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Two steps forward, one step back: negative spillovers in water conservation 进两步,退一步:节水的负溢出效应
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2024.25
Ching Leong, Joost Buurman, Swee Kiat Tay
Showering is one of the most water-intensive behaviours in urban households, accounting for 20–30% of water use. Real-time feedback from smart devices has been proven to significantly reduce water consumption in showers. Still, it is not known whether these devices have spillover effects on other water use behaviours. For the first time, we provide empirical evidence for a significant and negative within-domain spillover effect from the use of such devices, showing an increase in water use in other activities by 2.5% per day per household. Up to one-third of conservation effects are eroded by such spillovers, resulting in a two steps forward, one step back situation. Overall, however, net water use is still reduced by 4.7% in the 385 households that were observed. This study points out an important behavioural limit on the use of such smart shower devices and suggests that such use be accompanied by informational or other campaigns to reduce the large negative spillovers.
淋浴是城市家庭用水量最大的行为之一,占用水量的 20-30%。事实证明,智能设备的实时反馈能显著减少淋浴用水量。然而,这些设备是否会对其他用水行为产生溢出效应尚不得而知。我们首次提供了实证证据,证明使用这些设备会产生显著的、负面的域内溢出效应,显示每个家庭每天在其他活动中的用水量增加了 2.5%。多达三分之一的节水效果被这种溢出效应所侵蚀,造成了进两步退一步的局面。但总体而言,在所观察的 385 户家庭中,净用水量仍减少了 4.7%。这项研究指出了使用这种智能淋浴设备的重要行为限制,并建议在使用这种设备的同时开展宣传或其他活动,以减少巨大的负面溢出效应。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Framing and Effort in Green Nudging Acceptance – ERRATUM 框架和努力在绿色引导接受度中的作用 - ERRATUM
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2024.26
Sonja Grelle, Sascha Kuhn, Hanna Fuhrmann-Riebel, Wilhelm Hofmann
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引用次数: 0
Context counts: an exploration of the situational correlates of meat consumption in three Western European countries 环境因素:对三个西欧国家肉类消费环境相关因素的探索
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2024.2
Kate Laffan
A reduction in the demand for meat and particularly red meat has the potential to significantly enhance the sustainability and health of many people's diets. In the current work, I examine situational predictors of meat consumption in nationally representative nutrition surveys from three Western European countries: Switzerland, France and the Netherlands. More specifically, I examine whether the situational factors – the meal type, the day of the week and the location of the food consumption occasion – are predictive of whether meat and red meat are consumed. The results indicate that all three factors are linked to meat and red meat consumption with the patterns varying substantially across the different case study countries and in some cases also the gender of the consumer. The results emphasise the value of mapping situational correlates to inform situated interventions aimed at influencing meat consumption, while also highlighting important differences across both cultures and people.
减少对肉类尤其是红肉的需求有可能大大提高许多人饮食的可持续性和健康水平。在目前的工作中,我从三个西欧国家的全国代表性营养调查中研究了肉类消费的情景预测因素:瑞士、法国和荷兰。更具体地说,我研究了情景因素--膳食类型、一周中的哪一天以及食品消费场合的地点--是否能预测是否消费肉类和红肉。结果表明,所有这三个因素都与肉类和红肉的消费有关,不同案例研究国家的消费模式有很大差异,在某些情况下还与消费者的性别有关。研究结果强调了绘制情景相关因素图的价值,以便为旨在影响肉类消费的情景干预措施提供信息,同时也强调了不同文化和民族之间的重要差异。
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引用次数: 1
Titles as identity: applying self-determination theory to increase sponsorships by experienced private refugee sponsors in Canada 头衔即身份:运用自决理论增加加拿大有经验的私人难民担保人的担保额
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2024.14
Sarah Chudleigh
Private refugee sponsorship is a desirable behaviour – it leads to positive outcomes for sponsors, refugees, the Canadian government and the general public. The most commonly reported motivations to sponsor are related to identity, including moral and national identity. Self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that identity is a strong intrinsic motivator; individuals who identify more strongly as a sponsor may be more intrinsically motivated to take on additional sponsorships. This proposed behavioural policy uses the components of SDT to design a certificate programme that bestows an official title on sponsors after completing a sponsorship. The certificate design reflects the three components of SDT (autonomy, competence and relatedness) and encourages moral and national incentives. Official titles are shown to increase identity with a role – titles act themselves as mechanisms of identity-building, which can lead to identity-motivated behaviours. The proposed certificate programme aligns with existing practices and resources already used by the Canadian government. It suggests that official titles could be a cost-effective mechanism for encouraging subsequent sponsorships.
