Abstract This paper intends to focus on two aspects: how the Latin grammarians developed the concept of epenthesis, and how we can now give an explanation to this phenomenon. After having gathered the phonological evidence from the tradition of Latin philology, we propose that, in prehistoric Latin, the epenthesis of -t- in the -s.r- cluster, and the epenthesis of -p- in the -m.l- cluster, aimed at solving some problems in syllabification, that is avoiding an illicit syllable onset and an illicit coda-onset sequence, respectively. We then observe that, in classical Latin, the only productive process is the epenthesis of -p- in the -m.s- and -m.t- clusters, which has the function of fulfilling the faithfulness constraint on the inflection of the -m- stems, blocking the m > n assimilation process that later took place in the evolution from Latin to Italian.
{"title":"Consonant epenthesis in Latin","authors":"R. Oniga, Alessandro Re","doi":"10.1515/joll-2022-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2022-2015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper intends to focus on two aspects: how the Latin grammarians developed the concept of epenthesis, and how we can now give an explanation to this phenomenon. After having gathered the phonological evidence from the tradition of Latin philology, we propose that, in prehistoric Latin, the epenthesis of -t- in the -s.r- cluster, and the epenthesis of -p- in the -m.l- cluster, aimed at solving some problems in syllabification, that is avoiding an illicit syllable onset and an illicit coda-onset sequence, respectively. We then observe that, in classical Latin, the only productive process is the epenthesis of -p- in the -m.s- and -m.t- clusters, which has the function of fulfilling the faithfulness constraint on the inflection of the -m- stems, blocking the m > n assimilation process that later took place in the evolution from Latin to Italian.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48590382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper deals with a selection of linguistic features of Priscian’s Latin (6th century AD), namely the use of the indefinite pronoun and adjective after a negation, the declension of Greek loan-words with nominative ending in -ys, and the use of verbal moods and tenses in concessive clauses. The inquiry takes advantage of the new ongoing collation of the 8th–10th-century manuscripts of the Ars Prisciani, which enables ascription to Priscian’s linguistic use of some peculiar syntactic and morphological features that had been obliterated by the standardizing attitude of the former critical editor, Martin Hertz.
{"title":"Priscian’s Latin: new insights from the manuscript tradition","authors":"Elena Spangenberg Yanes","doi":"10.1515/joll-2022-2012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2022-2012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper deals with a selection of linguistic features of Priscian’s Latin (6th century AD), namely the use of the indefinite pronoun and adjective after a negation, the declension of Greek loan-words with nominative ending in -ys, and the use of verbal moods and tenses in concessive clauses. The inquiry takes advantage of the new ongoing collation of the 8th–10th-century manuscripts of the Ars Prisciani, which enables ascription to Priscian’s linguistic use of some peculiar syntactic and morphological features that had been obliterated by the standardizing attitude of the former critical editor, Martin Hertz.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45423552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Events are prototypically expressed by verbs, but predicate nouns are also able to denote states of affairs. In this paper, we intend to analyse the verbal features of these nouns with a twofold purpose: on the one hand, we attempt to align the treatment of their complementation structures with Functional Grammar, addressing the different semantic participants involved in the event – arguments, adjuncts and disjuncts – and their syntactic codification. On the other hand, we describe and illustrate other verbal features that have not been considered as such so far, such as Aspect, Tense, Mood, and Voice. Additionally, in this work we highlight the special role played by collocations as a linguistic resource that allows the encoding of these verbal features.
