Yongwei Hao, Dalin Liu, Kaiyuan Wang, Qian Liu, Hongli Chen, Shenglu Ji, Dan Ding
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formed by neutrophils are netlike scaffolds that mainly contain DNA and a variety of granule proteins. Many stimuli can lead to the NET formation through independent molecular pathways. Clinically, the abundance of NETs is correlated with poor tumor prognosis. The biological actions of NETs are complex and diverse, including promoting tumor progression, awakening the dormant cancer cells, and resulting in immunosuppression in support of tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, NET-associated pathological processes provide an important clue for both diagnostic imaging and alternative therapies for many kinds of cancers. In recent years, scientists’ efforts have focused on developing novel imaging probes to visualize NETs and therapeutic strategies by degrading NETs or inhibiting its formation to block their pro-tumoral functions. In this review, the development and evaluation of NETs-targeted imaging and intervention progress for tumor therapy are focused on.
由中性粒细胞形成的中性粒细胞胞外捕获物（NET）是一种网状支架，主要含有 DNA 和多种颗粒蛋白。许多刺激可通过独立的分子途径导致NET的形成。在临床上，NET 的丰富程度与肿瘤的不良预后相关。NETs 的生物作用复杂多样，包括促进肿瘤进展、唤醒休眠癌细胞、导致免疫抑制以支持肿瘤生长和转移。因此，NET相关病理过程为多种癌症的影像诊断和替代疗法提供了重要线索。近年来，科学家们致力于开发新型成像探针来观察NET，以及通过降解NET或抑制其形成来阻断其促瘤功能的治疗策略。在这篇综述中，我们将重点介绍NETs靶向成像的开发和评估，以及肿瘤治疗干预方面的进展。
{"title":"Imaging and Therapy of Tumors Based on Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","authors":"Yongwei Hao, Dalin Liu, Kaiyuan Wang, Qian Liu, Hongli Chen, Shenglu Ji, Dan Ding","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400212","url":null,"abstract":"Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formed by neutrophils are netlike scaffolds that mainly contain DNA and a variety of granule proteins. Many stimuli can lead to the NET formation through independent molecular pathways. Clinically, the abundance of NETs is correlated with poor tumor prognosis. The biological actions of NETs are complex and diverse, including promoting tumor progression, awakening the dormant cancer cells, and resulting in immunosuppression in support of tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, NET-associated pathological processes provide an important clue for both diagnostic imaging and alternative therapies for many kinds of cancers. In recent years, scientists’ efforts have focused on developing novel imaging probes to visualize NETs and therapeutic strategies by degrading NETs or inhibiting its formation to block their pro-tumoral functions. In this review, the development and evaluation of NETs-targeted imaging and intervention progress for tumor therapy are focused on.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141527223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tongmei Jing, Han Ku Nam, Dongwook Yang, Younggeun Lee, Rongke Gao, Hongki Yoo, Soongeun Kwon, Seung-Woo Kim, Liandong Yu, Young-Jin Kim
The ascent of internet of things (IoT) technology has increased the demand for glass electronics. However, the production of glass electronics necessitates complicated processes, including conductive materials coating and chemical vapor deposition, which entail the use of additional chemicals. Consequently, this raises environmental apprehensions concerning chemical and electronic waste. In this study, a fast, cost-effective, and simple approach are presented to meet the growing demand for glass electronics while addressing environmental concerns associated with their production processes. The method involves converting polyimide (PI) tape into laser-induced graphene (LIG) and transferring it onto a glass substrate using ultraviolet laser direct writing technology. This process allows for the fabrication of LIG-embedded glass without additional chemical treatments in ambient air. Subsequently, the residual PI tape is removed, resulting in LIG-based glass electrodes with an electrical resistivity of 1.065 × 10−3 Ω m. These LIG electrodes demonstrate efficient functionality for window applications such as defogging, heating, temperature sensing, and solar warming, suitable for automotive and residential windows. The potential scalability of this eco-friendly technology to IoT-based smart and sustainable window electronics further underscores its adaptability to meet diverse user needs.
