Yuran Wang, Wei Dai, Tian Wu, Hongyan Qi, Junhui Tao, Chuanhui Wang, Jie Li, Xiuying Cao, Liangpeng Liu, Liuyi Fang, Chun Wang, Nengyuan Gong, Yuxuan Liu, Xinqi Chen, Wan Jiang, Xiaolin Wang
Thermoelectric materials’ unique merits attract considerable attention. Among those merits, the straight transformation between heat and electricity makes this material potential. The energy of the human body is released in the form of heat, which can be transformed into effective electricity by wearable thermoelectric materials. The nanotechnology-based materials improve thermoelectric properties and heat absorption abilities for nanostructures will help maintain good electrical conductivity and reduce thermal conductivity. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is extensively investigated for its high conductivity, flexibility, good transparency, and so on. This article reviews its mechanism and describes the preparation techniques and thermoelectric properties of nanotechnology-based PEDOT, inorganic semiconductor composite, and low-dimensional metal composite thermoelectric materials. The recent research progress on PEDOT-based thermoelectric materials, the application of wearable low-dimensional PEDOT-based thermoelectric materials, and methods to improve the thermoelectric performance of PEDOT-based composite materials, device design, and commercialization are specifically discussed.
{"title":"Advancements in Nanotechnology-Based PEDOT and Its Composites for Wearable Thermoelectric Applications","authors":"Yuran Wang, Wei Dai, Tian Wu, Hongyan Qi, Junhui Tao, Chuanhui Wang, Jie Li, Xiuying Cao, Liangpeng Liu, Liuyi Fang, Chun Wang, Nengyuan Gong, Yuxuan Liu, Xinqi Chen, Wan Jiang, Xiaolin Wang","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400149","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoelectric materials’ unique merits attract considerable attention. Among those merits, the straight transformation between heat and electricity makes this material potential. The energy of the human body is released in the form of heat, which can be transformed into effective electricity by wearable thermoelectric materials. The nanotechnology-based materials improve thermoelectric properties and heat absorption abilities for nanostructures will help maintain good electrical conductivity and reduce thermal conductivity. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is extensively investigated for its high conductivity, flexibility, good transparency, and so on. This article reviews its mechanism and describes the preparation techniques and thermoelectric properties of nanotechnology-based PEDOT, inorganic semiconductor composite, and low-dimensional metal composite thermoelectric materials. The recent research progress on PEDOT-based thermoelectric materials, the application of wearable low-dimensional PEDOT-based thermoelectric materials, and methods to improve the thermoelectric performance of PEDOT-based composite materials, device design, and commercialization are specifically discussed.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantum materials and metal-organic framework (MOFs) materials describe two attractive research areas in physics and chemistry. Yet, with very few exceptions, these fields have been developed with little overlap. This review aims to summarize these efforts and outline the huge potential of considering MOFs as quantum materials, called quantum MOFs. Quantum MOFs exhibit macroscopic quantum states over wide energy and lengths scales. Examples are topological materials and superconductors, to name but a few. In contrast to conventional quantum materials, MOFs exhibit promising unconventional degrees of freedom such as buckling, interpenetration, porosity, and rotations, stimulating the design of novel quantum phases of matter.