私人担保难民是一种可取的行为--它为担保人、难民、加拿大政府和公众带来积极的结果。据报道,最常见的赞助动机与身份认同有关,包括道德和国家认同。自我决定理论(SDT)表明,身份认同是一种强烈的内在动机;对担保人认同感更强的人可能会有更多的内在动机去接受更多的担保。这项拟议的行为政策利用 SDT 的各个组成部分来设计一项证书计划,在赞助商完成赞助后授予其正式头衔。证书设计反映了 SDT 的三个组成部分(自主性、能力和相关性),并鼓励道德和国家激励。事实证明,官方头衔能增强对某种角色的认同感--头衔本身就是建立认同感的机制,可导致以认同感为动机的行为。拟议的证书计划与加拿大政府已经使用的现有做法和资源相一致。它表明,官方头衔可以成为鼓励后续赞助的一种具有成本效益的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Behavioural evidence to inform the COVID-19 pandemic response: Ireland's Social Activity Measure (SAM) 为 COVID-19 大流行应对措施提供行为证据:爱尔兰的社会活动衡量标准 (SAM)
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2024.9
P.D. Lunn, Shane Timmons, Deirdre A. Robertson, Hannah Julienne, Ciarán Lavin, Martina Barjaková, Olga Poluektova, Kieran S. Mohr, Ylva Andersson, F. McGowan, Alexandros Papadopoulos
Humankind's main defence against the virus that cuases COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), besides vaccine development, was co-ordinated behaviour change. In many countries, co-ordination was assisted by tracking surveys designed to measure self-reported behaviour and attitudes. This paper describes an alternative, complementary approach, which was undertaken in close collaboration with officials in the Department of the Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister). We adapted the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) to develop the ‘Social Activity Measure’ (SAM). The study was conducted fortnightly for 18 months, with findings delivered directly to the Department. This paper describes the method and shows how SAM generated a detailed picture of where and why transmission risk occurred. By using the DRM, we built aggregate measures from narrative accounts of how individuals spent their previous day. SAM recorded the amount, location and type of social activity, including the incidence of close contact and mask-wearing, as well as compliance with public health restrictions by shops and businesses. The method also permitted a detailed analysis of how public perceptions and comprehension are related to behaviour. The results informed government communications and strategies for lifting public health restrictions. The method could be applied to other future situations that might require co-ordinated public behaviour over an extended period.
人类抵御 COVID-19 病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的主要手段除了开发疫苗外,还有协调行为的改变。在许多国家,旨在衡量自我报告的行为和态度的跟踪调查为协调工作提供了帮助。本文介绍了与爱尔兰总理府官员密切合作开展的另一种补充方法。我们采用日重建法 (DRM) 来开发 "社会活动测量法"(SAM)。这项研究每两周进行一次,为期 18 个月,研究结果直接提交给该部。本文介绍了这一方法,并展示了 SAM 如何详细描述传播风险发生的地点和原因。通过使用 DRM,我们从个人前一天如何度过的叙述中建立了综合衡量标准。SAM 记录了社交活动的数量、地点和类型,包括密切接触和戴口罩的发生率,以及商店和企业遵守公共卫生限制的情况。这种方法还可以详细分析公众的看法和理解与行为之间的关系。研究结果为政府解除公共卫生限制的沟通和策略提供了依据。该方法还可应用于未来其他可能需要在较长时间内协调公众行为的情况。
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引用次数: 1
The role of framing and effort in green nudging acceptance 框架和努力在接受绿色劝告中的作用
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2024.8
Sonja Grelle, Sascha Kuhn, Hanna Fuhrmann-Riebel, Wilhelm Hofmann
Whether nudges succeed in promoting pro-environmental behavior strongly depends on their public acceptance. Prior literature shows that the framing of nudges, i.e., whether they address the individual (personal framing) or the society (societal framing), is one critical factor in determining nudging acceptance. Since a personal framing highlights the costs individuals have to bear to comply, we hypothesize that people accept nudges more when addressing the general public rather than themselves personally. We expect the framing effect to be stronger for nudges that elicit high-effort behavior than low-effort behavior. Results of multilevel linear regression analyses in two online experiments (nStudy 1 = 294, nobs = 4,410; nStudy 2 = 565, nobs = 11,300) reveal an opposite pattern: People accept nudges more when personally (vs societally) framed. As predicted, nudges receive higher support when the promoted behavior is perceived as low effort. Exploratory path analysis in Study 2 shows that the perceived effectiveness of the nudge mediates the positive relation between personal framing and nudging acceptance. This project provides novel insights on facilitators and barriers in nudging acceptance and their implications for policy-making.