物联网（IoT）技术的兴起增加了对玻璃电子器件的需求。然而，玻璃电子产品的生产需要复杂的工艺，包括导电材料涂层和化学气相沉积，这需要使用额外的化学品。因此，这引发了有关化学和电子废物的环境问题。本研究提出了一种快速、经济、简单的方法，以满足对玻璃电子产品日益增长的需求，同时解决与玻璃电子产品生产工艺相关的环境问题。该方法包括将聚酰亚胺（PI）带转化为激光诱导石墨烯（LIG），并使用紫外激光直接写入技术将其转移到玻璃基板上。这种工艺无需在环境空气中进行额外的化学处理，就能制造出嵌入石墨烯的玻璃。随后，残留的 PI 带被去除，从而得到了电阻率为 1.065 × 10-3 Ω m 的 LIG 玻璃电极。这些 LIG 电极在除雾、加热、温度传感和太阳能取暖等窗户应用方面展示了高效的功能，适用于汽车和住宅窗户。这种生态友好型技术在基于物联网的智能和可持续窗户电子设备方面的潜在可扩展性进一步突出了其满足不同用户需求的适应性。
{"title":"In Situ Transfer of Laser-Induced Graphene Electronics for Multifunctional Smart Windows","authors":"Tongmei Jing, Han Ku Nam, Dongwook Yang, Younggeun Lee, Rongke Gao, Hongki Yoo, Soongeun Kwon, Seung-Woo Kim, Liandong Yu, Young-Jin Kim","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400010","url":null,"abstract":"The ascent of internet of things (IoT) technology has increased the demand for glass electronics. However, the production of glass electronics necessitates complicated processes, including conductive materials coating and chemical vapor deposition, which entail the use of additional chemicals. Consequently, this raises environmental apprehensions concerning chemical and electronic waste. In this study, a fast, cost-effective, and simple approach are presented to meet the growing demand for glass electronics while addressing environmental concerns associated with their production processes. The method involves converting polyimide (PI) tape into laser-induced graphene (LIG) and transferring it onto a glass substrate using ultraviolet laser direct writing technology. This process allows for the fabrication of LIG-embedded glass without additional chemical treatments in ambient air. Subsequently, the residual PI tape is removed, resulting in LIG-based glass electrodes with an electrical resistivity of 1.065 × 10<sup>−3</sup> Ω m. These LIG electrodes demonstrate efficient functionality for window applications such as defogging, heating, temperature sensing, and solar warming, suitable for automotive and residential windows. The potential scalability of this eco-friendly technology to IoT-based smart and sustainable window electronics further underscores its adaptability to meet diverse user needs.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Solé-Porta, Aina Areny-Balagueró, Marta Camprubí-Rimblas, Elena Fernández Fernández, Andrew O’Sullivan, Rossella Giannoccari, Ronan MacLoughlin, Daniel Closa, Antonio Artigas, Anna Roig
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Pneumonia and sepsis are the most common causes, turning ARDS into a critical public health problem. Despite recent advances in pharmacological strategies, clinical trials have not demonstrated a reduction in ARDS-associated mortality. This is in part connected to the singularity of the pulmonary physiological barrier, which hampers drug delivery, specifically at distal areas. To this aim, the use of polymeric nanocarriers as a platform for the efficient delivery of therapeutics to the lungs by nebulization is introduced. Herein, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocapsules (NCs) loaded with human serum albumin, as an inhalable nanotherapeutic are prepared. The production of stable NCs aerosols in the inhalable range is achieved using a commercial device, while the nanocarrier's physicochemical parameters are only minimally altered after nebulization. Importantly, in vivo studies with healthy and acute lung injury animals show that after inhalation, the NCs are homogeneously distributed throughout the lungs, arriving at the distal areas. The NCs are internalized by alveolar type II cells, avoiding macrophage-mediated lung clearance. These features make the PLGA NCs excellent vehicles for noninvasive pulmonary delivery, facilitating a ready-to-be-used nanomedicine.