{"title":"Quantum Metal-Organic Frameworks","authors":"Zhehao Huang, Richard Matthias Geilhufe","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400161","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum materials and metal-organic framework (MOFs) materials describe two attractive research areas in physics and chemistry. Yet, with very few exceptions, these fields have been developed with little overlap. This review aims to summarize these efforts and outline the huge potential of considering MOFs as quantum materials, called quantum MOFs. Quantum MOFs exhibit macroscopic quantum states over wide energy and lengths scales. Examples are topological materials and superconductors, to name but a few. In contrast to conventional quantum materials, MOFs exhibit promising unconventional degrees of freedom such as buckling, interpenetration, porosity, and rotations, stimulating the design of novel quantum phases of matter.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Tsukerman, Majd Machour, Margarita Shuhmaher, Eliana O. Fischer, Hagit Shoyhet, Orit Bar-Am, Gali Guterman Ram, Lior Debbi, Dina Safina, Shulamit Levenberg
Placental-derived stromal-like cells (PLX-PAD) have been shown to facilitate muscle tissue recovery after injury and stimulate angiogenesis. This work assesses the impact of PLX-PAD cells on the vascularization and maturation of engineered skeletal muscle tissue. Specifically, their effects in direct co-culture with endothelial cells, pericytes, and myoblasts seeded within microporous 3D scaffolds are characterized. Additionally, the impact of hypoxic PLX-PAD cell-conditioned medium (CM) on vascularization and muscle differentiation of engineered tissue is monitored. Co-culture of PLX-PAD with myocytes stimulated myocyte differentiation while PLX-PAD CM promoted the formation of vascular networks. Implantation of a multi-culture system of vascularized human skeletal muscle tissue and PLX-PAD into a rectus abdominal defect in nude mice promoted myocyte differentiation, host vessel penetration, and tissue integration. These findings indicate the ability of placenta-derived cells to induce the formation of vascularized engineered muscle constructs with potential therapeutic applications.
{"title":"Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal-Like Cells Promote 3D-Engineered Muscle Tissue Differentiation and Vessel Network Maturation","authors":"Anna Tsukerman, Majd Machour, Margarita Shuhmaher, Eliana O. Fischer, Hagit Shoyhet, Orit Bar-Am, Gali Guterman Ram, Lior Debbi, Dina Safina, Shulamit Levenberg","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400228","url":null,"abstract":"Placental-derived stromal-like cells (PLX-PAD) have been shown to facilitate muscle tissue recovery after injury and stimulate angiogenesis. This work assesses the impact of PLX-PAD cells on the vascularization and maturation of engineered skeletal muscle tissue. Specifically, their effects in direct co-culture with endothelial cells, pericytes, and myoblasts seeded within microporous 3D scaffolds are characterized. Additionally, the impact of hypoxic PLX-PAD cell-conditioned medium (CM) on vascularization and muscle differentiation of engineered tissue is monitored. Co-culture of PLX-PAD with myocytes stimulated myocyte differentiation while PLX-PAD CM promoted the formation of vascular networks. Implantation of a multi-culture system of vascularized human skeletal muscle tissue and PLX-PAD into a rectus abdominal defect in nude mice promoted myocyte differentiation, host vessel penetration, and tissue integration. These findings indicate the ability of placenta-derived cells to induce the formation of vascularized engineered muscle constructs with potential therapeutic applications.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu-Seong Seo, Teawoo Ha, Ji Hee Yoo, Su Jae Kim, Yousil Lee, Seungje Kim, Young-Hoon Kim, SeungNam Cha, Young-Min Kim, Se-Young Jeong, Jungseek Hwang
In the design of optical devices and components, geometric structures and optical properties of materials, such as absorption, refraction, reflection, diffraction, scattering, and trapping, have been utilized. Finding the ideal material with certain optical and geometric characteristics is essential for a customized application. Herein, unoxidizable achromatic copper films (ACFs) are fabricated on Al2O3 substrates utilizing an atomic sputtering epitaxy apparatus. ACFs are made up of two regions vertically: a comparatively flat layer region and a 3D porous nanostructured region on top of the flat region. The measured specular reflectance displays low-pass filter behavior with a sharp cutoff frequency in the infrared spectrum. Furthermore, the measured diffusive reflectance spectra show light-trapping behavior in the spectral region above the cutoff frequency, where there are no known absorption mechanisms, such as phonons and interband transitions. A focused ion beam scanning electron microscope is utilized to study the thin film's nanostructured region through 3D tomographic analysis in order to comprehend the phenomena that are observed. This work will shed fresh light on the design and optimization of optical filters and light-trapping employing porous nanostructured metallic thin films.
