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The effects of Veganuary on meal choices in workplace cafeterias: an interrupted time series analysis 素食节对工作场所自助餐厅用餐选择的影响:中断时间序列分析
Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2023.27
Robert McPhedran, Shi Zhuo, Letizia Zamperetti, Natalie Gold
Abstract Meat-based food production has a detrimental impact on the environment and health. In response, Veganuary (an international non-profit organisation) encourages people to go vegan each January. We investigated the effects of a Veganuary campaign in workplace cafeterias which increased the availability and salience of plant-based products. We conducted an interrupted time series analysis on a large dataset from a UK catering company, which comprised 2,255,404 meals sold between 2016 and 2022, with Veganuary activity starting from 2019. Analysis indicated that Veganuary activity had a positive effect on sales of vegan products in 2020, 2021 and 2022, estimated at an initial increase of 86–113% in the proportion of weekly sales (relative to the baseline, depending on year). The effects of the 2020 and 2021 campaigns were still present – at approximately one third of their initial magnitude – one year following the campaigns. There was a positive effect on vegetarian products in 2019, 2021 and 2022; initial effects were smaller – 23–79% – due to higher levels of pre-campaign consumption. The effects of the 2019 and 2021 campaigns endured, with a small impact present after one year for 2019 and six months for 2021.
以肉类为基础的食品生产对环境和健康有不利影响。作为回应,Veganuary(一个国际非营利组织)鼓励人们每年1月都吃素。我们调查了在工作场所自助餐厅开展的素食运动的影响,该运动增加了植物性产品的可用性和显著性。我们对一家英国餐饮公司的大型数据集进行了中断时间序列分析,该数据集包括2016年至2022年期间销售的2255404份餐食,素食活动从2019年开始。分析表明,在2020年、2021年和2022年,素食活动对纯素产品的销售产生了积极影响,估计每周销售比例的初始增长为86-113%(相对于基线,取决于年份)。2020年和2021年运动的影响仍然存在——大约是其最初规模的三分之一——在运动一年后。2019年、2021年和2022年对素食产品有积极影响;最初的效果较小(23-79%),这是由于战役前的消耗水平较高。2019年和2021年竞选活动的影响持续存在,在2019年一年和2021年六个月之后,影响很小。
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引用次数: 0
Reciprocity and the Art of Behavioural Public Policy By Adam Oliver. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019, 208 pp. 《互惠与行为公共政策的艺术》亚当·奥利弗著。剑桥,剑桥大学出版社,2019年,208页。
IF 5.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2023.25
Atrina Oraee
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引用次数: 0
Dark patterns and sludge audits: an integrated approach 暗模式和污泥审计:一种综合方法
IF 5.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-08-18 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2023.24
Stuart Mills, R. Whittle, R. Ahmed, T. Walsh, Martin Wessel
Dark patterns are user interface design elements which harm users but benefit vendors. These harms have led to growing interest from several stakeholders, including policymakers. We develop a high-level analytical framework – the dark patterns auditing framework (DPAF) – to support policymaker efforts concerning dark patterns. There are growing links between dark patterns and the behavioural science concept of sludge. We examine both literatures, noting several worthwhile similarities and important conceptual differences. Using two ‘sludge audits,’ and the DPAF, we examine 14 large online services to provide a high-level review of the user experience of these services. Our approach allows policymakers to identify areas of the user ‘journey’ (dark paths) where sludge/dark patterns persist. For regulators with constrained resources, such an approach more be advantageous when planning more granular analyses. Our approach also reveals several important limitations, notably, within some of the tools for sludge auditing which we develop, such as the ‘equal clicks principle.’ We discuss these limitations and directions for future research.
暗模式是用户界面设计元素,它伤害用户但有益于供应商。这些危害引起了包括决策者在内的一些利益相关者越来越大的兴趣。我们开发了一个高级分析框架——暗模式审计框架(DPAF)——以支持决策者在暗模式方面的努力。黑暗模式与污泥的行为科学概念之间的联系越来越紧密。我们研究了这两篇文献,注意到了一些有价值的相似之处和重要的概念差异。通过两次“污泥审计”和DPAF,我们检查了14项大型在线服务,以对这些服务的用户体验进行高级审查。我们的方法使决策者能够确定用户“旅程”(黑暗路径)中污泥/黑暗模式持续存在的区域。对于资源有限的监管机构来说,在规划更精细的分析时,这种方法更有优势。我们的方法还揭示了几个重要的局限性,特别是在我们开发的一些污泥审计工具中,例如“等点击原则”我们讨论了这些局限性和未来研究的方向。
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引用次数: 1
How are milk substitutes labelled in the UK? Should the term ‘milk’ be added to milk substitute labelling? 在英国,牛奶替代品的标签是怎样的?“牛奶”一词应该添加到牛奶替代品的标签上吗?
