Antonela Gallastegui, Rafael Del Olmo, Miryam Criado-Gonzalez, Jose Ramon Leiza, Maria Forsyth, David Mecerreyes
New material solutions are searched for the manufacturing and safety of current batteries. Herein, an extrusion printable polymer separator for lithium batteries based on single-ion polymer electrolytes is presented. The polymer electrolytes are based on methacrylic polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with a lithium sulfonamide group combined with different organic plasticizers such as sulfolane and carbonates. The synthesis of the polymer NPs is carried out by emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and lithium sulfonamide methacrylate in the presence of a crosslinker, resulting in particle sizes of less than 30 nm, as shown by electron microscopy. Then polymer electrolytes are prepared by mixing polymer NPs with varying lithium sulfonamide content and different plasticizers such as carbonates and sulfolane. The polymer electrolytes show ionic conductivities between 2.9 × 10−4 and 2.3 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 85 °C with the highest values for the small-sized NPs with the highest lithium content. As a proof-of-concept application, layer-by-layer printing of a sulfolane-based polymer electrolyte is evaluated via direct ink writing directly onto classic battery electrodes. The electrochemical characterization of the printed solid electrolyte indicates favorable properties, ionic conductivity, lithium transfer number, electrochemical stability window, and cyclability in lithium symmetrical cells, to be used in lithium batteries.
{"title":"Printable Single-Ion Polymer Nanoparticle Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries","authors":"Antonela Gallastegui, Rafael Del Olmo, Miryam Criado-Gonzalez, Jose Ramon Leiza, Maria Forsyth, David Mecerreyes","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300235","url":null,"abstract":"New material solutions are searched for the manufacturing and safety of current batteries. Herein, an extrusion printable polymer separator for lithium batteries based on single-ion polymer electrolytes is presented. The polymer electrolytes are based on methacrylic polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with a lithium sulfonamide group combined with different organic plasticizers such as sulfolane and carbonates. The synthesis of the polymer NPs is carried out by emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and lithium sulfonamide methacrylate in the presence of a crosslinker, resulting in particle sizes of less than 30 nm, as shown by electron microscopy. Then polymer electrolytes are prepared by mixing polymer NPs with varying lithium sulfonamide content and different plasticizers such as carbonates and sulfolane. The polymer electrolytes show ionic conductivities between 2.9 × 10<sup>−4</sup> and 2.3 × 10<sup>−5</sup> S cm<sup>−1</sup> at 85 °C with the highest values for the small-sized NPs with the highest lithium content. As a proof-of-concept application, layer-by-layer printing of a sulfolane-based polymer electrolyte is evaluated via direct ink writing directly onto classic battery electrodes. The electrochemical characterization of the printed solid electrolyte indicates favorable properties, ionic conductivity, lithium transfer number, electrochemical stability window, and cyclability in lithium symmetrical cells, to be used in lithium batteries.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139475516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aparna Sajeev, Muthukumar Perumalsamy, Vijaykumar Elumalai, Arunprasath Sathyaseelan, Saj Anandhan Ayyappan, Monunith Anithkumar, Sang-Jae Kim
Industrialization of green hydrogen production through electrolyzers is hindered by cost-effective electrocatalysts and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a facile one-step hydrothermal technique for the in situ growth of non-noble tin chalcogenides and their heterostructures on nickel foam (NF) as trifunctional electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), OER, and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is detailed. Among them, the heterostructured SnSe/SnTe/NF outperforms all others and recently reported catalysts, boasting an impressively low potential of −0.077, 1.51, and 1.33 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode to achieve 10 mA cm−2 for HER, OER, and MOR. Owing to the rod-like morphology with hetero-phases for enhancing the performance. Furthermore, a hybrid MOR-mediated water electrolyzer requiring only 1.49 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2 with value-added formate is introduced and traditional water electrolyzer is outperformed. Additionally, a zero-gap commercial anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) with bifunctional SnSe/SnTe/NF electrodes is tested, successfully achieving an industrially required 1 A cm−2 at a low potential of 1.93 V at 70 °C. Moreover, AEMWE using a windmill is powered and H2 and O2 production with wind speed is measured. Overall, this work paves the development of unexplored tin chalcogenide heterostructure as a potent candidate for cost-effective, energy-efficient, and carbon-neutral hydrogen production.