{"title":"Stray Light in 3D Porous Nanostructures of Single-Crystalline Copper Film","authors":"Yu-Seong Seo, Teawoo Ha, Ji Hee Yoo, Su Jae Kim, Yousil Lee, Seungje Kim, Young-Hoon Kim, SeungNam Cha, Young-Min Kim, Se-Young Jeong, Jungseek Hwang","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400174","url":null,"abstract":"In the design of optical devices and components, geometric structures and optical properties of materials, such as absorption, refraction, reflection, diffraction, scattering, and trapping, have been utilized. Finding the ideal material with certain optical and geometric characteristics is essential for a customized application. Herein, unoxidizable achromatic copper films (ACFs) are fabricated on Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> substrates utilizing an atomic sputtering epitaxy apparatus. ACFs are made up of two regions vertically: a comparatively flat layer region and a 3D porous nanostructured region on top of the flat region. The measured specular reflectance displays low-pass filter behavior with a sharp cutoff frequency in the infrared spectrum. Furthermore, the measured diffusive reflectance spectra show light-trapping behavior in the spectral region above the cutoff frequency, where there are no known absorption mechanisms, such as phonons and interband transitions. A focused ion beam scanning electron microscope is utilized to study the thin film's nanostructured region through 3D tomographic analysis in order to comprehend the phenomena that are observed. This work will shed fresh light on the design and optimization of optical filters and light-trapping employing porous nanostructured metallic thin films.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141884993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingwei Zan, Hongsheng Xie, Sichen Jiao, Kai Jiang, Xuelong Wang, Ruijuan Xiao, Xiqian Yu, Hong Li, Xuejie Huang
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is an irreplaceable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries with high volumetric energy density. The prevailing O3 phase LiCoO2 adopts the ABCABC (A, B, and C stand for lattice sites in the close-packed plane) stacking modes of close-packed oxygen atoms. Currently, the focus of LiCoO2 development is application at high voltage (>4.55 V versus Li+/Li) to achieve a high specific capacity (>190 mAh g−1). However, cycled with a high cutoff voltage, O3–LiCoO2 suffers from rapid capacity decay. The causes of failure are mostly attributed to the irreversible transitions to H1-3/O1 phase after deep delithiation and severe interfacial reactions with electrolytes. In addition to O3, LiCoO2 is also known to crystalize in an O2 phase with ABAC stacking. Since its discovery, little is known about the high-voltage behavior of O2–LiCoO2. Herein, through systematic comparison between electrochemical performances of O3 and O2 LiCoO2 at high voltage, the significantly better stability of O2–LiCoO2 (>4.5 V) than that of O3–LiCoO2 in the same micro-sized particle morphology is revealed. Combining various characterization techniques and multiscale simulation, the outstanding high-voltage stability of O2–LiCoO2 is attributed to the high Li diffusivity and ideal mechanical properties. Uniform Li+ distribution and balanced internal stress loading may hold the key to improving the high-voltage performance of LiCoO2.