IF 5.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2023.19
K. De-loyde, Mark A. Pilling, M. Munafo, A. Attwood, O. Maynard
Existing regulation in the UK states that the term ‘milk’ can only be used in labelling to describe products that originate from animals. We conducted an observational study, which surveyed the availability and labelling of milk substitutes in UK supermarkets, and an online experimental study, which assessed the impact of using the term ‘milk’ on milk substitute labelling. In the experimental study, 352 UK adults were randomised to one of the two conditions where they saw milk substitutes that were either labelled with UK regulations (e.g., soya drink) or using the term ‘milk’ (e.g., soya milk). Our primary aims were to assess whether adding the term ‘milk’ to labels would (1) more accurately communicate the uses of milk substitutes or (2) confuse consumers about which products come from an animal source. In our observational study, milk substitutes were readily available and labelling varied significantly. In our experimental study, labelling products with the term ‘milk’ increased understanding of the product's use. However, participants who saw the term ‘milk’ on milk substitute labelling misidentified more milk substitutes as coming from an animal source. Future policy should consider the clarification of such labelling.
英国现行法规规定,“牛奶”一词只能用于描述源自动物的产品的标签。我们进行了一项观察性研究,调查了英国超市牛奶替代品的可用性和标签,并进行了一次在线实验研究,评估了使用“牛奶”一词对牛奶替代品标签的影响。在这项实验研究中,352名英国成年人被随机分配到两种情况中的一种,即他们看到的牛奶替代品要么标有英国法规(如大豆饮料),要么使用“牛奶”一词(如豆浆)。我们的主要目的是评估在标签中添加“牛奶”一词是否会(1)更准确地传达牛奶替代品的用途,或(2)混淆消费者哪些产品来自动物来源。在我们的观察性研究中,牛奶替代品很容易获得,标签差异很大。在我们的实验研究中,在产品上贴上“牛奶”一词可以加深对产品用途的理解。然而,在牛奶替代品标签上看到“牛奶”一词的参与者错误地认为,更多的牛奶替代品来自动物来源。未来的政策应该考虑澄清这种标签。
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引用次数: 0
Deposit? Yes, please! The effect of different modes of assigning reward- and deposit-based financial incentives on effort 存款吗?是的,请!分配奖励和存款为基础的财务激励的不同模式对努力的影响
IF 5.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2023.22
S. Lipman, N. Boderie, J. Been, H. van Kippersluis
The effectiveness and uptake of financial incentives can differ substantially between reward- and deposit-based incentives. Therefore, it is unclear to whom and how different incentives should be assigned. In this study, the effect of different modes of assigning reward- and deposit-based financial incentives on effort is explored in a two-session experiment. First, students’ (n = 228, recruited online) discounting, loss aversion and willingness to pay a deposit were elicited. Second, an incentivized real-effort task was completed (n = 171, 25% drop-out). Two modes of assigning reward- or deposit-based financial incentives were compared: random assignment and ‘nudged’ assignment – assignment based on respondent characteristics allowing opting out. Our results show that respondents receiving nudged assignment earned more and persisted longer on the real-effort task than respondents randomly assigned to incentives. We find no differences in effectiveness between reward-based or deposit-based incentives. Overall, 39% of respondents in the nudged assignment mode followed-up the advice to take deposit-based incentives. The effect of deposit-based incentives was larger for the respondents who followed-up the advice than for respondents that randomly received deposit-based incentives. Overall, these findings suggest that nudged assignment may increase incentives’ effect on effort. Future work should extend this approach to other contexts (e.g., behaviour change).