通过电解槽进行绿色制氢的工业化生产受到成本效益高的电催化剂和缓慢的氧进化反应（OER）的阻碍。本文详细介绍了一种在泡沫镍（NF）上原位生长非纯锡胆原化物及其异质结构的简便一步水热法技术，该技术可作为氢进化反应（HER）、氧进化反应（OER）和甲醇氧化反应（MOR）的三重功能电催化剂。其中，异质结构的 SnSe/SnTe/NF 优于所有其他催化剂和最近报道的催化剂，与可逆氢电极相比，其电位分别为 -0.077、1.51 和 1.33 V，可实现 10 mA cm-2 的 HER、OER 和 MOR。这归功于具有异相的棒状形貌，从而提高了性能。此外，还引入了一种混合 MOR 介导的水电解槽，只需 1.49 V 即可实现 10 mA cm-2 的甲酸盐增值，其性能优于传统的水电解槽。此外，还测试了采用双功能 SnSe/SnTe/NF 电极的零间隙商用阴离子交换膜水电解槽（AEMWE），该电解槽在 70 °C 条件下以 1.93 V 的低电位成功实现了工业所需的 1 A cm-2。此外，还利用风车为 AEMWE 供电，并测量了随风速产生的 H2 和 O2。总之，这项工作为开发尚未开发的锡钙钛矿异质结构铺平了道路，使其成为具有成本效益、高能效和碳中性制氢的有效候选材料。
{"title":"Harnessing Wind Energy for Ultraefficient Green Hydrogen Production with Tin Selenide/Tin Telluride Heterostructures","authors":"Aparna Sajeev, Muthukumar Perumalsamy, Vijaykumar Elumalai, Arunprasath Sathyaseelan, Saj Anandhan Ayyappan, Monunith Anithkumar, Sang-Jae Kim","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300222","url":null,"abstract":"Industrialization of green hydrogen production through electrolyzers is hindered by cost-effective electrocatalysts and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a facile one-step hydrothermal technique for the in situ growth of non-noble tin chalcogenides and their heterostructures on nickel foam (NF) as trifunctional electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), OER, and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is detailed. Among them, the heterostructured SnSe/SnTe/NF outperforms all others and recently reported catalysts, boasting an impressively low potential of −0.077, 1.51, and 1.33 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode to achieve 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> for HER, OER, and MOR. Owing to the rod-like morphology with hetero-phases for enhancing the performance. Furthermore, a hybrid MOR-mediated water electrolyzer requiring only 1.49 V to achieve 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> with value-added formate is introduced and traditional water electrolyzer is outperformed. Additionally, a zero-gap commercial anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) with bifunctional SnSe/SnTe/NF electrodes is tested, successfully achieving an industrially required 1 A cm<sup>−2</sup> at a low potential of 1.93 V at 70 °C. Moreover, AEMWE using a windmill is powered and H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> production with wind speed is measured. Overall, this work paves the development of unexplored tin chalcogenide heterostructure as a potent candidate for cost-effective, energy-efficient, and carbon-neutral hydrogen production.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139475556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maarten Bolhuis, Sabrya E. van Heijst, Jeroen J. M. Sangers, Sonia Conesa-Boj
Achieving nanoscale strain fields mapping in intricate van der Waals (vdW) nanostructures, like twisted flakes and nanorods, presents several challenges due to their complex geometry, small size, and sensitivity limitations. Understanding these strain fields is pivotal as they significantly influence the optoelectronic properties of vdW materials, playing a crucial role in a plethora of applications ranging from nanoelectronics to nanophotonics. Here, a novel approach for achieving a nanoscale-resolved mapping of strain fields across entire micron-sized vdW nanostructures using four-dimensional (4D) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging equipped with an electron microscope pixel array detector (EMPAD) is presented. This technique extends the capabilities of STEM-based strain mapping by means of the exit-wave power cepstrum method incorporating automated peak tracking and K-means clustering algorithms. This approach is validated on two representative vdW nanostructures: a two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 thin twisted flakes and a one-dimensional (1D) MoO3/MoS2 nanorod heterostructure. Beyond just vdW materials, the versatile methodology offers broader applicability for strain-field analysis in various low-dimensional nanostructured materials. This advances the understanding of the intricate relationship between nanoscale strain patterns and their consequent optoelectronic properties.
