Sunstein (2022) reconsiders Hirschman’s influential discussion of three types of “rhetoric of reaction,” by which reform is opposed by suggesting that it will have the opposite effect to that intended (Perversity), won’t work (Futility), or will have negative unintended consequences (Jeopardy). Sunstein suggests that just such rhetoric is at work in critiques (including our own, Chater & Loewenstein, in press) of “nudges” as a public policy tool. We argue, by contrast, that reactionary forces, especially including powerful commercial interests, have developed a fourth rhetorical strategy, more indirect, but just as powerful as Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy: the strategy of blaming the individual for societal problems. Blaming the individual for their carbon footprint, obesity, or failure to prepare adequately for retirement promotes the view that solutions to societal problems should primarily aim to help individuals make better choices (e.g., through better education, providing information, or judicious nudging). Thus, individual-level interventions are touted as an alternative to more fundamental, systemic reform.
{"title":"The rhetoric of reaction, extended","authors":"N. Chater, G. Loewenstein","doi":"10.1017/bpp.2022.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.35","url":null,"abstract":"Sunstein (2022) reconsiders Hirschman’s influential discussion of three types of “rhetoric of reaction,” by which reform is opposed by suggesting that it will have the opposite effect to that intended (Perversity), won’t work (Futility), or will have negative unintended consequences (Jeopardy). Sunstein suggests that just such rhetoric is at work in critiques (including our own, Chater & Loewenstein, in press) of “nudges” as a public policy tool. We argue, by contrast, that reactionary forces, especially including powerful commercial interests, have developed a fourth rhetorical strategy, more indirect, but just as powerful as Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy: the strategy of blaming the individual for societal problems. Blaming the individual for their carbon footprint, obesity, or failure to prepare adequately for retirement promotes the view that solutions to societal problems should primarily aim to help individuals make better choices (e.g., through better education, providing information, or judicious nudging). Thus, individual-level interventions are touted as an alternative to more fundamental, systemic reform.","PeriodicalId":29777,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46220667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While creating unprecedented challenges for societies writ large, the past few years have also been a remarkable era for landmark boost in the writing of value to behavioral scientists. This has occurred through broad media coverage of behavioral policies, new textbooks proliferating along with a growing number of higher education courses on the subject, and increased recognition in government and science. Without a doubt, it is clearly a period of visibility in the field. The Elements of Choice: Why the Way We Decide Matters, Eric Johnson’s long-awaited magnum opus from 2021, is perfectly suited for its time, giving us two missing aspects from that growing literature base: the “elements” and the “why”. Elements gives readers not only the major ideas of decision science from the past few centuries but breaks down our understanding of the reasons behind choices in a way few books have – methodically, emotionally, and comprehensively.
在给社会带来前所未有的挑战的同时，过去几年也是行为科学家价值写作取得里程碑式进展的非凡时期。这是通过媒体对行为政策的广泛报道、新教科书的激增以及越来越多的高等教育课程实现的，以及政府和科学界的认可度的提高。毫无疑问，这显然是该领域的一个引人注目的时期。埃里克·约翰逊（Eric Johnson）期待已久的2021年巨著《选择的元素：为什么我们决定的方式很重要》（The Elements of Choice:Why The Way We Decision Matters）非常适合这个时代，它给了我们不断增长的文学基础中缺失的两个方面：“元素”和“为什么”。元素不仅为读者提供了过去几个世纪决策科学的主要思想，而且以很少有书能做到的方式——有条不紊、情感化和全面化——打破了我们对选择背后原因的理解。
{"title":"The elements of choice: why the way we decide matters Eric J. Johnson, Oneworld Publications (10 Feb. 2022)","authors":"K. Ruggeri","doi":"10.1017/bpp.2022.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.37","url":null,"abstract":"While creating unprecedented challenges for societies writ large, the past few years have also been a remarkable era for landmark boost in the writing of value to behavioral scientists. This has occurred through broad media coverage of behavioral policies, new textbooks proliferating along with a growing number of higher education courses on the subject, and increased recognition in government and science. Without a doubt, it is clearly a period of visibility in the field. The Elements of Choice: Why the Way We Decide Matters, Eric Johnson’s long-awaited magnum opus from 2021, is perfectly suited for its time, giving us two missing aspects from that growing literature base: the “elements” and the “why”. Elements gives readers not only the major ideas of decision science from the past few centuries but breaks down our understanding of the reasons behind choices in a way few books have – methodically, emotionally, and comprehensively.","PeriodicalId":29777,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Public Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41314068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Nudge: The Final Edition Paperback – 19 Aug 2021 Richard H. Thaler, Cass R. Sunstein. Allen Lane, Penguin Books Random House, (2021)","authors":"K. Ruggeri","doi":"10.1017/bpp.2022.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.38","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29777,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48568431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural science has found growing application in applied public policy settings, offering a vast literature to bring to bear on apparent cognitive errors. The potential, however, is not without peril. Policymakers and scholars may draw unwarranted confidence that successful behavioural interventions from elsewhere will replicate in their institutional settings. In this research, I partner with Minneapolis Public Housing and use a design-based approach to identify interventions that can reduce eviction actions. This study presents three vignettes that demonstrate and categorize the mistakes behavioural science can make when it fails to understand how formal and informal institutional features influence decision-making. But, in integrating methods and theories from the design sciences, public policy and public administration, we have the potential to create behavioural interventions that fit the social context.
