, Embodiment, and History: Remarks on Waldow’s Experience Embodied Dario Perinetti (bio) Anik Waldow’s Experience Embodied delves into what she calls the “early modern debate on the concept of experience.”1 In her rich and wide-ranging account, she shows how a group of key early modern philosophers dealt with a puzzle regarding the connection between the subjective and objective aspects of experience. The puzzle stems from the fact that experience reveals as much about the experiencing subject as it does about the experienced world. Waldow believes that a one-sided focus on the role of “the way of ideas” in shaping the subjective aspect of experience has distorted our understanding of early modern views on experience. According to the traditional reading, the puzzle presents an intractable challenge to early modern philosophers. For if we experience the world through ideas, and ideas are internal mental states, it becomes difficult to reconcile the explanations required for the psychology of our mental states with those needed for the natural sciences dealing with objective states of affairs. But, so Waldow claims, the challenge can be successfully faced once we understand experience as embodied: “We have to think of experience as embodied to do justice to both explanatory requirements, because it is the body that connects the experiencing mind and its subjectivity with the factual realm of the world.”2 Waldow disputes the commonly held view that early modern philosophers saw experience as an interaction between mind and world. She contends, instead, that most early modern philosophers understood experience as embodied. The thesis is presented through a series of “case studies” or “snapshots.” These snapshots focus on the way Descartes, Locke, Hume, Rousseau, Herder, and Kant accounted for the [End Page 319] embodied dimension of experience. The case studies are noteworthy because they succeed in revealing the significance of embodied experience for the authors in question. Waldow manages to expose the significance of embodied experience by focusing on the connection between the authors’ central philosophical views and their views on topics like education, the psychology of emotions, and history, which are often considered of lesser interest by contemporary philosophers. For example, in chapter 1, Waldow argues that connecting Descartes’s mind-body dualism with his understanding of reason as a tool for human self-determination and agency, makes it possible to see how, contrary to commonly held assumptions, Descartes’s dualism aligns well with an understanding of experience as embodied. This weakens the view that Descartes defended a conception of reason as disembodied, and instead, allows for a reading of Cartesian philosophy as aligned with a more naturalistic picture of human nature. In her chapters on Hume and Herder, Waldow sheds light on the way these philosophers perceived reason and experience as deeply rooted in bodily sensibili