{"title":"On the Much-Improved High-Voltage Cycling Performance of LiCoO2 by Phase Alteration from O3 to O2 Structure","authors":"Mingwei Zan, Hongsheng Xie, Sichen Jiao, Kai Jiang, Xuelong Wang, Ruijuan Xiao, Xiqian Yu, Hong Li, Xuejie Huang","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400162","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO<sub>2</sub>) is an irreplaceable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries with high volumetric energy density. The prevailing O<sub>3</sub> phase LiCoO<sub>2</sub> adopts the ABCABC (A, B, and C stand for lattice sites in the close-packed plane) stacking modes of close-packed oxygen atoms. Currently, the focus of LiCoO<sub>2</sub> development is application at high voltage (>4.55 V versus Li<sup>+</sup>/Li) to achieve a high specific capacity (>190 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>). However, cycled with a high cutoff voltage, O<sub>3</sub>–LiCoO<sub>2</sub> suffers from rapid capacity decay. The causes of failure are mostly attributed to the irreversible transitions to H1-3/O<sub>1</sub> phase after deep delithiation and severe interfacial reactions with electrolytes. In addition to O<sub>3</sub>, LiCoO<sub>2</sub> is also known to crystalize in an O<sub>2</sub> phase with ABAC stacking. Since its discovery, little is known about the high-voltage behavior of O<sub>2</sub>–LiCoO<sub>2</sub>. Herein, through systematic comparison between electrochemical performances of O<sub>3</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> LiCoO<sub>2</sub> at high voltage, the significantly better stability of O<sub>2</sub>–LiCoO<sub>2</sub> (>4.5 V) than that of O<sub>3</sub>–LiCoO<sub>2</sub> in the same micro-sized particle morphology is revealed. Combining various characterization techniques and multiscale simulation, the outstanding high-voltage stability of O<sub>2</sub>–LiCoO<sub>2</sub> is attributed to the high Li diffusivity and ideal mechanical properties. Uniform Li<sup>+</sup> distribution and balanced internal stress loading may hold the key to improving the high-voltage performance of LiCoO<sub>2</sub>.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Visible light is an important energy source for all living organisms on Earth. Given the importance of visible light, visible light sensors have attracted widespread interest from scientists. With the rapid development of wearable devices, the sensors used in them need to be flexible, stretchable, and lightweight. Herein, an intelligent electrolyte based on spiropyran (SP) that responds to visible light is developed. The reversible change rate in the electrical resistance of an SP/FeCl3·6H2O methyl cyanide (MeCN) aqueous solution under visible light irradiation is as high as 19.26%. Additionally, flexible and conductive fibrous visible light sensors with a core-sheath structure are prepared using an SP/FeCl3·6H2O MeCN aqueous solution and silicon rubber hollow fibers as the core and outer layers, respectively. These fibrous visible light sensors are then woven into fabrics with multiple functions, such as sensing and locating visible light, reversible photochromism, and thermal management. The fibrous visible light sensors and fabrics prepared in this study have broad development prospects and application potential in the fields of fashion, smart textiles, flexible conductive fibers, flexible fibrous sensors, electronic skins, and wearable devices.
{"title":"Flexible Fibrous Visible Light Sensors Based on Spiropyran for Wearable Devices, Electronic Skins, and Thermal Management Fabrics","authors":"Guiqing Dang, Kaifang Chen, Yuncong Luo, Ronghua Hu, Yutao Huang, Henghui Tang, Bingquan Huang, Jinlong Sun, Xi Liu, Yancheng Wu, Longfei Fan, Qinghua Wu, Feng Gan","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400018","url":null,"abstract":"Visible light is an important energy source for all living organisms on Earth. Given the importance of visible light, visible light sensors have attracted widespread interest from scientists. With the rapid development of wearable devices, the sensors used in them need to be flexible, stretchable, and lightweight. Herein, an intelligent electrolyte based on spiropyran (SP) that responds to visible light is developed. The reversible change rate in the electrical resistance of an SP/FeCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O methyl cyanide (MeCN) aqueous solution under visible light irradiation is as high as 19.26%. Additionally, flexible and conductive fibrous visible light sensors with a core-sheath structure are prepared using an SP/FeCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O MeCN aqueous solution and silicon rubber hollow fibers as the core and outer layers, respectively. These fibrous visible light sensors are then woven into fabrics with multiple functions, such as sensing and locating visible light, reversible photochromism, and thermal management. The fibrous visible light sensors and fabrics prepared in this study have broad development prospects and application potential in the fields of fashion, smart textiles, flexible conductive fibers, flexible fibrous sensors, electronic skins, and wearable devices.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141884995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia Iriarte-Mesa, Janice Bergen, Kristina Danielyan, Francesco Crudo, Doris Marko, Hanspeter Kählig, Giorgia Del Favero, Freddy Kleitz
The intestinal compartment confines the gut microbiome while enabling food passage and absorption of active molecules. For the rational design of oral formulations aiming to overcome physiological barriers of the gut, it is crucial to understand how cells respond to the presence of nanoparticulate materials. Taking advantage of the versatility and biocompatibility of dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs), several post-grafting strategies are developed to diversify the surface properties of spherical DMSNs and then probe interactions with the intestinal coculture cell model Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12. Herein, the functionalization of DMSNs with polyethylene glycol, phosphonate, methyl, and farnesol moieties enables the investigation of both particle penetration through the mucus layer and pathways relevant to intracellular uptake. Contributions of surface chemistry, charge, and colloidal stability are correlated with the modulation of particle movement through the mucus and the organization of cell–cell junctions. Hydrophilic and negative functionalities favor particle distribution toward the intestinal monolayer. Instead, hydrophobic DMSNs are hindered by the mucus, possibly limiting cell contact. Hybrid surfaces, combining phosphonate and long carbon chain functions, support diffusion through the mucus and foster the paracellular permeability as well as the transient barrier relapse, as indicated by increased cell–cell distances and reorganization of tight junctions.