{"title":"But does the nudge fit? Institutional structure and behavioural insights","authors":"Weston Merrick","doi":"10.1017/bpp.2022.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.36","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Behavioural science has found growing application in applied public policy settings, offering a vast literature to bring to bear on apparent cognitive errors. The potential, however, is not without peril. Policymakers and scholars may draw unwarranted confidence that successful behavioural interventions from elsewhere will replicate in their institutional settings. In this research, I partner with Minneapolis Public Housing and use a design-based approach to identify interventions that can reduce eviction actions. This study presents three vignettes that demonstrate and categorize the mistakes behavioural science can make when it fails to understand how formal and informal institutional features influence decision-making. But, in integrating methods and theories from the design sciences, public policy and public administration, we have the potential to create behavioural interventions that fit the social context.","PeriodicalId":29777,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45206229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruth Persian, Gitarani Prastuti, Adityawarman, Daniel Bogiatzis-Gibbons, Muhammad Hakim Kurniawan, Gatot Subroto, Muhammad Mustakim, Laurenz Scheunemann, K. Gandy, A. Sutherland
In Indonesia, as in other countries, a large proportion of tax returns are filed at the last minute. In a population-wide randomised controlled trial (n = 11,157,069), we evaluated the impact of behavioural email prompts on the proportion of annual tax returns filed at least two weeks before the deadline; and overall filing rate. In two control conditions, taxpayers either received no email or an email used in prior years, emphasising regulatory information. The five treatments informed by behavioural science were (1) a simplified version of the existing email, emphasising early filing; (2) the simplified version with additional guidance on filing taxes; (3) the simplified version with a planning prompt and option to sign up for email reminders; (4) a version combining treatments 1, 2 and 3; and (5) an email appealing to national pride. Compared to the no-email control, all emails led to a statistically significant increase in early and overall filing rates. The planning email (3) was the most effective, increasing early filling from 34.9% to 37% (b 2.07 percentage points (pp), p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.97–2.17pp), and overall filing from 65.6% to 66.7% (b 1.10pp, p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.99–1.19pp).
与其他国家一样，在印度尼西亚，很大一部分纳税申报表是在最后一刻提交的。在一项全人群随机对照试验中(n = 11,157,069)，我们评估了行为电子邮件提示对在截止日期前至少两周提交年度纳税申报表比例的影响;以及总体申请率。在两种控制条件下，纳税人要么没有收到电子邮件，要么收到前几年使用的电子邮件，强调监管信息。行为科学提供的五种处理方法是:(1)现有电子邮件的简化版本，强调尽早归档;(二)简化版，增加纳税申报指导;(3)简化版，带有规划提示和注册电子邮件提醒的选项;(4)处理1、2、3相结合的版本;(5)一封呼吁民族自豪感的电子邮件。与没有电子邮件的对照组相比，所有电子邮件导致早期和总体归档率的统计显着增加。计划邮件(3)是最有效的，将早期填充从34.9%增加到37% (b 2.07个百分点(pp)， p < 0.001, 95%可信区间(CI) 1.97-2.17pp)，总体归档从65.6%增加到66.7% (b 1.10pp, p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.99-1.19pp)。
{"title":"Behavioural prompts to increase early filing of tax returns: a population-level randomised controlled trial of 11.2 million taxpayers in Indonesia","authors":"Ruth Persian, Gitarani Prastuti, Adityawarman, Daniel Bogiatzis-Gibbons, Muhammad Hakim Kurniawan, Gatot Subroto, Muhammad Mustakim, Laurenz Scheunemann, K. Gandy, A. Sutherland","doi":"10.1017/bpp.2022.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.25","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In Indonesia, as in other countries, a large proportion of tax returns are filed at the last minute. In a population-wide randomised controlled trial (n = 11,157,069), we evaluated the impact of behavioural email prompts on the proportion of annual tax returns filed at least two weeks before the deadline; and overall filing rate. In two control conditions, taxpayers either received no email or an email used in prior years, emphasising regulatory information. The five treatments informed by behavioural science were (1) a simplified version of the existing email, emphasising early filing; (2) the simplified version with additional guidance on filing taxes; (3) the simplified version with a planning prompt and option to sign up for email reminders; (4) a version combining treatments 1, 2 and 3; and (5) an email appealing to national pride. Compared to the no-email control, all emails led to a statistically significant increase in early and overall filing rates. The planning email (3) was the most effective, increasing early filling from 34.9% to 37% (b 2.07 percentage points (pp), p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.97–2.17pp), and overall filing from 65.6% to 66.7% (b 1.10pp, p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.99–1.19pp).","PeriodicalId":29777,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43264280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reports on a survey study comparing the general public's attitude towards nudging to its attitude towards the traditional tools of government: information, subsidies, taxes and mandates. The study was based on responses from a representative sample of the adult Swedish population. In separate evaluations, the respondents rated how positively or negatively they perceived a set of specific policy tools, traditional and behavioral, across different policy goals. Overall, information and subsidies were more positively perceived than the other types of policy tools, nudging included. Respondents’ attitudes towards the policy tools were partly explained by individualistic ideological views, whether they agreed with the intended policy goals, and certain socio-demographic variables. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed.