Anik Waldow的《经验体现》深入探讨了她所称的“关于经验概念的早期现代辩论”。在她丰富而广泛的叙述中,她展示了一群重要的早期现代哲学家如何处理关于经验的主观和客观方面之间联系的难题。这个谜源于这样一个事实,即经验对体验主体的揭示与对体验世界的揭示一样多。沃尔多认为,片面地关注“思想方式”在塑造经验的主观方面所起的作用,扭曲了我们对早期现代经验观点的理解。根据传统解读,这个谜题对早期现代哲学家提出了一个棘手的挑战。因为,如果我们通过观念来体验世界,而观念是内在的精神状态,那么,我们的精神状态的心理学所需要的解释与处理客观事物状态的自然科学所需要的解释就很难调和了。但是,沃尔多声称,一旦我们把经验理解为具身的,这个挑战就可以成功地面对:“我们必须把经验理解为具身的,才能公正地对待这两个解释性要求,因为正是身体把体验心灵及其主观性与世界的事实领域联系起来。”人们普遍认为早期现代哲学家认为经验是心灵与世界之间的相互作用,沃尔多对此提出了异议。相反,她认为,大多数早期现代哲学家将经验理解为具体化。论文是通过一系列“案例研究”或“快照”来呈现的。这些快照集中在笛卡尔、洛克、休谟、卢梭、赫尔德和康德解释经验的具体化维度的方式上。这些案例研究是值得注意的,因为它们成功地揭示了具体经验对相关作者的重要性。沃尔多通过关注作者的核心哲学观点与他们对教育、情感心理学和历史等主题的观点之间的联系,成功地揭示了体现经验的重要性,这些主题通常被当代哲学家认为不太感兴趣。例如,在第一章中,沃尔多认为,将笛卡尔的心身二元论与他对理性作为人类自决和能动的工具的理解联系起来,就有可能看到,与普遍持有的假设相反,笛卡尔的二元论与对经验的具体化理解是如何一致的。这削弱了笛卡尔为理性的无实体概念辩护的观点,相反,允许将笛卡尔哲学与更自然的人性图景相一致。在她关于休谟和赫尔德的章节中,沃尔多揭示了这些哲学家如何将理性和经验视为深深植根于身体的感性,以及历史上形成的道德态度和社会规范。这些哲学家以不同的方式支持理解人类在自然中的位置的自然主义计划,这种对具体化经验的关注是强调这一点的核心。在这些结果的基础上,沃尔多从一个不同的、原创的角度来探讨自然主义与哲学方法论之间的关系问题。她关于赫尔德和康德的最后几章提出了理解哲学与经验科学之间联系的两种方式。在她看来,Herder提倡一种自然主义的方法论,作为一种方法来回答深刻的形而上学问题,以及与人性及其与文化、社会和历史的联系有关的经验问题。与赫尔德不同,康德似乎提倡一种方法二元论的形式,这种二元论将关于经验结构的概念问题与关于具体的、具体化的人类经验的经验问题区分开来。沃尔多成功地强调了两种方法论之间的对比,这要归功于他带领我们浏览了这两位思想家的经典著作,以及一些不太常见的著作,比如赫尔德关于语言起源的著作,以及康德关于人类学、地理学、自然史和历史学的著作。可以看出,沃尔多的书不仅对体现经验在早期现代哲学中的重要性提供了有价值的见解,而且还提供了对……
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引用次数: 0
Editors’ Introduction 编辑的介绍
4区 哲学 Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/hms.2023.a910741
Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Mark G. Spencer
Editors’ Introduction Elizabeth S. Radcliffe and Mark G. Spencer This issue opens with the winning essay in the Second Annual Hume Studies Essay Prize competition: “Hume’s Passion-Based Account of Moral Responsibility,” by Taro Okamura. Dr. Okamura’s essay was chosen as the 2022 winner from among papers submitted by emerging scholars from August 2021 through July 2022. Dr. Okamura received his Ph.D. from the University of Alberta in 2022. He is currently a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellow at the Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology at the University of Tokyo. The competition for the Third Prize closed on August 1, 2023, and the winner will be announced in our next issue. Please see the Call for Papers for the fourth competition in the back of this issue. The competition is open to authors ten or fewer years from the Ph.D. A special aspect of our current issue is its spotlight on Hume’s Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary. Renowned Dutch Enlightenment scholar, Frederic L. van Holthoon, presents his analysis of some of Hume’s essays, which he argues constitute Hume’s project of writing on political, or public, issues—a goal he did not get to complete with the Treatise. Also, established Hume scholar Lorne Falkenstein offers an extended review of the newly published Clarendon edition of Hume’s essays, in two volumes (edited by Tom L. Beauchamp and Mark A. Box, with Michael Silverthorne, J. A. W. Gunn, and F. David Harvey). Finally, we want to bring to the attention of our readers that, in fewer than two years, Hume Studies will be marking the 50th anniversary of its first publication. For this event, we are planning a special jubilee issue, 50:1 (April 2025). We hope to include among the unique features of that issue paragraphs or statements from our readers in answer to this query: “Of all of the articles that have been published in Hume Studies over the past 50 years, which one is most noteworthy to you? Why so?” Please see the “Call for Entries” in the back of this issue and on the Hume Studies website. We invite your responses! [End Page 193] Copyright © 2023 Hume Studies