{"title":"4D-STEM Nanoscale Strain Analysis in van der Waals Materials: Advancing beyond Planar Configurations","authors":"Maarten Bolhuis, Sabrya E. van Heijst, Jeroen J. M. Sangers, Sonia Conesa-Boj","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300249","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving nanoscale strain fields mapping in intricate van der Waals (vdW) nanostructures, like twisted flakes and nanorods, presents several challenges due to their complex geometry, small size, and sensitivity limitations. Understanding these strain fields is pivotal as they significantly influence the optoelectronic properties of vdW materials, playing a crucial role in a plethora of applications ranging from nanoelectronics to nanophotonics. Here, a novel approach for achieving a nanoscale-resolved mapping of strain fields across entire micron-sized vdW nanostructures using four-dimensional (4D) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging equipped with an electron microscope pixel array detector (EMPAD) is presented. This technique extends the capabilities of STEM-based strain mapping by means of the exit-wave power cepstrum method incorporating automated peak tracking and <i>K</i>-means clustering algorithms. This approach is validated on two representative vdW nanostructures: a two-dimensional (2D) MoS<sub>2</sub> thin twisted flakes and a one-dimensional (1D) MoO<sub>3</sub>/MoS<sub>2</sub> nanorod heterostructure. Beyond just vdW materials, the versatile methodology offers broader applicability for strain-field analysis in various low-dimensional nanostructured materials. This advances the understanding of the intricate relationship between nanoscale strain patterns and their consequent optoelectronic properties.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139465351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Belen Rivas Aiello, Thomas M. Kirse, Gabriel C. Lavorato, Bastian Maus, Iván Maisuls, Shivadharshini Kuberasivakumaran, Stefan Ostendorp, Alexander Hepp, Michael Holtkamp, Elin L. Winkler, Uwe Karst, Gerhard Wilde, Cornelius Faber, Carolina Vericat, Cristian A. Strassert
Two different hybrid nanosystems are prepared by loading highly crystalline, monodisperse magnetite nanocubes (MNCs) with phosphorescent Pt(II) complexes (PtCxs). One involves the encapsulation of the hydrophobic PtCx1 within an amphiphilic comb polymer (MNC@poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) [PMAO]–PtCx1), whereas the other involves the direct binding of the hydrophilic PtCx2 to the surface of the MNC mediated by a ligand-exchange procedure (MNC@OH–PtCx2). Both systems are evaluated as potential candidates for multimodal imaging in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photoluminescence lifetime imaging micro(spectro)scopy (PLIM). PLIM measurements on agarose phantoms demonstrate significantly longer excited-state lifetimes compared to the short-lived autofluorescence of biological background. Additionally, both nanosystems perform as effective MRI contrast agents (CAs): the r2* values are 3–4 times higher than for the commercial CA ferucarbotran. MNC@PMAO–PtCx1 particles also cause significant increases in r2. While the ligand exchange procedure efficiently anchors PtCxs to the MNC surface, the polymeric encapsulation ensures higher colloidal stability, contributing to differences in PLIM and MRI outcomes. In these results, the successful integration of two complementary noninvasive imaging modalities within a single nanosystem is confirmed, serving as the impetus for further investigation of such systems as advanced multimodal–multiscale imaging agents with dual orthogonal readouts.
