Lara González‐Cabaleiro, Carlos Fernández-Lodeiro, Lorena Vázquez-Iglesias, Pablo Soriano‐Maldonado, Mark J van Raaij, Gustavo Bodelón, J. Pérez‐Juste, I. Pastoriza‐Santos
Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are easy‐to‐use antigen tests that provide different signal readouts, with colorimetric readouts being the most commonly used. However, these analytical devices have relatively low sensitivity and produce semiquantitative results, limiting their diagnostic applications. Herein, we address these challenges by implementing a digital surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)‐based LFIA for the accurate and ultrasensitive quantitative detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid (N) protein. Compared with average SERS intensity measurements, the digital approach allowed to overcome fluctuations in Raman scattering signals, thereby increasing the analytical sensitivity of the assay. Our method exhibited a quantification range of the viral protein in nasal swabs from 0.001 to 10 pg mL−1, and a limit of detection down to 1.9 aM (0.9 fg mL−1), improving colorimetric LFIAs and conventional‐SERS‐based LFIAs by several orders of magnitude. Importantly, this approach shows an analytical sensitivity of 0.03 TCID50 mL−1, which is greater than that reported by other immunoassays. In conclusion, we successfully demonstrate the robust detection and quantification of SARS‐CoV‐2N protein in nasal swabs at ultralow concentrations. The improvement in the sensitivity of LFIA by digital SERS may pave the way to translate this technology into the diagnostic arena for the ultrasensitive detection of microbes and disease biomarkers.
{"title":"Pushing the Limits of Lateral Flow Immunoassay by Digital SERS for the Ultralow Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 Virus","authors":"Lara González‐Cabaleiro, Carlos Fernández-Lodeiro, Lorena Vázquez-Iglesias, Pablo Soriano‐Maldonado, Mark J van Raaij, Gustavo Bodelón, J. Pérez‐Juste, I. Pastoriza‐Santos","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400259","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are easy‐to‐use antigen tests that provide different signal readouts, with colorimetric readouts being the most commonly used. However, these analytical devices have relatively low sensitivity and produce semiquantitative results, limiting their diagnostic applications. Herein, we address these challenges by implementing a digital surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)‐based LFIA for the accurate and ultrasensitive quantitative detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid (N) protein. Compared with average SERS intensity measurements, the digital approach allowed to overcome fluctuations in Raman scattering signals, thereby increasing the analytical sensitivity of the assay. Our method exhibited a quantification range of the viral protein in nasal swabs from 0.001 to 10 pg mL−1, and a limit of detection down to 1.9 aM (0.9 fg mL−1), improving colorimetric LFIAs and conventional‐SERS‐based LFIAs by several orders of magnitude. Importantly, this approach shows an analytical sensitivity of 0.03 TCID50 mL−1, which is greater than that reported by other immunoassays. In conclusion, we successfully demonstrate the robust detection and quantification of SARS‐CoV‐2N protein in nasal swabs at ultralow concentrations. The improvement in the sensitivity of LFIA by digital SERS may pave the way to translate this technology into the diagnostic arena for the ultrasensitive detection of microbes and disease biomarkers.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141920987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sean Lethbridge, Theodoros Pavloudis, James McCormack, Thomas Slater, Joseph Kioseoglou, Richard E. Palmer
Gold Nanoclusters
纳米金簇
{"title":"Stabilization of 2D Raft Structures of Au Nanoclusters with up to 60 Atoms by a Carbon Support","authors":"Sean Lethbridge, Theodoros Pavloudis, James McCormack, Thomas Slater, Joseph Kioseoglou, Richard E. Palmer","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202470033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202470033","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Gold Nanoclusters</b>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun Peng, Pai Zhao, Rakshith Venugopal, Kristian Deneke, Stefanie Haugg, Robert Blick, Robert Zierold
Position-Sensitive Detectors
位置敏感探测器
{"title":"Thermal Sight: A Position-Sensitive Detector for a Pinpoint Heat Spot","authors":"Jun Peng, Pai Zhao, Rakshith Venugopal, Kristian Deneke, Stefanie Haugg, Robert Blick, Robert Zierold","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202470029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202470029","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Position-Sensitive Detectors</b>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bismuth telluride‐based thermoelectric (TE) materials have been commercially applied in near‐room temperature refrigeration. However, enhancing their TE performance remains crucial for expanding their application fields. Nanocomposite strategy has been widely reported as an effective approach to improving the TE performance of bismuth telluride‐based materials. In this review, the nanoinclusions are categorized into different groups, including nonmetallic hard nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, compounds with low thermal conductivity, and low‐dimensional materials. A comprehensive overview of relevant researches and present typical cases and recent advancements is provided. It is worth noting that nonmetallic hard nanoparticles are most widely used for reinforcing bismuth telluride‐based materials; the noticeable enhancement can be attributed to the interfaces that induce phonon scattering to reduce lattice thermal conductivity as well as multiple scattering effects along with energy filtering to increase the Seebeck coefficient. Although there exist challenges in terms of interface characterization and dispersion improvement for nanoinclusions, it is undeniable that the nanocomposite strategy offers a viable pathway to enhance the TE performance of bismuth telluride‐based materials. Therefore, further exploration in this direction is warranted to promote the development and application of TE technology at near‐room temperature.