本期以第二届休谟研究论文奖竞赛的获奖文章开篇:《休谟基于激情的道德责任解释》,作者冈村太郎。冈村博士的论文在2021年8月至2022年7月期间,新兴学者提交的论文中被选为2022年获奖者。Okamura博士于2022年获得阿尔伯塔大学博士学位。他目前是东京大学人文与社会学研究生院的日本科学研究促进协会研究员。三等奖的比赛于2023年8月1日结束,获奖者将在我们的下一期中公布。请参阅本期后面的第四次竞赛征稿。该竞赛面向博士毕业10年或更短时间内的作者开放。本期杂志的一个特别方面是聚焦于休谟的《道德、政治和文学随笔》。著名的荷兰启蒙运动学者Frederic L. van Holthoon对休谟的一些文章进行了分析,他认为这些文章构成了休谟关于政治或公共问题的写作计划——这是他在《人性论》中没有完成的目标。此外,知名的休谟学者洛恩·法尔肯斯坦(Lorne Falkenstein)对新出版的克拉伦登版休谟文集进行了扩展评论,分为两卷(由汤姆·l·比尚和马克·a·博克斯、迈克尔·西尔弗索恩、j·a·w·冈恩和f·大卫·哈维编辑)。最后,我们想提请读者注意,在不到两年的时间里,《休谟研究》将迎来创刊50周年。为此,我们计划发行50:1(2025年4月)的纪念特刊。”我们希望在这期杂志的独特特色中包括读者的段落或陈述,以回答这个问题:“在过去50年里发表在休谟研究杂志上的所有文章中,哪一篇对你来说最值得注意?”为什么如此?”请参阅本刊背面和休谟研究网站上的“征稿”。我们诚邀您的回复![endpage 193]版权所有©2023休谟研究
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引用次数: 0
Hume Studies Referees: 1 July 2022 through 30 June 2023 休谟研究推荐人:2022年7月1日至2023年6月30日
4区 哲学 Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/hms.2023.a910754
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引用次数: 0
Hume’s Essays , Completing the Treatise 休谟文集:《人性论
4区 哲学 Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/hms.2023.a910746
Frederic L. Van Holthoon
Abstract: In this piece, I argue that Hume wrote his Essays to continue writing on political issues after he rather abruptly ended his Treatise , Book 3. Initially he wrote some essays in the vein of Addison and Steele, but he rejected these essays as “frivolous.” In writing on political issues, he became a master essayist and his essays withstood the test of time. “Political” should here be taken in the wider sense as topical issues which readers could immediately recognize as being relevant.
摘要:在这篇文章中,我认为休谟在突然结束了他的《人性论》第三卷之后,他写《随笔》是为了继续写政治问题。起初,他写了一些随笔,带有艾迪生和斯蒂尔的风格,但他拒绝了这些随笔,认为它们“轻浮”。在写政治问题方面,他成为了一名散文大师,他的文章经受住了时间的考验。在这里,“政治”应该在更广泛的意义上被理解为读者可以立即认识到相关的主题问题。
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引用次数: 0
Enriching Humean Sympathy: Reading Hume’s Moral Philosophy in Light of African American Philosophical Thought 丰富休谟的同情心:从非裔美国人哲学思想看休谟的道德哲学
4区 哲学 Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/hms.2023.a910744
Rico Vitz
Abstract: In this paper, I show how reading Hume’s moral philosophy in light of seminal works by nineteenth- and twentieth-century African American authors can provide resources for developing a richer and more intentionally relational conception of sympathy. I begin by identifying two phenomena to which African American intellectuals like Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Anna Julia Cooper refer with the term “sympathy.” For ease of reference, I label these phenomena “sympathetic commitment” and “sympathetic understanding,” respectively. I then show that there are concepts in Hume’s moral philosophy that refer to similar phenomena and suggest that Hume scholars can draw on these concepts to develop an enriched and distinctively Humean sense of sympathy.
摘要:在本文中,我展示了在19世纪和20世纪非裔美国作家的开创性作品的基础上阅读休谟的道德哲学是如何为发展一个更丰富、更有意识的关系同情概念提供资源的。我首先指出两种现象,这两种现象被布克·t·华盛顿、w·e·b·杜波依斯和安娜·朱莉娅·库珀等非裔美国知识分子称为“同情”。为了便于参考,我分别将这些现象称为“同情承诺”和“同情理解”。然后,我表明休谟的道德哲学中有一些概念涉及类似的现象,并建议休谟学者可以利用这些概念来发展丰富而独特的休谟同情心。
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引用次数: 0
The Clarendon Edition of Hume’s Essays 《克拉伦登版休谟文集
4区 哲学 Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/hms.2023.a910747
Lorne Falkenstein