{"title":"Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles with Phosphorescent Complexes as Hybrid Contrast Agents: Integration of MRI and PLIM","authors":"Maria Belen Rivas Aiello, Thomas M. Kirse, Gabriel C. Lavorato, Bastian Maus, Iván Maisuls, Shivadharshini Kuberasivakumaran, Stefan Ostendorp, Alexander Hepp, Michael Holtkamp, Elin L. Winkler, Uwe Karst, Gerhard Wilde, Cornelius Faber, Carolina Vericat, Cristian A. Strassert","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300145","url":null,"abstract":"Two different hybrid nanosystems are prepared by loading highly crystalline, monodisperse magnetite nanocubes (MNCs) with phosphorescent Pt(II) complexes (PtCxs). One involves the encapsulation of the hydrophobic PtCx1 within an amphiphilic comb polymer (MNC@poly(maleic anhydride-<i>alt</i>-1-octadecene) [PMAO]–PtCx1), whereas the other involves the direct binding of the hydrophilic PtCx2 to the surface of the MNC mediated by a ligand-exchange procedure (MNC@OH–PtCx2). Both systems are evaluated as potential candidates for multimodal imaging in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photoluminescence lifetime imaging micro(spectro)scopy (PLIM). PLIM measurements on agarose phantoms demonstrate significantly longer excited-state lifetimes compared to the short-lived autofluorescence of biological background. Additionally, both nanosystems perform as effective MRI contrast agents (CAs): the <i>r</i><sub>2</sub>* values are 3–4 times higher than for the commercial CA ferucarbotran. MNC@PMAO–PtCx1 particles also cause significant increases in <i>r</i><sub>2</sub>. While the ligand exchange procedure efficiently anchors PtCxs to the MNC surface, the polymeric encapsulation ensures higher colloidal stability, contributing to differences in PLIM and MRI outcomes. In these results, the successful integration of two complementary noninvasive imaging modalities within a single nanosystem is confirmed, serving as the impetus for further investigation of such systems as advanced multimodal–multiscale imaging agents with dual orthogonal readouts.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139460508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christian M. Schott, Peter M. Schneider, Kais Sadraoui, Kun-Ting Song, Batyr Garlyyev, Sebastian A. Watzele, Jan Michalička, Jan M. Macak, Arnaud Viola, Frédéric Maillard, Anatoliy Senyshyn, Johannes A. Fischer, Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka, Elena L. Gubanova
Nanostructured palladium (Pd) is a universal catalyst that is widely used in applications ranging from catalytic converters of combustion engine cars to hydrogenation catalysts in industrial processes. Standard protocols for synthesizing such nanoparticles (NPs) typically use bottom-up approaches. They utilize special and often expensive physical techniques or wet-chemical methods requiring organic surfactants. These surfactants should often be removed before catalytic applications. In this article, the synthesis of Pd NPs immobilized on carbon support by electrochemical erosion without using any surfactants or toxic materials is reported. The Pd NPs synthesis essentially relies on a Pd bulk pretreatment, which causes material embrittlement and allows the erosion process to evolve more efficiently, producing homogeneously distributed NPs on the support. Moreover, the synthesized catalyst is tested for hydrogen evolution reaction. The activity evaluations identify optimal synthesis parameters related to the erosion procedure. The electrocatalytic properties of the Pd NPs produced with sizes down to 6.4 ± 2.9 nm are compared with a commercially available Pd/C catalyst. The synthesized catalyst outperforms the commercial catalyst within all properties, like specific surface area, geometric activity, mass activity, specific activity, and durability.