{"title":"Further verbal characteristics of Latin predicate nouns","authors":"Eveling Garzón Fontalvo, Cristina Tur","doi":"10.1515/joll-2022-2011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2022-2011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Events are prototypically expressed by verbs, but predicate nouns are also able to denote states of affairs. In this paper, we intend to analyse the verbal features of these nouns with a twofold purpose: on the one hand, we attempt to align the treatment of their complementation structures with Functional Grammar, addressing the different semantic participants involved in the event – arguments, adjuncts and disjuncts – and their syntactic codification. On the other hand, we describe and illustrate other verbal features that have not been considered as such so far, such as Aspect, Tense, Mood, and Voice. Additionally, in this work we highlight the special role played by collocations as a linguistic resource that allows the encoding of these verbal features.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41575294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barbara McGillivray, D. Kondakova, Annie C. Burman, F. Dell’Oro, Helena Bermúdez Sabel, P. Marongiu, Manuel Márquez Cruz
Abstract We present a new corpus-based resource and methodology for the annotation of Latin lexical semantics, consisting of 2,399 annotated passages of 40 lemmas from the Latin diachronic corpus LatinISE. We also describe how the annotation was designed, analyse annotators’ styles, and present the preliminary results of a study on the lexical semantics and diachronic change of the 40 lemmas. We complement this analysis with a case study on semantic vagueness. As the availability of digital corpora of ancient languages increases, and as computational research develops new methods for large-scale analysis of diachronic lexical semantics, building lexical semantic annotation resources can shed new light on large-scale patterns in the semantic development of lexical items over time. We share recommendations for designing the annotation task that will hopefully help similar research on other less-resourced or historical languages.
{"title":"A new corpus annotation framework for Latin diachronic lexical semantics","authors":"Barbara McGillivray, D. Kondakova, Annie C. Burman, F. Dell’Oro, Helena Bermúdez Sabel, P. Marongiu, Manuel Márquez Cruz","doi":"10.1515/joll-2022-2007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2022-2007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We present a new corpus-based resource and methodology for the annotation of Latin lexical semantics, consisting of 2,399 annotated passages of 40 lemmas from the Latin diachronic corpus LatinISE. We also describe how the annotation was designed, analyse annotators’ styles, and present the preliminary results of a study on the lexical semantics and diachronic change of the 40 lemmas. We complement this analysis with a case study on semantic vagueness. As the availability of digital corpora of ancient languages increases, and as computational research develops new methods for large-scale analysis of diachronic lexical semantics, building lexical semantic annotation resources can shed new light on large-scale patterns in the semantic development of lexical items over time. We share recommendations for designing the annotation task that will hopefully help similar research on other less-resourced or historical languages.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44800720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"de Melo, Wolfgang David Cirillo: Varro: De lingua Latina, Vol.I: Introduction, Text, and Translation, Vol.II: Commentary","authors":"Gualtiero Calboli","doi":"10.1515/joll-2022-2010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2022-2010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49522787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In many respects Latin poetry deviates from the linguistic norms of prose; such deviations are often attributed to non-linguistic factors, with the result that the language of Latin poetry is more often studied by literary scholars than by linguists. A frequent poetic phenomenon are discontinuous adjective-noun phrases, which tend to be explained by appeal to various artistic considerations. The present contribution argues that syntactic discontinuity in poetry is not arbitrary, but is subject to linguistic constraints, which are largely the same as in prose. By scrutinising 120 non-discontinuous adjective-noun phrases in the Ciris (out of a total of 531 adjective-noun phrases), it is demonstrated that the overwhelming majority of such phrases fall into a number of specific syntactic and semantic categories, while outside these categories discontinuity appears to be the rule.