{"title":"Carrots, sticks, sermons or nudges? Survey evidence of the Swedish general public's attitude towards different public policy tools","authors":"Patric Andersson, Gustav Almqvist","doi":"10.1017/bpp.2022.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.31","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article reports on a survey study comparing the general public's attitude towards nudging to its attitude towards the traditional tools of government: information, subsidies, taxes and mandates. The study was based on responses from a representative sample of the adult Swedish population. In separate evaluations, the respondents rated how positively or negatively they perceived a set of specific policy tools, traditional and behavioral, across different policy goals. Overall, information and subsidies were more positively perceived than the other types of policy tools, nudging included. Respondents’ attitudes towards the policy tools were partly explained by individualistic ideological views, whether they agreed with the intended policy goals, and certain socio-demographic variables. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed.","PeriodicalId":29777,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48744046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bogliacino, R. Charris, Cristiano Codagnone, F. Folkvord, Felipe Montealegre, F. Lupiáñez-Villanueva
Commercial practices such as drip pricing, reference pricing and best-price guarantee can be used to set higher prices and mislead consumers, but protective measures can restore efficiency. In a placebo-controlled market experiment, we examined a treatment allowing for the use and misuse of commercial practices. Three additional treatments tested the effects of formal sanctions, informal sanctions and a regret nudge. We found that commercial practices led to higher prices, cheating was systematic and regret nudging was ineffective. Furthermore, formal and informal sanctions reduced both the likelihood of using commercial practices and the likelihood of cheating, leading to welfare increases.
{"title":"Unfair commercial practices in a pit market: evidence from an artefactual field experiment","authors":"F. Bogliacino, R. Charris, Cristiano Codagnone, F. Folkvord, Felipe Montealegre, F. Lupiáñez-Villanueva","doi":"10.1017/bpp.2022.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.33","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Commercial practices such as drip pricing, reference pricing and best-price guarantee can be used to set higher prices and mislead consumers, but protective measures can restore efficiency. In a placebo-controlled market experiment, we examined a treatment allowing for the use and misuse of commercial practices. Three additional treatments tested the effects of formal sanctions, informal sanctions and a regret nudge. We found that commercial practices led to higher prices, cheating was systematic and regret nudging was ineffective. Furthermore, formal and informal sanctions reduced both the likelihood of using commercial practices and the likelihood of cheating, leading to welfare increases.","PeriodicalId":29777,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49088451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BPP volume 6 issue 4 Cover and Front matter","authors":"R. Hanania, S. C. Andersen","doi":"10.1017/bpp.2022.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.29","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29777,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f4"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47287134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. De-loyde, M. Pilling, Amelia Thornton, G. Spencer, O. Maynard
This randomised online experiment aimed to investigate how eco-labelling and social nudging influenced sustainable food choice, as well as consider the effect of motivation to act sustainably. Participants were UK adults ≥18 years (n = 1399). Participants were asked to choose a hypothetical meal (beef, chicken or vegetarian burrito) and were randomly allocated to one of three conditions varying in labelling: eco-labelling; social nudge or control (no label). Co-primary outcomes were the frequency that the vegetarian and chicken burritos were chosen (i.e., the more sustainable food choices). There was evidence that more vegetarian (OR = 3.3 [95% CI 2.0, 5.3]) and chicken (OR = 2.5 [95% CI 1.8, 3.4]) burrito choices were made in the eco-label condition, over the beef burrito, compared to the control condition. In the social nudge condition, there was evidence that participants chose a vegetarian burrito over a beef burrito (OR = 1.7 [95% CI 1.1, 2.7]), but not a vegetarian burrito over a chicken burrito (OR = 1.4 [95% CI 0.9, 2.2]). Although both labels were effective at promoting participants to make more sustainable food choices, the eco-label was the most effective. Choice of burrito was modified by motivation to act sustainably across all conditions. This study suggests that future policy could include eco-labelling and/or a social nudge to reduce meat consumption and meet global climate change targets.