{"title":"Top-down Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Supported Palladium-Nanostructured Catalysts","authors":"Christian M. Schott, Peter M. Schneider, Kais Sadraoui, Kun-Ting Song, Batyr Garlyyev, Sebastian A. Watzele, Jan Michalička, Jan M. Macak, Arnaud Viola, Frédéric Maillard, Anatoliy Senyshyn, Johannes A. Fischer, Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka, Elena L. Gubanova","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300241","url":null,"abstract":"Nanostructured palladium (Pd) is a universal catalyst that is widely used in applications ranging from catalytic converters of combustion engine cars to hydrogenation catalysts in industrial processes. Standard protocols for synthesizing such nanoparticles (NPs) typically use bottom-up approaches. They utilize special and often expensive physical techniques or wet-chemical methods requiring organic surfactants. These surfactants should often be removed before catalytic applications. In this article, the synthesis of Pd NPs immobilized on carbon support by electrochemical erosion without using any surfactants or toxic materials is reported. The Pd NPs synthesis essentially relies on a Pd bulk pretreatment, which causes material embrittlement and allows the erosion process to evolve more efficiently, producing homogeneously distributed NPs on the support. Moreover, the synthesized catalyst is tested for hydrogen evolution reaction. The activity evaluations identify optimal synthesis parameters related to the erosion procedure. The electrocatalytic properties of the Pd NPs produced with sizes down to 6.4 ± 2.9 nm are compared with a commercially available Pd/C catalyst. The synthesized catalyst outperforms the commercial catalyst within all properties, like specific surface area, geometric activity, mass activity, specific activity, and durability.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139460797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radiative cooling and evaporative cooling are sustainable cooling techniques without additional energy input. However, radiative cooling lacks dynamic cooling ability, while evaporative cooling demands external water replenishment, hindering their applications. Herein, a smart radiative/evaporative cooling bilayer combining a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) upper layer with a hydrogel lower layer is presented for efficient all-day dynamic passive cooling. The PDMS layer with high solar reflectivity (0.930) and emissivity (0.952) provides excellent all-day radiative cooling and protects the hydrogel from solar exposure, while the hydrogel layer demonstrates remarkable water evaporation and absorption, achieving dynamic evaporative cooling. Thus, the synergy of the two layers significantly enhances the overall cooling performance. Specifically, the bilayer can achieve the peak cooling power values of 424.4 and 650.6 W m−2 as well as the maximum subambient cooling temperatures of 10.4 and 3.7 °C during sunny and cloudy mid-days, respectively. Moreover, the bilayer obtains 3.2 °C warmer temperature compared with the PDMS alone during cold nighttime, while the two structures exhibit comparable cooling performance during hot nighttime, indicating the self-adaptive cooling property of the bilayer. In addition, the bilayer can achieve good cooling performance even under continuous cloudy days, offering a promising strategy for efficient all-day dynamic passive cooling.
辐射冷却和蒸发冷却是无需额外能源输入的可持续冷却技术。然而，辐射冷却缺乏动态冷却能力，而蒸发冷却则需要外部补水，这都阻碍了它们的应用。本文介绍了一种智能辐射/蒸发冷却双层膜，它由聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）上层和水凝胶下层组成，可实现全天候高效动态被动冷却。具有高太阳反射率（0.930）和发射率（0.952）的聚二甲基硅氧烷层可提供出色的全天辐射冷却效果，并保护水凝胶免受太阳照射，而水凝胶层则具有显著的水分蒸发和吸收能力，从而实现动态蒸发冷却。因此，两层的协同作用大大提高了整体冷却性能。具体来说，在晴天和阴天的中午，双层膜分别能达到 424.4 W m-2 和 650.6 W m-2 的峰值制冷功率，以及 10.4 ℃ 和 3.7 ℃ 的最高亚环境制冷温度。此外，与单独的 PDMS 相比，双层膜在寒冷的夜间可获得 3.2 ℃的温度，而在炎热的夜间，两种结构的冷却性能相当，这表明双层膜具有自适应冷却特性。此外，即使在连续阴天的情况下，双层膜也能获得良好的冷却性能，为全天候高效动态被动冷却提供了一种可行的策略。
{"title":"Smart Flexible Porous Bilayer for All-Day Dynamic Passive Cooling","authors":"Zuoxin Hu, Yu Qiu, Jicheng Zhou, Qing Li","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300237","url":null,"abstract":"Radiative cooling and evaporative cooling are sustainable cooling techniques without additional energy input. However, radiative cooling lacks dynamic cooling ability, while evaporative cooling demands external water replenishment, hindering their applications. Herein, a smart radiative/evaporative cooling bilayer combining a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) upper layer with a hydrogel lower layer is presented for efficient all-day dynamic passive cooling. The PDMS layer with high solar reflectivity (0.930) and emissivity (0.952) provides excellent all-day radiative cooling and protects the hydrogel from solar exposure, while the hydrogel layer demonstrates remarkable water evaporation and absorption, achieving dynamic evaporative cooling. Thus, the synergy of the two layers significantly enhances the overall cooling performance. Specifically, the bilayer can achieve the peak cooling power values of 424.4 and 650.6 W m<sup>−2</sup> as well as the maximum subambient cooling temperatures of 10.4 and 3.7 °C during sunny and cloudy mid-days, respectively. Moreover, the bilayer obtains 3.2 °C warmer temperature compared with the PDMS alone during cold nighttime, while the two structures exhibit comparable cooling performance during hot nighttime, indicating the self-adaptive cooling property of the bilayer. In addition, the bilayer can achieve good cooling performance even under continuous cloudy days, offering a promising strategy for efficient all-day dynamic passive cooling.