{"title":"Efficient Nebulization and Pulmonary Biodistribution of Polymeric Nanocarriers in an Acute Lung Injury Preclinical Model","authors":"Anna Solé-Porta, Aina Areny-Balagueró, Marta Camprubí-Rimblas, Elena Fernández Fernández, Andrew O’Sullivan, Rossella Giannoccari, Ronan MacLoughlin, Daniel Closa, Antonio Artigas, Anna Roig","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400066","url":null,"abstract":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Pneumonia and sepsis are the most common causes, turning ARDS into a critical public health problem. Despite recent advances in pharmacological strategies, clinical trials have not demonstrated a reduction in ARDS-associated mortality. This is in part connected to the singularity of the pulmonary physiological barrier, which hampers drug delivery, specifically at distal areas. To this aim, the use of polymeric nanocarriers as a platform for the efficient delivery of therapeutics to the lungs by nebulization is introduced. Herein, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocapsules (NCs) loaded with human serum albumin, as an inhalable nanotherapeutic are prepared. The production of stable NCs aerosols in the inhalable range is achieved using a commercial device, while the nanocarrier's physicochemical parameters are only minimally altered after nebulization. Importantly, in vivo studies with healthy and acute lung injury animals show that after inhalation, the NCs are homogeneously distributed throughout the lungs, arriving at the distal areas. The NCs are internalized by alveolar type II cells, avoiding macrophage-mediated lung clearance. These features make the PLGA NCs excellent vehicles for noninvasive pulmonary delivery, facilitating a ready-to-be-used nanomedicine.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jilin Fan, Mingjun Xuan, Kuan Zhang, Rostislav Vinokur, Lifei Zheng, Robert Göstl, Andreas Herrmann
The ultrasound (US)-induced activation of mechanophores embedded in linear polymers (LPs) is the most widely employed technique to realize chemical function by polymer mechanochemistry. However, the commonly used US frequency in this context is around 20 kHz, producing strong inertial cavitation limiting biomedical applicability. Herein, 20 kHz US and 1.5 MHz high-intensity focused US (HIFU) are investigated to drive disulfide mechanophore activation and mechanochemical polymer chain scission in network core-structured star polymers (NCSPs). It is found that the efficiency of activating disulfide mechanophores in NCSPs using 1.5 MHz HIFU irradiation is similar to the efficiency achieved with 20 kHz sonication. This is quantified by ‘turn on’ sensor molecules leveraging the Michael addition of the mechanochemically generated thiol groups and subsequent retro Diels–Alder reaction to release a fluorophore. Moreover, the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) covalently loaded into NCSPs is efficiently released by 1.5 MHz HIFU. Finally, an in vitro study of drug release from NCSPs is performed, demonstrating the potential of HIFU-activated polymer mechanochemistry for sonopharmacology.
{"title":"Accelerated Mechanophore Activation and Drug Release in Network Core-Structured Star Polymers Using High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound","authors":"Jilin Fan, Mingjun Xuan, Kuan Zhang, Rostislav Vinokur, Lifei Zheng, Robert Göstl, Andreas Herrmann","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400082","url":null,"abstract":"The ultrasound (US)-induced activation of mechanophores embedded in linear polymers (LPs) is the most widely employed technique to realize chemical function by polymer mechanochemistry. However, the commonly used US frequency in this context is around 20 kHz, producing strong inertial cavitation limiting biomedical applicability. Herein, 20 kHz US and 1.5 MHz high-intensity focused US (HIFU) are investigated to drive disulfide mechanophore activation and mechanochemical polymer chain scission in network core-structured star polymers (NCSPs). It is found that the efficiency of activating disulfide mechanophores in NCSPs using 1.5 MHz HIFU irradiation is similar to the efficiency achieved with 20 kHz sonication. This is quantified by ‘turn on’ sensor molecules leveraging the Michael addition of the mechanochemically generated thiol groups and subsequent retro Diels–Alder reaction to release a fluorophore. Moreover, the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) covalently loaded into NCSPs is efficiently released by 1.5 MHz HIFU. Finally, an in vitro study of drug release from NCSPs is performed, demonstrating the potential of HIFU-activated polymer mechanochemistry for sonopharmacology.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141527225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Douglas Howard, Tyron Turnbull, Puthenparampil Wilson, David John Paterson, Valentina Milanova, Benjamin Thierry, Ivan Kempson
Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) have entered clinical use for enhancing radiotherapy, but the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Herein, single-cell analysis of two cell lines in response to megavolt irradiation and a radiomimetic drug, neocarzinostatin (NCS) after coculture with gold NPs with different surface coatings, polyethylene glycol (AuPEG), PEG, and transferrin (AuT) or silica (AuSiO2), is reported. Different surface chemistry presents a major challenge for objective comparison between the biological impacts where major differences in cell-uptake exist. AuSiO2 NPs are the most efficient for promoting radiosensitization despite being associated with cells 10 times less than the actively targeted AuT NPs. Conversely, for cells exposed to NCS, AuSiO2 NPs impede the radiomimetic action and promote cell survival. AuT NPs enhance death of cells in combination with NCS showing that NPs can sensitize against cytotoxic agents in addition to radiation. While NPs contribute to radiosensitization (or enhancing/impeding chemotherapeutic drug activity), due to cell and cell line heterogeneity, the ultimate radiosensitivity of a cell appears to be dominated by its inherent radiosensitivity and how this cell-regulated response is manipulated by NPs. This is evidenced through comparison of radiobiological response of cells with equivalent NP association rather than equivalent coculture conditions.