在以奖励和存款为基础的奖励之间,财政奖励的有效性和接受程度可能有很大差别。因此,不清楚应该向谁以及如何分配不同的激励。在本研究中,通过两个阶段的实验,探讨了不同的基于奖励和存款的财务激励模式对努力的影响。首先,激发学生(n = 228,在线招募)的折扣、损失厌恶和支付押金的意愿。第二,完成一项激励的实际努力任务(n = 171, 25%退出)。两种模式的分配奖励或存款为基础的财政激励进行了比较:随机分配和“轻推”分配-分配基于受访者的特点,允许选择退出。我们的研究结果表明,接受轻推任务的受访者比随机分配给奖励的受访者赚得更多,在真正努力的任务上坚持的时间更长。我们发现基于奖励或基于存款的激励在有效性上没有差异。总体而言,39%的“轻推分配”模式的受访者按照建议采取了基于存款的激励措施。基于存款的激励对那些跟进建议的受访者的影响要大于随机接受基于存款的激励的受访者。总的来说,这些发现表明,轻推任务可能会增加激励对努力的影响。未来的工作应该将这种方法扩展到其他环境(例如,行为改变)。
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引用次数: 0
Transactional fairness in consumer markets 消费市场中的交易公平
IF 5.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2023.23
B. Lyons, R. Sugden
There is growing public concern about the ‘unfairness’ of many pricing practices that have become common in consumer, particularly digital, markets. Industrial and behavioural economists have developed theories that explain the conditions under which these practices are profitable for firms, and their implications for consumer welfare. We identify a mismatch between the welfare economic principles used in this theoretical work and the normative perspective in which these practices are viewed as unfair. We develop a concept of ‘transactional fairness’, grounded in the normative approach of Sugden's Community of Advantage, that is reflective of public concerns. Transactional fairness is complementary to established criteria of economic efficiency and distributional equity but is based entirely on the relationship between individual buyers and sellers. It establishes clear principles with realistic information requirements that are appropriate for compliance by firms. Regulation based on this approach can help to restore public faith in markets.
公众越来越担心许多定价做法的“不公平”,这些做法在消费者市场,尤其是数字市场中很常见。工业和行为经济学家已经发展出了一些理论,解释了这些做法对企业盈利的条件,以及它们对消费者福利的影响。我们发现,这项理论工作中使用的福利经济原则与这些做法被视为不公平的规范观点不匹配。我们发展了一个“交易公平”的概念,该概念基于Sugden的优势社区的规范方法,反映了公众的担忧。交易公平是对既定的经济效率和分配公平标准的补充,但完全基于个人买家和卖家之间的关系。它建立了明确的原则和切合实际的信息要求,适合公司遵守。基于这种方法的监管有助于恢复公众对市场的信心。
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引用次数: 0
The antipaternalist psychology of William James 威廉·詹姆斯的反家长主义心理学
IF 5.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2023.20
M. Rizzo
The purpose of this paper is to first review William James's explicit positions on paternalism in the context of medical licensure and the annexation of the Philippines. Then I wish to show that these positions, as well as a more generalized antipaternalist stance, are the implications of James's philosophy and psychology and not simply his ‘personal’ sentiments. The elements of James's thought are arranged in such a way as to facilitate a comparison with contemporary behavioral (heuristics and biases) paternalism. The conclusion is that James has arguments against behavioral paternalism avant la lettre that are still useful and deserve discussion.
本文的目的是首先回顾威廉·詹姆斯在医疗执照和菲律宾吞并的背景下对家长制的明确立场。然后,我希望表明,这些立场,以及更普遍的反家长主义立场,是詹姆斯的哲学和心理学的含义,而不仅仅是他的“个人”情绪。詹姆斯的思想要素以这样一种方式安排,以便于与当代行为(启发式和偏见)家长式作风进行比较。结论是,詹姆斯反对行为家长主义的观点在文学上仍然是有用的,值得讨论。
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引用次数: 0
A symposium on the behavioural limits of the state 关于国家行为限制的讨论会
Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2023.17
Adam Oliver
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引用次数: 0
Nudges can be both autonomy-preserving and effective: evidence from a survey and quasi-field experiment Nudges既可以保持自主性,也可以有效:来自调查和准现场实验的证据
IF 5.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2023.18
Henrico van Roekel, Laura M. Giurge, C. Schott, L. Tummers
Nudges are widely employed tools within organizations, but they are often criticized for harming autonomy and for being ineffective. We assess these two criticisms simultaneously: can nudges be both autonomy-preserving and effective in changing behavior? We developed three nudges – an opinion leader nudge, a rule-of-thumb and self-nudges – to reduce a particularly sticky behavior: email use. In a survey experiment of 4,112 healthcare employees, we tested their effect on perceived autonomy and subjective effectiveness. We also tested traditional policy instruments for comparison. Next, to assess objective effectiveness, we conducted a quasi-field experiment in a large healthcare organization with an estimate of 1,189 active email users. We found that each nudge in isolation, but especially when combined, was perceived to be both autonomy-preserving and effective, and more so than traditional policy instruments like an access limit or a monetary reward. We also found some evidence that the combination of all nudges decreased actual email use. This paper advances the literature by showing how innovations in nudge design improve nudges’ ability to be autonomy-preserving and effective.