劝导能否成功促进亲环境行为在很大程度上取决于公众是否接受劝导。先前的文献表明,劝告的框架,即劝告是针对个人(个人框架)还是社会(社会框架),是决定劝告是否被接受的一个关键因素。由于个人框架强调了个人为遵守规定而必须承担的成本,我们假设,当针对公众而不是针对个人时,人们会更容易接受劝告。我们预计,与低强度行为相比,框架效应对高强度行为的影响更大。两个在线实验(nStudy 1 = 294,nobs = 4,410;nStudy 2 = 565,nobs = 11,300)的多层次线性回归分析结果显示了相反的模式:在个人(与社会)框架下,人们更容易接受劝告。正如所预测的那样,当被鼓励的行为被认为努力程度低时,鼓励会得到更多的支持。研究 2 中的探索性路径分析显示,人们对劝告有效性的感知介导了个人框架与劝告接受度之间的正相关关系。本项目为人们接受劝导的促进因素和障碍及其对政策制定的影响提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 1
Encouraging vaccination against COVID-19 has no compensatory spillover effects 鼓励接种 COVID-19 疫苗不会产生补偿性溢出效应
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2024.1
Ploutarchos Kourtidis, Barbara Fasolo, Matteo M. Galizzi
Effective communication is essential for delivering public health messages and enabling behaviour change. Little is known about possible backfiring, or spillover effects, of COVID-19 vaccine messaging. In a study with n = 1,848 United Kingdom (UK) adults, we assess whether communication strategies that target vaccine hesitancy have any unintended, positive or negative, spillover effects on people's intention to engage in protective, compliance and prosocial behaviours. In June–July 2021, we conducted an online experiment to assess the potential spillover effects of three messages, emphasising (a) the medical benefits of COVID-19 vaccination, (b) the non-medical collective benefits of vaccination or (c) the non-medical individual benefits of holding a vaccination certificate. Exposure to different messages did not significantly affect people's intention to engage in protective, compliance, or prosocial behaviours. Instead, vaccination status (being vaccinated vs not) was positively associated with intentions to engage in protective, compliance and prosocial behaviours. Our results suggest that communication strategies that aim to increase vaccination uptake do not have any unintended effects on other health behaviours and vaccination campaigns can be tailored to specific populations to increase uptake and compliance.