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"210 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139423366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
He Li, Xueting Pan, Tianyun Wang, Zhenlin Fan, Hai Wang, Wenjie Ren
Tissue damage often causes considerable suffering to patients due to slow recovery and poor prognosis. The use of electroactive materials to deliver biophysical signals plays a key role in regulating tissue regeneration processes. Among these materials, piezoelectric materials have unique electromechanical conversion capabilities, making them suitable for use as cell scaffolds. They can deform and emit electrical signals in response to external stimuli, thereby regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. In this review, recent advances are presented in piezoelectric materials as physical signaling mediators that regulate cell differentiation. The basic mechanisms, classification of these materials, and their different applications in tissue regeneration are described. Finally, a comprehensive discussion of current challenges and prospects in the field is provided. Together, existing experimental results basically show that piezoelectric materials can improve the process and effect of tissue repair, providing new technical options for the development of tissue engineering in the future.
{"title":"Piezoelectric Nanomaterial-Mediated Physical Signals Regulate Cell Differentiation for Regenerative Medicine","authors":"He Li, Xueting Pan, Tianyun Wang, Zhenlin Fan, Hai Wang, Wenjie Ren","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300255","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue damage often causes considerable suffering to patients due to slow recovery and poor prognosis. The use of electroactive materials to deliver biophysical signals plays a key role in regulating tissue regeneration processes. Among these materials, piezoelectric materials have unique electromechanical conversion capabilities, making them suitable for use as cell scaffolds. They can deform and emit electrical signals in response to external stimuli, thereby regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. In this review, recent advances are presented in piezoelectric materials as physical signaling mediators that regulate cell differentiation. The basic mechanisms, classification of these materials, and their different applications in tissue regeneration are described. Finally, a comprehensive discussion of current challenges and prospects in the field is provided. Together, existing experimental results basically show that piezoelectric materials can improve the process and effect of tissue repair, providing new technical options for the development of tissue engineering in the future.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139397247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NbOCl2 is an emerging ferroelectric layered material with unique optoelectronic properties, in which the built-in electric field caused by spontaneous polarization can independently drive the separation and transport of photoexcited electrons and holes. However, the optoelectronic performance of NbOCl2 and its device application have remained elusive. Here, few-layer NbOCl2 is prepared by the liquid exfoliation method and used to construct photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type photodetectors. The photodetectors are self-powered with broadband photoresponse and long-term cycle stability. Due to the built-in electric field generated by the spontaneous polarization, the whole system exhibits an open circuit potential of approximately 0.205 V. Interestingly, the open circuit potential can be significantly increased to 0.446 V after poling treatment. The responsivity without external bias is increased by about 2.5 times after 1 V poling and by about 4 times after a poling time of 500 s. Moreover, the tunable ferroelectric polarization shows memory effect and retains about 25% enhancement in photocurrent density even after 60 min. The tuneability of the built-in electric field in PEC systems based on NbOCl2 offers numerous possibilities for the development of photodetectors and nonvolatile memory devices.