{"title":"Promoting sustainable diets using eco-labelling and social nudges: a randomised online experiment","authors":"K. De-loyde, M. Pilling, Amelia Thornton, G. Spencer, O. Maynard","doi":"10.1017/bpp.2022.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.27","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This randomised online experiment aimed to investigate how eco-labelling and social nudging influenced sustainable food choice, as well as consider the effect of motivation to act sustainably. Participants were UK adults ≥18 years (n = 1399). Participants were asked to choose a hypothetical meal (beef, chicken or vegetarian burrito) and were randomly allocated to one of three conditions varying in labelling: eco-labelling; social nudge or control (no label). Co-primary outcomes were the frequency that the vegetarian and chicken burritos were chosen (i.e., the more sustainable food choices). There was evidence that more vegetarian (OR = 3.3 [95% CI 2.0, 5.3]) and chicken (OR = 2.5 [95% CI 1.8, 3.4]) burrito choices were made in the eco-label condition, over the beef burrito, compared to the control condition. In the social nudge condition, there was evidence that participants chose a vegetarian burrito over a beef burrito (OR = 1.7 [95% CI 1.1, 2.7]), but not a vegetarian burrito over a chicken burrito (OR = 1.4 [95% CI 0.9, 2.2]). Although both labels were effective at promoting participants to make more sustainable food choices, the eco-label was the most effective. Choice of burrito was modified by motivation to act sustainably across all conditions. This study suggests that future policy could include eco-labelling and/or a social nudge to reduce meat consumption and meet global climate change targets.","PeriodicalId":29777,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47694318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As nudge interventions have become more popular, academic research is developing that assesses to what extent these interventions are effective. My paper contributes to this stream of research: collating and synthesising evidence on the effectiveness of nudge interventions that aim to increase consumer search and switching in retail financial markets. Following a systematic search strategy, I identify 35 relevant papers, including qualitative studies, laboratory experiments, field experiments and ex post analyses, covering a range of retail financial products and different types of nudges. The review results in two main contributions. First, it demonstrates that different study designs serve different purposes in evidence accumulation. Second, based on over 400 estimates extracted from these papers, it establishes that the currently available evidence shows that nudges increase consumer search and switching in retail financial markets by 2–3 percentage points on average. Structural nudges that change the choice architecture more profoundly have a higher impact on search and switching than nudges that provide, simplify or highlight information. While nudge interventions may be efficient on a cost–benefit basis and can lead to a large increase in relative terms (e.g. doubling switching rates from 1% to 2%), regulators cannot expect them to significantly alter consumer behaviour.
{"title":"Do nudges increase consumer search and switching? Evidence from financial markets","authors":"Zita Vasas","doi":"10.1017/bpp.2022.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2022.23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As nudge interventions have become more popular, academic research is developing that assesses to what extent these interventions are effective. My paper contributes to this stream of research: collating and synthesising evidence on the effectiveness of nudge interventions that aim to increase consumer search and switching in retail financial markets. Following a systematic search strategy, I identify 35 relevant papers, including qualitative studies, laboratory experiments, field experiments and ex post analyses, covering a range of retail financial products and different types of nudges. The review results in two main contributions. First, it demonstrates that different study designs serve different purposes in evidence accumulation. Second, based on over 400 estimates extracted from these papers, it establishes that the currently available evidence shows that nudges increase consumer search and switching in retail financial markets by 2–3 percentage points on average. Structural nudges that change the choice architecture more profoundly have a higher impact on search and switching than nudges that provide, simplify or highlight information. While nudge interventions may be efficient on a cost–benefit basis and can lead to a large increase in relative terms (e.g. doubling switching rates from 1% to 2%), regulators cannot expect them to significantly alter consumer behaviour.","PeriodicalId":29777,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45920699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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