有效的传播对于传递公共卫生信息和促成行为改变至关重要。人们对 COVID-19 疫苗信息可能产生的反作用或溢出效应知之甚少。在一项以 1,848 名英国成年人为对象的研究中,我们评估了针对疫苗犹豫不决的传播策略是否会对人们的保护行为、遵医行为和亲社会行为的意向产生任何意外的、积极或消极的溢出效应。2021 年 6 月至 7 月,我们进行了一项在线实验,以评估三种信息的潜在溢出效应,这三种信息分别强调:(a)接种 COVID-19 疫苗的医疗益处;(b)接种疫苗的非医疗集体益处;或(c)持有接种证书的非医疗个人益处。接触不同的信息并不会对人们的保护行为、遵医行为或亲社会行为的意向产生重大影响。相反,疫苗接种状况(已接种与未接种)与保护性行为、遵医行为和亲社会行为的意向呈正相关。我们的研究结果表明,旨在提高疫苗接种率的传播策略不会对其他健康行为产生任何意外影响,而且疫苗接种活动可以针对特定人群量身定制,以提高接种率和依从性。
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引用次数: 1
Hayekian psychological economics: a preliminary look 哈耶克心理经济学:初探
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2024.5
M. Dold, Mario Rizzo
Recently, there has been a lively discussion of “Hayekian Behavioral Economics” in Behavioral Public Policy). We aim to contribute to this debate by identifying the main building blocks of a Hayekian psychology. We highlight that the starting point for Hayek was the quest to understand why humans are typically quite successful in navigating the world. In Hayek's framework, the individual mind is conceptualized as a “system within a system”, i.e., the mind is a complex adaptive system that is continuously interacting with the wider socio-cultural system. Three core ideas are central to a Hayekian psychology: subjectivity, learning and adaptation. We argue that these ideas are quite different from the still dominant heuristics-and-biases perspective and lead to different emphases in economic and social science explanations. One, economists should be cautious in their interpretation of experimental findings since subjective meaning is central to agents' behavior. Two, static and isolated models of individuals' biases might underestimate people's capacity to learn with and from others. And three, despite complex processes of adaptation of the mind and the market, a Hayekian framework is consistent with economists' “explanations of the principle” and “pattern predictions.”
最近,《行为公共政策》(Behavioral Public Policy)杂志对 "哈耶克行为经济学 "进行了热烈讨论。我们旨在通过确定哈耶克心理学的主要构成要素,为这一讨论做出贡献。我们强调,哈耶克的出发点是寻求理解为什么人类通常能相当成功地驾驭世界。在哈耶克的框架中,个人心智被概念化为 "系统中的系统",也就是说,心智是一个复杂的适应系统,不断与更广泛的社会文化系统相互作用。哈耶克心理学的核心思想有三个:主体性、学习和适应。我们认为,这些观点与目前仍占主导地位的启发式和偏见观点截然不同,并导致经济和社会科学解释的不同侧重点。首先,经济学家在解释实验结果时应该谨慎,因为主观意义是行为主体行为的核心。其二,个人偏见的静态和孤立模型可能会低估人们与他人共同学习和向他人学习的能力。第三,尽管思想和市场的适应过程很复杂,但哈耶克框架与经济学家的 "原理解释 "和 "模式预测 "是一致的。
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引用次数: 1
Recent developments in Behavioural Public Policy: IBPPC 2022 行为公共政策的最新发展:IBPPC 2022
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2024.12
Sanchayan Banerjee, Laura Zimmermann, Alejandro Hortal, M. Dold, Andriy Ivchenko, L. Lades, Rebecca McDonald, M. Savani
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引用次数: 0
Labor market traps 劳动力市场陷阱
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2024.16
Eric A. Posner
Some products, notably but not only platforms, increase in value for users as the number of other users increases. These interaction or network effects can result in ‘product market traps’ (Bursztyn et al., 2023) where people who use the product would be better off if they all stopped using it and switched to another product, but cannot because of coordination problems. A parallel but overlooked phenomenon is the labor market trap, where employees would be better off if they collectively left an employer, job, or profession, but cannot because of the difficulty of coordination. Product market and labor market traps pose a challenge to public policy because of the complexity of people's behavior in networks, but can be mitigated in some cases with relatively simple taxes and regulatory interventions.
有些产品,尤其是平台,会随着其他用户数量的增加而提高用户价值。这些互动或网络效应可能导致 "产品市场陷阱"(Bursztyn et al.与此相似但被忽视的一种现象是劳动力市场陷阱,即如果雇员集体离开雇主、工作或职业,他们会过得更好,但由于协调困难而无法离开。由于人们在网络中行为的复杂性,产品市场和劳动力市场陷阱给公共政策带来了挑战,但在某些情况下,可以通过相对简单的税收和监管干预措施来缓解。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Behavioural Public Policy
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