{"title":"Ferroelectric Polarization Enhanced Photodetector Based on Layered NbOCl2","authors":"Muyang Huang, Siwei Luo, Hui Qiao, Bowen Yao, Zongyu Huang, Ziyu Wang, Qiaoliang Bao, Xiang Qi","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300246","url":null,"abstract":"NbOCl<sub>2</sub> is an emerging ferroelectric layered material with unique optoelectronic properties, in which the built-in electric field caused by spontaneous polarization can independently drive the separation and transport of photoexcited electrons and holes. However, the optoelectronic performance of NbOCl<sub>2</sub> and its device application have remained elusive. Here, few-layer NbOCl<sub>2</sub> is prepared by the liquid exfoliation method and used to construct photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type photodetectors. The photodetectors are self-powered with broadband photoresponse and long-term cycle stability. Due to the built-in electric field generated by the spontaneous polarization, the whole system exhibits an open circuit potential of approximately 0.205 V. Interestingly, the open circuit potential can be significantly increased to 0.446 V after poling treatment. The responsivity without external bias is increased by about 2.5 times after 1 V poling and by about 4 times after a poling time of 500 s. Moreover, the tunable ferroelectric polarization shows memory effect and retains about 25% enhancement in photocurrent density even after 60 min. The tuneability of the built-in electric field in PEC systems based on NbOCl<sub>2</sub> offers numerous possibilities for the development of photodetectors and nonvolatile memory devices.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"30 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139376283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhan Xu, Yuqian Cui, Weiguo Tian, Feifei Sun, Jun Zhang
Rapid and effective healing of irregular wounds caused by burns, lacerations, and blast injuries remains a persistent challenge in wound care. Hydrogel microsphere dressings that can adaptively fill and adhere to the wounds without external force are desired to treat irregular wounds, providing an external barrier and accelerating healing. Herein, we created multifunctional cellulose-based surface-wrinkled microspheres with antioxidant, antibacterial, hygroscopicity, wet-adhesion and shape-adaptive capabilities to relieve inflammation, bacteria and excess exudate situations in healing irregular wounds. This dressing rapidly adsorbs exudate and reversibly adheres wetly to the wounds upon being filled, effectively inhibiting bacterial infection and reducing the flooded exudate to accelerate wound healing. Polydopamine (PDA) provides catechol-based tissue bioadhesion to microspheres through π–π stacking or hydrogen bond interaction, and also establishes a bond bridge with an antimicrobial component (thymol), which not only enables the microspheres to stably adhere to the wound to maintain hygroscopicity, but also improves the release of the introduced antimicrobial component (thymol). In vivo assays, as well as histopathological and immunofluorescence studies have shown that multifunctional cellulose-based microspheres have excellent pro-healing abilities and are promising candidates for dehumidification and healing of irregular wound in clinical applications.