The Clarendon Edition of Hume’s Essays Lorne Falkenstein (bio) David Hume. Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary: A Critical Edition. Edited by Tom L. Beauchamp and Mark A. Box, with Michael Silverthorne, J. A. W. Gunn, and F. David Harvey. 2 volumes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2021. Pp. 1200. ISBN: 97880198847090. $175. As reflected in its title, the Clarendon Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary contains essays that appeared over the course of Hume’s lifetime under the titles Essays, Moral and Political (EMP) and Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (EMPL). (The latter appears as a subtitle within Hume’s larger Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects [ETSS].) It includes pieces that were withdrawn from EMP or EMPL in later editions, as well as essays Hume added to EMPL in 1764 and 1777. These are the essays familiar to those who know Eugene Miller’s Liberty Fund collection of Hume’s Essays with some exceptions: My Own Life, “Of Suicide,” and “Of the Immortality of the Soul” are not included. Essays that Hume decided to withdraw from later editions of EMP or EMPL precede the retained essays, collected in parts by withdrawal date. (This is a nice touch, which better captures the history of their appearance and disappearance.) A dedication to John Home, which appeared in some copies of Four Dissertations, and a list of “Scotticisms,” which appeared at various places in some copies of the first edition of Hume’s Political Discourses (incorporated into EMP and EMPL) are included as appendices. These are decisions that reflect the contents of the published texts, as they appeared from 1741 to 1777 (1:xxvii–xxviii). Hume wanted My Own Life to be prefaced to the posthumous 1777 edition of ETSS (1:444–45), but his publisher, Strahan, chose to publish it as an independent pamphlet instead. The essays “Of Suicide” and [End Page 297] “Of the Immortality of the Soul” were only briefly intended for publication in Four Dissertations (incorporated into ETSS) and did not appear in the released edition. They, too, only appeared posthumously. The editors project a volume containing Hume’s posthumous writings (1:401n1), which should include these works. Though the essays on suicide and immortality are not included, their history is presented over 1:430–31, importantly supplemented by 1:467–68. The dedication to John Home was published during Hume’s lifetime, though only in his Four Dissertations of 1757. As the editors note (1:695–96) it was highly controversial at the time and historically significant, both as an episode in Hume’s own troubles with the Scottish Kirk, and as an indication of the weakening of the control of the clergy over Scottish culture. It merits inclusion somewhere in a critical edition of Hume’s writings. The obvious place is in the company of the works that originally appeared in Four Dissertations. Those works are distributed over three volumes of the Clarendon Hume editions, those containing the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding,