{"title":"Quantitative Single-Cell Comparison of Sensitization to Radiation and a Radiomimetic Drug for Diverse Gold Nanoparticle Coatings","authors":"Douglas Howard, Tyron Turnbull, Puthenparampil Wilson, David John Paterson, Valentina Milanova, Benjamin Thierry, Ivan Kempson","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400053","url":null,"abstract":"Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) have entered clinical use for enhancing radiotherapy, but the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Herein, single-cell analysis of two cell lines in response to megavolt irradiation and a radiomimetic drug, neocarzinostatin (NCS) after coculture with gold NPs with different surface coatings, polyethylene glycol (AuPEG), PEG, and transferrin (AuT) or silica (AuSiO<sub>2</sub>), is reported. Different surface chemistry presents a major challenge for objective comparison between the biological impacts where major differences in cell-uptake exist. AuSiO<sub>2</sub> NPs are the most efficient for promoting radiosensitization despite being associated with cells 10 times less than the actively targeted AuT NPs. Conversely, for cells exposed to NCS, AuSiO<sub>2</sub> NPs impede the radiomimetic action and promote cell survival. AuT NPs enhance death of cells in combination with NCS showing that NPs can sensitize against cytotoxic agents in addition to radiation. While NPs contribute to radiosensitization (or enhancing/impeding chemotherapeutic drug activity), due to cell and cell line heterogeneity, the ultimate radiosensitivity of a cell appears to be dominated by its inherent radiosensitivity and how this cell-regulated response is manipulated by NPs. This is evidenced through comparison of radiobiological response of cells with equivalent NP association rather than equivalent coculture conditions.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silicon/carbon (Si/C) composite anode materials have emerged as promising candidates for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), boasting advantages such as high capacity, cost‐effectiveness, and abundance. However, the integration of Si‐based materials into conventional graphite anodes introduces heterogeneous interactions between electrochemical and mechanical behaviors, owing to substantial volume changes and chemical potential variations. One significant consequence of these interactions is the impedance inhomogeneity, which adversely affects the discharging capacity of Si‐based LIBs. In an effort to comprehensively understand this phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms, an electrochemo‐mechanical‐coupled model is established, incorporating detailed particle geometries on the anode side. The model is employed to investigate polarization components and their evolution during the charging/discharging process. Various influencing factors, such as SiO weight percentage (wt%), electrode thickness, and SiO distributions (both in terms of distribution uniformity and direction), are systematically discussed. In this study, an efficient computational approach is offered to analyze battery polarizations, deepening the understanding of the inhomogeneous evolution of these polarizations in Si/C composite anodes. Ultimately, these insights guide the design of anodes for next‐generation high‐energy‐density LIBs.