{"title":"Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles for Tailored Interactions with Intestinal Cells and Chemical Modulation of Paracellular Permeability","authors":"Claudia Iriarte-Mesa, Janice Bergen, Kristina Danielyan, Francesco Crudo, Doris Marko, Hanspeter Kählig, Giorgia Del Favero, Freddy Kleitz","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400112","url":null,"abstract":"The intestinal compartment confines the gut microbiome while enabling food passage and absorption of active molecules. For the rational design of oral formulations aiming to overcome physiological barriers of the gut, it is crucial to understand how cells respond to the presence of nanoparticulate materials. Taking advantage of the versatility and biocompatibility of dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs), several post-grafting strategies are developed to diversify the surface properties of spherical DMSNs and then probe interactions with the intestinal coculture cell model Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12. Herein, the functionalization of DMSNs with polyethylene glycol, phosphonate, methyl, and farnesol moieties enables the investigation of both particle penetration through the mucus layer and pathways relevant to intracellular uptake. Contributions of surface chemistry, charge, and colloidal stability are correlated with the modulation of particle movement through the mucus and the organization of cell–cell junctions. Hydrophilic and negative functionalities favor particle distribution toward the intestinal monolayer. Instead, hydrophobic DMSNs are hindered by the mucus, possibly limiting cell contact. Hybrid surfaces, combining phosphonate and long carbon chain functions, support diffusion through the mucus and foster the paracellular permeability as well as the transient barrier relapse, as indicated by increased cell–cell distances and reorganization of tight junctions.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141884994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atif Jan, Stephanie A. Fraser, Taehwan Moon, Yun Seong Lee, Hagyoul Bae, Hyun Jae Lee, Duk-Hyun Choe, Maximilian T. Becker, Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll, Jinseong Heo, Giuliana Di Martino
Ferroelectric HfO2-based films incorporated in nonvolatile memory devices offer a low-energy, high-speed alternative to conventional memory systems. Oxygen vacancies have been rigorously cited in literature to be pivotal in stabilizing the polar noncentrosymmetric phase responsible for ferroelectricity in HfO2-based films. Thus, the ability to regulate and control oxygen vacancy migration in operando in such materials would potentially offer step changing new functionalities, tunable electrical properties, and enhanced device lifespan. Herein, a novel in- operando approach to control both wake-up and fatigue device dynamics is reported. Via clever design of short ad hoc square electrical pulses, both wake-up can be sped up and both fatigue and leakage inside the film can be reduced, key factors for enhancing the performance of memory devices. Using plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence and dark-field spectroscopy (sensitive to <1% vacancy variation), evidence that the electrical pulses give rise to oxygen vacancy redistribution is provided and it is shown that pulse engineering effectively delays wake-up and reduces fatigue characteristics of the HfO2-based films. Comprehensive analysis also includes impedance spectroscopy measurements, which exclude any influence of polarization reversal or domain wall movement in interpretation of results.