《克拉伦登版休谟文集》洛恩·法尔肯斯坦(传记)大卫·休谟。散文,道德,政治和文学:批判版。汤姆·l·比彻姆、马克·a·博克斯与迈克尔·西尔弗索恩、j·a·w·冈恩、f·大卫·哈维合编,2卷。牛津:克拉伦登出版社,2021。1200页。ISBN: 97880198847090。175美元。正如其标题所反映的那样,《克拉伦登随笔,道德,政治和文学》包含了休谟一生中出现的随笔,标题为《随笔,道德和政治》(EMP)和《随笔,道德,政治和文学》(EMPL)。(后者出现在休谟更大的《若干主题的论文》[ETSS]的副标题中。)它包括在后来的版本中从empp或EMPL中撤回的部分,以及休谟在1764年和1777年添加到EMPL中的文章。这些是那些熟悉尤金·米勒自由基金收集的休谟散文的人所熟悉的文章,除了一些例外:我自己的生活,“自杀”和“灵魂不朽”不包括在内。休谟决定从《EMP》或《EMPL》后来的版本中撤回的论文,在保留的论文之前,按撤回日期部分收集。(这是一个不错的修饰,更好地捕捉了它们出现和消失的历史。)对约翰·霍姆的献词出现在《四篇论文》的一些副本中,“苏格兰主义”的列表出现在休谟的第一版《政治话语》(被纳入EMP和EMPL)的一些副本中的不同地方,作为附录包括在内。这些决定反映了从1741年到1777年出版的案文的内容(1:28 7 - 28 8)。休谟想把《我自己的一生》作为他死后出版的1777年版ETSS(1:44 - 45)的序言,但他的出版商斯特拉汉选择将其作为一本独立的小册子出版。《论自杀》和《论灵魂的不朽》这两篇文章只是短暂地打算发表在《四篇论文》(被纳入ETSS)中,并没有出现在发行版中。它们也只是在死后才出现。编辑们计划出版一卷休谟的遗作(1:40 . 11),其中应该包括这些作品。虽然没有包括关于自杀和不朽的文章,但它们的历史在1:43 - 31之间呈现,重要的是1:467-68补充。对约翰·霍姆的献词是在休谟生前发表的,尽管只在他1757年的四篇论文中发表。正如编辑们所指出的(1:695-96),这在当时是极具争议的,而且具有重要的历史意义,既是休谟自己与苏格兰教会的纠纷中的一个插曲,也是神职人员对苏格兰文化控制减弱的一个迹象。它值得收录在休谟著作的评论版中。最明显的地方是与最初出现在《四篇论文》中的作品在一起。这些作品分布在克拉伦登·休谟版本的三卷本中,其中包括《关于人类理解的探究》、《激情论文》、《宗教自然史》和《EMPL》。这就提出了一个问题,即学者在寻找献词时最倾向于参考哪一卷。由于献词提出了言论自由的问题,而休谟因其言论与宗教有关而陷入困境,一个合适的位置将是包含《自然史》的那一卷,因为献词赞扬了一位敢于写悲剧并在爱丁堡舞台上演出的前柯克牧师。另一个是在《四篇论文》中出现的文学散文:“悲剧”和“品味标准”,这是休谟分配给EMPL的。编辑们选择了后者。休谟的不同版本的随笔经常以广告和通知作为前言。其中最著名的是1777年版中否认《人性论》的注释。它被正确地排除在克拉伦登休谟的这些卷中,因为它是为插入不包含empl的ETSS卷而设计的。剩下的广告和通知很难找到。它们附在修订本/修订本第三部分的引言部分(1:52 29 - 30…)
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引用次数: 0
Internal Inconsistency and Secondary Ideas: Hume’s Problem in the Appendix with His Account of Personal Identity 内在矛盾与次要思想:《人格同一性》附录中休谟的问题
4区 哲学 Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/hms.2023.a910743
Julia Wolf
Abstract: In the Appendix to the Treatise , Hume argues that there is a significant problem with his earlier account of personal identity. There has been considerable debate about what this problem actually is. I develop a new version of an internal inconsistency reading, where I argue that Hume realised that his original account of the connexion between perceptions in terms of an association of the ideas of the perceptions was not a viable means of explaining the connexion between perceptions as it leads to an infinite regress of ideas of perceptions. This is only stopped by accepting that the mind perceives a connexion between perceptions. This, however, is something Hume cannot accept. As a result, Hume is left without a positive account of the self, as he has no account of the connexion between perceptions.
摘要:休谟在《人性论》的附录中指出,他早期关于人格同一性的论述存在一个重大问题。关于这个问题到底是什么,一直存在着相当大的争论。我发展了一个内部不一致阅读的新版本,我认为休谟意识到他最初的关于知觉之间联系的描述是根据知觉的观念的联系来解释知觉之间的联系并不是一种可行的方法,因为它导致了知觉的观念的无限倒退。只有接受心灵感知到感知之间的联系,这才会停止。然而,这是休谟无法接受的。因此,休谟没有对自我作出积极的解释,因为他没有对知觉之间的联系作出解释。
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引用次数: 0
Meanings of “Embodied Experience”: A Response to Anik Waldow’s Book “具身经验”的意义:对Anik Waldow著作的回应
4区 哲学 Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1353/hms.2023.a910748
Hynek Janoušek
Meanings of “Embodied Experience”: A Response to Anik Waldow’s Book Hynek Janoušek (bio) Anik Waldow, Experience Embodied: Early Modern Accounts of the Human Place in Nature Anik Waldow’s book, Experience Embodied: Early Modern Accounts of Human Place in Nature, is a welcome contribution to an interesting topic worthy of wider discussion. That topic is the question of how the concepts of embodied experience and reason were understood in seventeenth-and eighteenth-century philosophy. This problem, according to Waldow, is often treated too narrowly, namely by concentrating on the problems of the theory of knowledge. Instead, Waldow shows that the main philosophers of the time understood experience and reason in a broader way and that not only the content of the concept, but also the angle from which experience was considered was not purely theoretical but moral and practical—and this, in