{"title":"Impedance Inhomogeneity in SiO/Gr Composite Anode","authors":"Xiang Gao, Jun Xu","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300291","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon/carbon (Si/C) composite anode materials have emerged as promising candidates for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), boasting advantages such as high capacity, cost‐effectiveness, and abundance. However, the integration of Si‐based materials into conventional graphite anodes introduces heterogeneous interactions between electrochemical and mechanical behaviors, owing to substantial volume changes and chemical potential variations. One significant consequence of these interactions is the impedance inhomogeneity, which adversely affects the discharging capacity of Si‐based LIBs. In an effort to comprehensively understand this phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms, an electrochemo‐mechanical‐coupled model is established, incorporating detailed particle geometries on the anode side. The model is employed to investigate polarization components and their evolution during the charging/discharging process. Various influencing factors, such as SiO weight percentage (wt%), electrode thickness, and SiO distributions (both in terms of distribution uniformity and direction), are systematically discussed. In this study, an efficient computational approach is offered to analyze battery polarizations, deepening the understanding of the inhomogeneous evolution of these polarizations in Si/C composite anodes. Ultimately, these insights guide the design of anodes for next‐generation high‐energy‐density LIBs.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141341652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrey Rybakov, Carla Boix-Constant, Diego Alba Venero, Herre S. J. van der Zant, Samuel Mañas-Valero, Eugenio Coronado
The layered metamagnet CrSBr offers a rich interplay between magnetic, optical, and electrical properties that can be extended down to the two-dimensional (2D) limit. Despite the extensive research regarding the long-range magnetic order in magnetic van der Waals materials, short-range correlations have been loosely investigated. By using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) the formation of short-range magnetic regions in CrSBr with correlation lengths that increase upon cooling up to ≈3 nm at the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature (TN ≈ 140 K) is shown. Interestingly, these ferromagnetic correlations start developing below 200 K, i.e., well above TN. Below TN, these correlations rapidly decrease and are negligible at low-temperatures. The experimental results are well-reproduced by an effective spin Hamiltonian, which pinpoints that the short-range correlations in CrSBr are intrinsic to the monolayer limit, and discard the appearance of any frustrated phase in CrSBr at low-temperatures within the experimental window between 2 and 200 nm. Overall, the obtained results are compatible with a spin freezing scenario of the magnetic fluctuations in CrSBr and highlight SANS as a powerful technique for characterizing the rich physical phenomenology beyond the long-range order paradigm offered by van der Waals magnets.
{"title":"Probing Short-Range Correlations in the van der Waals Magnet CrSBr by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering","authors":"Andrey Rybakov, Carla Boix-Constant, Diego Alba Venero, Herre S. J. van der Zant, Samuel Mañas-Valero, Eugenio Coronado","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400244","url":null,"abstract":"The layered metamagnet CrSBr offers a rich interplay between magnetic, optical, and electrical properties that can be extended down to the two-dimensional (2D) limit. Despite the extensive research regarding the long-range magnetic order in magnetic van der Waals materials, short-range correlations have been loosely investigated. By using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) the formation of short-range magnetic regions in CrSBr with correlation lengths that increase upon cooling up to <i>≈</i>3 nm at the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature (<i>T</i>\u0000<sub>N</sub>\u0000<i> ≈ </i>140 K) is shown. Interestingly, these ferromagnetic correlations start developing below 200 K, i.e., well above <i>T</i>\u0000<sub>N</sub>. Below <i>T</i>\u0000<sub>N</sub>, these correlations rapidly decrease and are negligible at low-temperatures. The experimental results are well-reproduced by an effective spin Hamiltonian, which pinpoints that the short-range correlations in CrSBr are intrinsic to the monolayer limit, and discard the appearance of any frustrated phase in CrSBr at low-temperatures within the experimental window between 2 and 200 nm. Overall, the obtained results are compatible with a spin freezing scenario of the magnetic fluctuations in CrSBr and highlight SANS as a powerful technique for characterizing the rich physical phenomenology beyond the long-range order paradigm offered by van der Waals magnets.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141527227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Di Jin, Wenbo Liu, Linnan Jia, Yuning Zhang, Junkai Hu, H. El Dirani, Sébastien Kerdiles, C. Sciancalepore, Pierre Demongodin, C. Grillet, C. Monat, Duan Huang, Jiayang Wu, Baohua Jia, David J. Moss
As a rapidly expanding family of 2D materials, MXenes have recently gained considerable attention. Herein, by developing a coating method that enables transfer‐free and layer‐by‐layer film coating, the nonlinear optical absorption (NOA) of Ti3C2Tx MXene films is investigated. Using the Z‐scan technique, the NOA of the MXene films is characterized at ≈800 nm. The results show that there is a strong and layer‐dependent NOA behavior, transitioning from reverse saturable absorption (RSA) to saturable absorption (SA) as the layer number increases from 5 to 30. Notably, the nonlinear absorption coefficient β changes significantly from ≈7.13 × 102 cm GW−1 to ≈−2.69 × 102 cm GW−1 within this range. The power‐dependent NOA of the MXene films is also characterized, and a decreasing trend in β is observed for increasing laser intensity. Finally, the NOA of 2D MXene films at ≈1550 nm is characterized by integrating them onto silicon nitride waveguides, where an SA behavior is observed for the films including 5 and 10 layers of MXene, in contrast to the RSA observed at ≈800 nm. These results reveal intriguing nonlinear optical properties of 2D MXene films, highlighting their versatility and potential for implementing high‐performance nonlinear photonic devices.