{"title":"Non-discontinuous adjective-noun phrases in Latin poetry: preliminary observations","authors":"Boris Kayachev","doi":"10.1515/joll-2022-2009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2022-2009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In many respects Latin poetry deviates from the linguistic norms of prose; such deviations are often attributed to non-linguistic factors, with the result that the language of Latin poetry is more often studied by literary scholars than by linguists. A frequent poetic phenomenon are discontinuous adjective-noun phrases, which tend to be explained by appeal to various artistic considerations. The present contribution argues that syntactic discontinuity in poetry is not arbitrary, but is subject to linguistic constraints, which are largely the same as in prose. By scrutinising 120 non-discontinuous adjective-noun phrases in the Ciris (out of a total of 531 adjective-noun phrases), it is demonstrated that the overwhelming majority of such phrases fall into a number of specific syntactic and semantic categories, while outside these categories discontinuity appears to be the rule.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46670791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper analyzes subordinate clauses which have gained both syntactic and discursive independence through insubordination, the diachronic conventionalization of main clause usage. First, I introduce the notion of insubordination and discuss its application to a corpus language such as Latin from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. Second, cases of insubordination from Archaic and Classical Latin are critically evaluated on the basis of evidence from different grammars and corpus research, yielding insubordinate directives (commands and requests with ut(ei) + subjunctive), insubordinate wishes (with ut, utinam and si + subjunctive) and assertives (with quasi + subjunctive). Special attention is paid to the pragmatic and syntactic characteristics of these insubordinate constructions such as (i) syntactic versus pragmatic independence from the linguistic common ground, (ii) main clause syntactic complexity, and (iii) the role of discourse particles of adversativity (at, sed) and positive polarity (quidem).
{"title":"Insubordination in Archaic and Classical Latin: commands, requests, wishes and assertives","authors":"Ezra la Roi","doi":"10.1515/joll-2022-2008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2022-2008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper analyzes subordinate clauses which have gained both syntactic and discursive independence through insubordination, the diachronic conventionalization of main clause usage. First, I introduce the notion of insubordination and discuss its application to a corpus language such as Latin from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. Second, cases of insubordination from Archaic and Classical Latin are critically evaluated on the basis of evidence from different grammars and corpus research, yielding insubordinate directives (commands and requests with ut(ei) + subjunctive), insubordinate wishes (with ut, utinam and si + subjunctive) and assertives (with quasi + subjunctive). Special attention is paid to the pragmatic and syntactic characteristics of these insubordinate constructions such as (i) syntactic versus pragmatic independence from the linguistic common ground, (ii) main clause syntactic complexity, and (iii) the role of discourse particles of adversativity (at, sed) and positive polarity (quidem).","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43591658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper revisits the well-established complementary distribution between the sentential negators in Classical Latin, nē and nōn. It will be shown that in wish and result clauses these negators alternate in a seemingly free manner, which would violate the complementary distribution in its strictest sense. However, this paper argues that the negators can be clearly differentiated semantically, and that there is as such no overlap between their functions. Building on Mellet (1992. L’alternance ne/non en latin Classique. L’Information Grammaticale 55. 28–32), the alternation in wish and result clauses is discussed, and it is demonstrated that the choice of negator depends on the presence of the subjunctive mood and the presence or absence of epistemic certainty: nē is the negator which is incompatible with epistemic certainty, whereas nōn is the negator which is compatible with it.
摘要本文重新审视了古典拉丁语中否定句nı和nōn之间公认的互补分布。结果表明，在愿望和结果条款中，这些否定者以看似自由的方式交替出现，这将违反最严格意义上的互补分配。然而，本文认为否定词可以在语义上得到明确的区分，并且它们的功能之间没有重叠。梅莱特大厦（1992年。L‘alternance ne/non en latin Classique。L’Information Grammacale 55。28–32），讨论了愿望从句和结果从句的交替，并证明否定句的选择取决于虚拟语气的存在和认识确定性的存在或不存在：nı是与认识确定性不相容的否定句，而nōn是与认识确定性兼容的否定句。