turn, led them into researching experience as embodied experience. Indeed, on the one hand, according to most of these theories, our experience is born of a response to the causal action of the external environment on our body and of the body itself; on the other hand, the bodily subject of experience experiences herself as a being who actively and reasonably acts in the world and transforms it. We are aware of this active role.1 Since, in this period of philosophy, a fact is defined as that which is given to us by experience, and our bodily actions in the world are given to us in this way, our corporeality, and our action through it, are facts that must somehow be brought into harmony. However, man does not experience herself only as a machine mechanically bound to the sensory stimuli of her own body, but as an active agent who can use her reason and will to shape her life and the world in which she lives. But does man still really possess a reason and a will of her own, which distinguish her actions from the instinctive actions of animals, and which allow her to distance herself from immediate [End Page 305] sensory affects and to act? How can reason and will be interpreted in the context of an embodied and causally determined human experience? And if human moral determination points to self-determined and responsible action, and if this possibility is acquired through learning and education, what kind of self-determining reason are we talking about?2 Finally, the question is how society should shape experience of its individuals so that they can develop their reason and thus the possibility of self-determined action. Waldow chooses the works of Descartes, Locke, Hume, Rousseau, Kant, and Herder to discuss these topics. The book thus covers authors of all three major linguistic areas in early modern philosophy. The text of the book is divided into three sections. The first discusses Descartes and Locke and the moral dimension of human experience. The second focuses on Hume, Rousseau, and Herder and the question of how the development of our higher cognitive and a
“体现经验”的意义:对Anik Waldow的书Hynek Janoušek(生物)Anik Waldow,经验体现:人类在自然中的位置的早期现代描述Anik Waldow的书,经验体现:人类在自然中的位置的早期现代描述,是一个值得广泛讨论的有趣话题的受欢迎的贡献。这个主题是17和18世纪哲学中具体经验和理性的概念是如何被理解的问题。根据沃尔多的观点,这个问题通常被过于狭隘地对待,即只关注知识理论的问题。相反,沃尔多表明,当时的主要哲学家以更广泛的方式理解经验和理性,不仅概念的内容,而且考虑经验的角度也不是纯粹的理论,而是道德和实践——这反过来又引导他们将经验作为具体化的经验来研究。的确,一方面,根据大多数这些理论,我们的经验产生于外部环境对我们身体和身体本身的因果作用的反应;另一方面,经验的身体主体将自己体验为一个积极合理地在世界中行动并改造世界的存在。我们意识到这一积极作用因为在这个哲学时期,事实被定义为经验给予我们的东西,而我们在世界上的身体活动也是这样给予我们的,所以我们的肉体性和我们通过肉体的活动,都是必须以某种方式调和起来的事实。然而,男人并不仅仅把自己当作一台机器,机械地束缚在自己身体的感官刺激上,而是把自己当作一个能动的能动者,可以用她的理性和意志来塑造她的生活和她所生活的世界。但是,人是否真的还拥有自己的理性和意志,使她的行为区别于动物的本能行为,使她能够远离直接的感官影响而采取行动呢?在具体的和因果决定的人类经验的背景下,如何解释理性和意志?如果人类的道德决定指向自我决定和负责任的行为,如果这种可能性是通过学习和教育获得的,我们谈论的是哪种自我决定的理性?最后,问题是社会应如何塑造个人的经验,使他们能够发展理性,从而有可能采取自主行动。沃尔多选择了笛卡尔、洛克、休谟、卢梭、康德和赫尔德的作品来讨论这些话题。因此,这本书涵盖了早期现代哲学中所有三个主要语言领域的作者。这本书的正文分为三个部分。第一部分讨论了笛卡尔和洛克以及人类经验的道德维度。第二部分关注的是休谟、卢梭和赫尔德,以及我们的高级认知和情感能力的发展如何受到对感官知觉的情感反应的制约。在第三部分,沃尔多提出了在赫尔德和康德的著作中如何理解人类的经验科学(人类学)的问题。这本书以笛卡尔的一章开篇,主要是基于对他的第一哲学沉思的解释。很明显,在笛卡尔的方法论怀疑主义中,冥想者体验到一种自由,可以放弃基于混乱观念的判断。因此,冥想可以让她体验到积极运用自己的思想。这种体验与感官观念和概念的被动出现形成对比。在《沉思录》的结论中,这种被动性被解释为灵魂被肉体所体现的体验。相比之下,自由运用我们的判断的经验是一种实践经验,它不仅在理论探索中,而且在控制我们的激情中,引导我们积极地追随真理和指导意志的能力的发展。这对笛卡尔来说是非常重要的,因为这种体验对于一个有美德和幸福的人类生活是必不可少的。关于洛克的那一章继续讨论……
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