{"title":"Thickness‐ and Wavelength‐Dependent Nonlinear Optical Absorption in 2D Layered MXene Films","authors":"Di Jin, Wenbo Liu, Linnan Jia, Yuning Zhang, Junkai Hu, H. El Dirani, Sébastien Kerdiles, C. Sciancalepore, Pierre Demongodin, C. Grillet, C. Monat, Duan Huang, Jiayang Wu, Baohua Jia, David J. Moss","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400179","url":null,"abstract":"As a rapidly expanding family of 2D materials, MXenes have recently gained considerable attention. Herein, by developing a coating method that enables transfer‐free and layer‐by‐layer film coating, the nonlinear optical absorption (NOA) of Ti3C2Tx MXene films is investigated. Using the Z‐scan technique, the NOA of the MXene films is characterized at ≈800 nm. The results show that there is a strong and layer‐dependent NOA behavior, transitioning from reverse saturable absorption (RSA) to saturable absorption (SA) as the layer number increases from 5 to 30. Notably, the nonlinear absorption coefficient β changes significantly from ≈7.13 × 102 cm GW−1 to ≈−2.69 × 102 cm GW−1 within this range. The power‐dependent NOA of the MXene films is also characterized, and a decreasing trend in β is observed for increasing laser intensity. Finally, the NOA of 2D MXene films at ≈1550 nm is characterized by integrating them onto silicon nitride waveguides, where an SA behavior is observed for the films including 5 and 10 layers of MXene, in contrast to the RSA observed at ≈800 nm. These results reveal intriguing nonlinear optical properties of 2D MXene films, highlighting their versatility and potential for implementing high‐performance nonlinear photonic devices.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141345327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arianna Menichetti, Jeannette Manzi, F. Otálora, Marco Montalti, Juan Manuel García‐Ruiz
Inorganic–inorganic self‐organized composite architectures resulting from the chemical coupling of alkaline‐earth carbonate and polymeric silica are a promising alternative to organic‐based hybrid bio‐mimetic systems for developing innovative multi‐functional materials. Although the importance of pH in the generation of these structures reminiscent of primitive living organisms (and for this called biomorphs) is widely acknowledged, the effect of pH is generally investigated on the basis of starting pH value. This approach inadvertently neglects the important spatial and temporal pH gradients associated with biomorph nucleation and growth. A deep understanding of the role of pH on morphogenesis requires the ability to detect locally the pH in real‐time with a non‐invasive technique and correlate pH to the different stages of biomorphic growth. This aim is achieved by combining optical and fluorescence imaging. An accurately selected pH probe suitable for ratiometric pH measurement in the silica gel is exploited during a typical counter‐diffusion experiment. The results are compared with computer simulation of the synthesis of biomorphs by counter‐diffusion experiments. The results demonstrate the existence of two main morphogenetic regimes. Interestingly, the morphogenetic process controlling the complex shaping of biomorphs results to be independent of the silica speciation.
{"title":"Morphological Sensitivity to pH of Silica and Chalk Nanocrystalline Self‐Organized Biomorphs","authors":"Arianna Menichetti, Jeannette Manzi, F. Otálora, Marco Montalti, Juan Manuel García‐Ruiz","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400090","url":null,"abstract":"Inorganic–inorganic self‐organized composite architectures resulting from the chemical coupling of alkaline‐earth carbonate and polymeric silica are a promising alternative to organic‐based hybrid bio‐mimetic systems for developing innovative multi‐functional materials. Although the importance of pH in the generation of these structures reminiscent of primitive living organisms (and for this called biomorphs) is widely acknowledged, the effect of pH is generally investigated on the basis of starting pH value. This approach inadvertently neglects the important spatial and temporal pH gradients associated with biomorph nucleation and growth. A deep understanding of the role of pH on morphogenesis requires the ability to detect locally the pH in real‐time with a non‐invasive technique and correlate pH to the different stages of biomorphic growth. This aim is achieved by combining optical and fluorescence imaging. An accurately selected pH probe suitable for ratiometric pH measurement in the silica gel is exploited during a typical counter‐diffusion experiment. The results are compared with computer simulation of the synthesis of biomorphs by counter‐diffusion experiments. The results demonstrate the existence of two main morphogenetic regimes. Interestingly, the morphogenetic process controlling the complex shaping of biomorphs results to be independent of the silica speciation.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：