{"title":"The complementary distribution between nē and nōn revisited: a semantic approach to wish and result clauses","authors":"Anne-Li Demonie","doi":"10.1515/joll-2021-2006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2021-2006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper revisits the well-established complementary distribution between the sentential negators in Classical Latin, nē and nōn. It will be shown that in wish and result clauses these negators alternate in a seemingly free manner, which would violate the complementary distribution in its strictest sense. However, this paper argues that the negators can be clearly differentiated semantically, and that there is as such no overlap between their functions. Building on Mellet (1992. L’alternance ne/non en latin Classique. L’Information Grammaticale 55. 28–32), the alternation in wish and result clauses is discussed, and it is demonstrated that the choice of negator depends on the presence of the subjunctive mood and the presence or absence of epistemic certainty: nē is the negator which is incompatible with epistemic certainty, whereas nōn is the negator which is compatible with it.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46537929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract One problem of all existing Latin dictionaries is that the text corpus was too limited to give a comprehensive semantic picture of a lemma. In the Thesaurus linguae Latinae (TLL) the database is much more extensive: the corpus of the TLL consists of all surviving texts up to ca. 600 CE. For the time up to ca. 200 CE all evidence is taken into account, for the time after that a selection. Here, using the recently written article remitto, it is shown how an article is constructed and what the criteria of the groups are. Thus, this paper gives guidance on how to interpret a TLL article. It also compares remitto, published in 2021, with the simplex mitto, published in 1957, and with dimitto, published in 1913. It turns out that the lemma remittere has three main groups that correspond exactly to the three main groups of mittere: ‘send’, ‘throw’ and ‘let go’. The criteria of these three main groups can be described as follows: ‘command or cause a movement’ (‘send’), ‘perform a movement action’ (‘throw’) and ‘allow a movement’ (‘let go’). In remittere we accordingly find: ‘to send back’, ‘to throw back’, and ‘to let go (back)’. This last meaning is the largest and overlaps with dimittere. However, remittere can also mean ‘to relax’, which we do not see in the earlier article dimitto.
{"title":"The lexicographical approach to remittere in the Thesaurus linguae Latinae (compared with dimittere and mittere)","authors":"J. Schrickx","doi":"10.1515/joll-2021-2003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2021-2003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One problem of all existing Latin dictionaries is that the text corpus was too limited to give a comprehensive semantic picture of a lemma. In the Thesaurus linguae Latinae (TLL) the database is much more extensive: the corpus of the TLL consists of all surviving texts up to ca. 600 CE. For the time up to ca. 200 CE all evidence is taken into account, for the time after that a selection. Here, using the recently written article remitto, it is shown how an article is constructed and what the criteria of the groups are. Thus, this paper gives guidance on how to interpret a TLL article. It also compares remitto, published in 2021, with the simplex mitto, published in 1957, and with dimitto, published in 1913. It turns out that the lemma remittere has three main groups that correspond exactly to the three main groups of mittere: ‘send’, ‘throw’ and ‘let go’. The criteria of these three main groups can be described as follows: ‘command or cause a movement’ (‘send’), ‘perform a movement action’ (‘throw’) and ‘allow a movement’ (‘let go’). In remittere we accordingly find: ‘to send back’, ‘to throw back’, and ‘to let go (back)’. This last meaning is the largest and overlaps with dimittere. However, remittere can also mean ‘to relax’, which we do not see in the earlier article dimitto.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47731846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In Ennius’ Annales, as in other Roman poetry of the third, second, and to some extent first centuries BC, a word-final syllable consisting of a short vowel followed by -s can scan as light even when followed by a word beginning with a consonant. In the Annales, light scansion is the norm in the second part of the foot (thesis), but heavy scansion is found four times. I argue that attempts to emend away these instances of heavy scansion are not founded on strong arguments. Rather, the infrequency of final -s making position in thesis can be put down to the sociolinguistic situation of the time, in which deletion or weakening of final -s co-existed with its presence, with the latter being characteristic of more formal speech.
{"title":"Word-final -s in Ennius’ Annales: a sociolinguistic approach","authors":"N. Zair","doi":"10.1515/joll-2021-2004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2021-2004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Ennius’ Annales, as in other Roman poetry of the third, second, and to some extent first centuries BC, a word-final syllable consisting of a short vowel followed by -s can scan as light even when followed by a word beginning with a consonant. In the Annales, light scansion is the norm in the second part of the foot (thesis), but heavy scansion is found four times. I argue that attempts to emend away these instances of heavy scansion are not founded on strong arguments. Rather, the infrequency of final -s making position in thesis can be put down to the sociolinguistic situation of the time, in which deletion or weakening of final -s co-existed with its presence, with the latter being characteristic of more formal speech.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48867311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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