基于碲化铋的热电（TE）材料已在近室温制冷领域得到商业应用。然而，提高其 TE 性能对于扩大其应用领域仍然至关重要。纳米复合策略作为提高碲化铋基材料 TE 性能的有效方法已被广泛报道。在这篇综述中，纳米夹杂物被分为不同的类别，包括非金属硬纳米颗粒、金属纳米颗粒、低热导率化合物和低维材料。本文全面概述了相关研究、典型案例和最新进展。值得注意的是，非金属硬纳米粒子被最广泛地用于增强铋碲基材料；其显著增强可归因于界面诱导声子散射以降低晶格热导率，以及多重散射效应和能量过滤以增加塞贝克系数。尽管在纳米夹杂物的界面表征和分散改进方面存在挑战，但不可否认的是，纳米复合策略为提高铋碲基材料的 TE 性能提供了一条可行的途径。因此，有必要在这一方向上进行进一步探索，以促进近室温 TE 技术的开发和应用。
{"title":"Nanocomposite Strategy toward Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance in Bismuth Telluride","authors":"Hua‐Lu Zhuang, Jincheng Yu, Jing‐Feng Li","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400284","url":null,"abstract":"Bismuth telluride‐based thermoelectric (TE) materials have been commercially applied in near‐room temperature refrigeration. However, enhancing their TE performance remains crucial for expanding their application fields. Nanocomposite strategy has been widely reported as an effective approach to improving the TE performance of bismuth telluride‐based materials. In this review, the nanoinclusions are categorized into different groups, including nonmetallic hard nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, compounds with low thermal conductivity, and low‐dimensional materials. A comprehensive overview of relevant researches and present typical cases and recent advancements is provided. It is worth noting that nonmetallic hard nanoparticles are most widely used for reinforcing bismuth telluride‐based materials; the noticeable enhancement can be attributed to the interfaces that induce phonon scattering to reduce lattice thermal conductivity as well as multiple scattering effects along with energy filtering to increase the Seebeck coefficient. Although there exist challenges in terms of interface characterization and dispersion improvement for nanoinclusions, it is undeniable that the nanocomposite strategy offers a viable pathway to enhance the TE performance of bismuth telluride‐based materials. Therefore, further exploration in this direction is warranted to promote the development and application of TE technology at near‐room temperature.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microplastic pollution poses a growing threat to ecosystems globally, necessitating sustainable solutions. This study explores upcycling microplastics into graphene as a promising approach Traditional methods like pyrolysis and catalytic carbonization are slow and compromise graphene quality. Flash Joule heating is fast but energy-intensive and hard to control. In contrast, atmospheric pressure microwave plasma (APMP) synthesis, the proposed technique, offers a one-step, environmentally friendly alternative. APMP operates at relatively lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption and providing precise control over process parameters. This study demonstrates that polyethylene microplastics from waste dropper bottles can be efficiently transformed into graphene using APMP synthesis. Raman spectroscopy of synthesized material reveals a spectrum characteristic of graphene-based materials, with indications of defects and the presence of oxygen content. X-ray diffraction illustrates the characteristic graphitic lattice, with a slightly larger interlayer spacing attributed to intercalated functional groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms sp2 hybridized carbon as the major component. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy provides insights into the multilayered structure and variations in interlayer spacing. The as-synthesized pristine graphene exhibits nearly ten times greater efficiency in adsorbing perfluorooctanoic acid compared to the oxidized form of graphene, although it is slightly less effective than graphene-based nanocomposites.