Nudges是组织内广泛使用的工具,但它们经常被批评为损害自主性和无效。我们同时评估这两种批评:轻推既能保持自主性,又能有效改变行为吗?我们开发了三种轻推——意见领袖轻推、经验法则和自我轻推——以减少一种特别棘手的行为:电子邮件使用。在一项针对4112名医护人员的调查实验中,我们测试了他们对感知自主性和主观有效性的影响。我们还测试了传统的政策工具进行比较。接下来,为了评估客观有效性,我们在一家大型医疗保健组织中进行了一项准现场实验,估计有1189名活跃的电子邮件用户。我们发现,每一次单独的推动,尤其是结合在一起的推动,都被认为是保持自主性和有效的,而且比准入限制或货币奖励等传统政策工具更有效。我们还发现一些证据表明,所有轻推的组合减少了实际的电子邮件使用。本文通过展示推送设计的创新如何提高推送者保持自主性和有效性的能力来推进文献。
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引用次数: 0
A behavioural investigation of the substitution phenomenon between tax-sheltered savings plans 避税储蓄计划之间替代现象的行为调查
IF 5.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2023.16
L. Berger, Jonathan Farrar, Lu Y. Zhang, Joanna Andrejkow
We provide behavioral insights into the economic substitution phenomenon among front-loaded and back-loaded tax-sheltered savings plans. We conduct three behavioral studies with adult Canadian participants to show experimentally that substitution can occur and to explain why substitution can occur. The first study shows that participants transfer savings from a front-loaded plan to a back-loaded plan when the latter becomes available, consistent with a substitution effect. The second study examines how participants trade-off two unique features of back-loaded and front-loaded savings plans. Our results indicate that participants favor the back-loaded tax feature and a variable contribution limit (offered in a front-loaded plan). As participants prefer one feature from each type of plan, this finding can help explain why substitution occurs. The third study provides participants a categorization task with various household budgeting items, including savings items. Results show that 68.1% of participants categorize multiple tax-sheltered savings plans in the same mental account, again consistent with a substitution effect under a budget constraint. As both tax-sheltered savings plans in Canada are used for different purposes, this finding shows that participants tend not to distinguish between the purpose of saving in each account, consistent with a substitution phenomenon.
我们提供的行为洞察经济替代现象之间的前负荷和后负荷避税储蓄计划。我们对加拿大成年参与者进行了三项行为研究,以实验方式表明替代可以发生,并解释替代为什么会发生。第一项研究表明,当后备计划可用时,参与者会将储蓄从后备计划转移到后备计划,这与替代效应是一致的。第二项研究考察了参与者如何权衡后加载和前加载储蓄计划的两个独特特征。我们的研究结果表明,参与者倾向于后加载的税收特征和可变的贡献限制(在前端加载计划中提供)。由于参与者更喜欢每种计划的一个特征,这一发现可以帮助解释为什么会发生替代。第三项研究为参与者提供了各种家庭预算项目的分类任务,包括储蓄项目。结果显示,68.1%的参与者将多个避税储蓄计划分类在同一个心理账户中,这再次与预算约束下的替代效应相一致。由于加拿大的两种避税储蓄计划用于不同的目的,这一发现表明,参与者往往不区分每个账户的储蓄目的,这与替代现象是一致的。
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引用次数: 0
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Behavioural Public Policy
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