{"title":"Surface Wrinkled Microsphere Enhanced Irregular Wound Healing Through Synergistic Hygroscopicity, Reversible Wet-Adhesion and Antibacterial Properties","authors":"Zhan Xu, Yuqian Cui, Weiguo Tian, Feifei Sun, Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300216","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid and effective healing of irregular wounds caused by burns, lacerations, and blast injuries remains a persistent challenge in wound care. Hydrogel microsphere dressings that can adaptively fill and adhere to the wounds without external force are desired to treat irregular wounds, providing an external barrier and accelerating healing. Herein, we created multifunctional cellulose-based surface-wrinkled microspheres with antioxidant, antibacterial, hygroscopicity, wet-adhesion and shape-adaptive capabilities to relieve inflammation, bacteria and excess exudate situations in healing irregular wounds. This dressing rapidly adsorbs exudate and reversibly adheres wetly to the wounds upon being filled, effectively inhibiting bacterial infection and reducing the flooded exudate to accelerate wound healing. Polydopamine (PDA) provides catechol-based tissue bioadhesion to microspheres through <i>π</i>–<i>π</i> stacking or hydrogen bond interaction, and also establishes a bond bridge with an antimicrobial component (thymol), which not only enables the microspheres to stably adhere to the wound to maintain hygroscopicity, but also improves the release of the introduced antimicrobial component (thymol). In vivo assays, as well as histopathological and immunofluorescence studies have shown that multifunctional cellulose-based microspheres have excellent pro-healing abilities and are promising candidates for dehumidification and healing of irregular wound in clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139092285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianan Shen, Benson Kunhung Tsai, Yizhi Zhang, Ke Xu, James P. Barnard, Zedong Hu, Xinghang Zhang, Haiyan Wang
Bi2NiMnO6 (BNMO) epitaxial thin films with a layered supercell (LSC) structure have emerged as a promising single-phase multiferroic material recently. Because of the required strain state for the formation of the LSC structures, most of the previous BNMO films are demonstrated on rigid oxide substrates such as SrTiO3 and LaAlO3. Here, the potential of BNMO films grown on muscovite mica substrates via van der Waals epitaxy, spotlighting their suitability for cutting-edge flexible device applications is delved. Comprehensive scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analyses reveal a layered structure in the BNMO film and a pristine interface with the mica substrate, indicating high-quality deposition and minimal interfacial defects. Capitalizing on its unique property of easily cleavable layers due to weak van der Waals forces in mica substrates, flexible BNMO/mica samples are fixed. A standout feature of the BNMO film grown on mica substrate is its consistent multiferroic properties across varied mechanical conditions. A novel technique is introduced for thinning the mica substrate and subsequent transfer of the sample, with post-transfer analyses validating the preserved structural and magnetic attributes of the film. Overall, this study illuminates the resilient multiferroic properties of BNMO films on mica, offering promising avenues for their integration for next-generation flexible electronics.
{"title":"Van der Waals Epitaxy of Bismuth-Based Multiferroic Layered Supercell Oxide Thin Films Integrated on Flexible Mica Substrate","authors":"Jianan Shen, Benson Kunhung Tsai, Yizhi Zhang, Ke Xu, James P. Barnard, Zedong Hu, Xinghang Zhang, Haiyan Wang","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202300244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300244","url":null,"abstract":"Bi<sub>2</sub>NiMnO<sub>6</sub> (BNMO) epitaxial thin films with a layered supercell (LSC) structure have emerged as a promising single-phase multiferroic material recently. Because of the required strain state for the formation of the LSC structures, most of the previous BNMO films are demonstrated on rigid oxide substrates such as SrTiO<sub>3</sub> and LaAlO<sub>3</sub>. Here, the potential of BNMO films grown on muscovite mica substrates via van der Waals epitaxy, spotlighting their suitability for cutting-edge flexible device applications is delved. Comprehensive scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analyses reveal a layered structure in the BNMO film and a pristine interface with the mica substrate, indicating high-quality deposition and minimal interfacial defects. Capitalizing on its unique property of easily cleavable layers due to weak van der Waals forces in mica substrates, flexible BNMO/mica samples are fixed. A standout feature of the BNMO film grown on mica substrate is its consistent multiferroic properties across varied mechanical conditions. A novel technique is introduced for thinning the mica substrate and subsequent transfer of the sample, with post-transfer analyses validating the preserved structural and magnetic attributes of the film. Overall, this study illuminates the resilient multiferroic properties of BNMO films on mica, offering promising avenues for their integration for next-generation flexible electronics.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139067179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：