{"title":"Instant Upcycling of Microplastics into Graphene and Its Environmental Application","authors":"Muhammad Adeel Zafar, Mohan V. Jacob","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400176","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastic pollution poses a growing threat to ecosystems globally, necessitating sustainable solutions. This study explores upcycling microplastics into graphene as a promising approach Traditional methods like pyrolysis and catalytic carbonization are slow and compromise graphene quality. Flash Joule heating is fast but energy-intensive and hard to control. In contrast, atmospheric pressure microwave plasma (APMP) synthesis, the proposed technique, offers a one-step, environmentally friendly alternative. APMP operates at relatively lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption and providing precise control over process parameters. This study demonstrates that polyethylene microplastics from waste dropper bottles can be efficiently transformed into graphene using APMP synthesis. Raman spectroscopy of synthesized material reveals a spectrum characteristic of graphene-based materials, with indications of defects and the presence of oxygen content. X-ray diffraction illustrates the characteristic graphitic lattice, with a slightly larger interlayer spacing attributed to intercalated functional groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms sp<sup>2</sup> hybridized carbon as the major component. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy provides insights into the multilayered structure and variations in interlayer spacing. The as-synthesized pristine graphene exhibits nearly ten times greater efficiency in adsorbing perfluorooctanoic acid compared to the oxidized form of graphene, although it is slightly less effective than graphene-based nanocomposites.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rodrigo M. Ronchi, Joseph Halim, Ningjun Chen, Per O. Å. Persson, Johanna Rosen
The creation of vacancies and/or pores into two-dimensional materials, like graphene and MXenes, has shown to increase their performance for sustainable applications. However, a simple and affordable method with controlled and tailorable vacancy concentration and/or pores size remains challenging. Herein, a simple and reproducible method is presented for controlled synthesis of Mo1.74CTz MXene with randomly distributed vacancies and pores, obtained from selective etching of both Ga and Cr in the Cr-alloyed MAX-phase like precursor Mo1.74Cr0.26Ga2C. Structural and compositional analysis of the 3D alloy show ≈13% Cr on the metal site, homogeneously distributed between different particles and within the atomic structure. After etching, it translates to Mo1.74CTz MXene, exhibiting defect-rich sheets. Notably, the incorporation of Cr facilitates a shorter etching time with an improved yield compared to Mo2CTz. The Mo1.74CTz MXene displays excellent electrochemical properties, almost doubling the capacitance values (1152 F cm−3 and 297 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1 scan rate), compared to its pristine counterpart Mo2CTz. The presented method and obtained results suggest defect engineering of MXenes through precursor alloying as a pathway that can be generalized to other phases, to further improve their properties for various applications.
在二维材料（如石墨烯和 MXenes）中制造空位和/或孔隙已被证明可提高其可持续应用的性能。然而，一种简单、经济、可控、可定制空位浓度和/或孔隙大小的方法仍然具有挑战性。本文介绍了一种简单且可重复的方法，用于控制合成具有随机分布空位和孔隙的 Mo1.74CTz MXene，该方法是通过选择性蚀刻铬合金 MAX 相类似前驱体 Mo1.74Cr0.26Ga2C 中的镓和铬而获得的。三维合金的结构和成分分析表明，金属位上的铬含量≈13%，均匀地分布在不同颗粒之间和原子结构内部。蚀刻后，它转化为 Mo1.74CTz MXene，呈现出缺陷丰富的薄片。值得注意的是，与 Mo2CTz 相比，铬的加入有助于缩短蚀刻时间，提高成品率。与原始的 Mo2CTz 相比，Mo1.74CTz MXene 显示出优异的电化学特性，电容值几乎翻了一番（2 mV s-1 扫描速率下分别为 1152 F cm-3 和 297 F g-1）。所介绍的方法和获得的结果表明，通过前驱体合金化实现 MXenes 的缺陷工程是一种可以推广到其他相的途径，从而进一步提高它们在各种应用中的性能。
{"title":"Defect Engineering: Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Two-Dimensional Mo1.74CTz MXene","authors":"Rodrigo M. Ronchi, Joseph Halim, Ningjun Chen, Per O. Å. Persson, Johanna Rosen","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202400204","url":null,"abstract":"The creation of vacancies and/or pores into two-dimensional materials, like graphene and MXenes, has shown to increase their performance for sustainable applications. However, a simple and affordable method with controlled and tailorable vacancy concentration and/or pores size remains challenging. Herein, a simple and reproducible method is presented for controlled synthesis of Mo<sub>1.74</sub>CT<sub><i>z</i></sub> MXene with randomly distributed vacancies and pores, obtained from selective etching of both Ga and Cr in the Cr-alloyed MAX-phase like precursor Mo<sub>1.74</sub>Cr<sub>0.26</sub>Ga<sub>2</sub>C. Structural and compositional analysis of the 3D alloy show ≈13% Cr on the metal site, homogeneously distributed between different particles and within the atomic structure. After etching, it translates to Mo<sub>1.74</sub>CT<sub><i>z</i></sub> MXene, exhibiting defect-rich sheets. Notably, the incorporation of Cr facilitates a shorter etching time with an improved yield compared to Mo<sub>2</sub>CT<sub><i>z</i></sub>. The Mo<sub>1.74</sub>CT<sub><i>z</i></sub> MXene displays excellent electrochemical properties, almost doubling the capacitance values (1152 F cm<sup>−3</sup> and 297 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 2 mV s<sup>−1</sup> scan rate), compared to its pristine counterpart Mo<sub>2</sub>CT<sub><i>z</i></sub>. The presented method and obtained results suggest defect engineering of MXenes through precursor alloying as a pathway that can be generalized to other phases, to further improve their properties for various applications.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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