{"title":"Resetting the Drift of Oxygen Vacancies in Ultrathin HZO Ferroelectric Memories by Electrical Pulse Engineering","authors":"Atif Jan, Stephanie A. Fraser, Taehwan Moon, Yun Seong Lee, Hagyoul Bae, Hyun Jae Lee, Duk-Hyun Choe, Maximilian T. Becker, Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll, Jinseong Heo, Giuliana Di Martino","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400223","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroelectric HfO<sub>2</sub>-based films incorporated in nonvolatile memory devices offer a low-energy, high-speed alternative to conventional memory systems. Oxygen vacancies have been rigorously cited in literature to be pivotal in stabilizing the polar noncentrosymmetric phase responsible for ferroelectricity in HfO<sub>2</sub>-based films. Thus, the ability to regulate and control oxygen vacancy migration in operando in such materials would potentially offer step changing new functionalities, tunable electrical properties, and enhanced device lifespan. Herein, a novel in- operando approach to control both wake-up and fatigue device dynamics is reported. Via clever design of short ad hoc square electrical pulses, both wake-up can be sped up and both fatigue and leakage inside the film can be reduced, key factors for enhancing the performance of memory devices. Using plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence and dark-field spectroscopy (sensitive to <1% vacancy variation), evidence that the electrical pulses give rise to oxygen vacancy redistribution is provided and it is shown that pulse engineering effectively delays wake-up and reduces fatigue characteristics of the HfO<sub>2</sub>-based films. Comprehensive analysis also includes impedance spectroscopy measurements, which exclude any influence of polarization reversal or domain wall movement in interpretation of results.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Jodlbauer, Katharina Hogrefe, Bernhard Gadermaier, H. Martin R. Wilkening
The enormous interest in developing powerful Li-based batteries leads to a boost in materials research. Though Li–sulfur batteries offer very high energy densities, the nature of Li-ion dynamics in the final discharge product
Manav Jain, Xinjie Yu, Jonathan P. Schneck, Jordan J. Green
Lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles are promising biomaterial platforms for robust intracellular DNA and mRNA delivery, highlighted by the widespread use of nanoparticle- (NP) based mRNA vaccines to help end the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent research has sought to adapt this nanotechnology to transfect and engineer immune cells in vivo. The immune system is an especially appealing target due to its involvement in many different diseases, and ex vivo-engineered immune cell therapies like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy have already demonstrated remarkable clinical success in certain blood cancers. Although gene delivery can potentially address some of the cost and manufacturing concerns associated with current autologous immune cell therapies, transfecting immune cells in vivo is challenging. Not only is extrahepatic NP delivery to lymphoid organs difficult, but immune cells like T cells have demonstrated particular resistance to transfection. Despite these challenges, the modular nature of NPs allows researchers to examine critical structure–function relationships between a particle's properties and its ability to specifically engineer immune cells in vivo. Herein, several nanomaterial components are outlined, including targeting ligands, nucleic acid cargo, chemical properties, physical properties, and the route of administration to specifically target NPs to immune cells for optimal in vivo transfection.
脂质纳米粒子和聚合物纳米粒子是一种前景广阔的生物材料平台，可用于细胞内DNA和mRNA的强效递送，基于纳米粒子（NP）的mRNA疫苗的广泛应用有助于结束COVID-19大流行。最近的研究试图将这种纳米技术应用于体内免疫细胞的转染和改造。免疫系统是一个特别有吸引力的目标，因为它参与了许多不同疾病的治疗，体内工程免疫细胞疗法，如嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T疗法，已经在某些血癌的临床治疗中取得了显著的成功。虽然基因递送有可能解决目前自体免疫细胞疗法在成本和生产方面的一些问题，但在体内转染免疫细胞仍具有挑战性。不仅很难将肝外 NP 运送到淋巴器官，而且 T 细胞等免疫细胞对转染也表现出特别的抵抗力。尽管存在这些挑战，NPs 的模块化特性使研究人员能够研究颗粒特性与其在体内特异性设计免疫细胞的能力之间的关键结构-功能关系。本文概述了几种纳米材料成分，包括靶向配体、核酸载体、化学特性、物理特性和给药途径，以便将 NPs 特异性地靶向免疫细胞，实现最佳体内转染。
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