{"title":"Adams, J. N.: Social Variation and the Latin Language","authors":"Gualtiero Calboli","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":"524 1","pages":"325 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Between end of May and beginning of August 44 M. Junius Brutus, praetor urbanus, and C. Cassius Longinus, praetor peregrinus, sent two letters to M. Antony who was consul. These letters were different in content and style but also the two senders were different. If we take into account the facts of this time we see that the situation in Rome changed and M. Antony gave up his previous position (assumed 17 March 44), which was oriented towards the concordia, for a new position directed towards the vengeance for Caesar’s murder. This depended upon the intervention of Octavian who took the hereditary name of C. Iulius Caesar and gave himself as aim Caesar’s vengeance, an aim M. Antony had to assume in order to remain head of the Caesarian party. Brutus’ and Cassius’ attitudes were different: Brutus tried to save the concordia, Cassius to defend with weapons the Liberators’ position; Brutus was formed in Stoic culture, Cassius was rather inspired by old Roman tradition. Such a different position appears in the first part of this paper. Therefore the first letter, where Brutus and Cassius invite M. Antony to save the concordia, seems to be inspired by Brutus and the second letter, a kind of ultimatum to M. Antony, rather inspired by Cassius. More interesting is that also the style of the first letter is closer to Brutus’ than Cassius’ style, while the second letter is more connected with Cassius’ language as it appears from Brutus’ and Cassius’ letters we read in Cicero’s correspondence. It seems therefore that the first letter, where the Liberators tried to save the Concordia, was written mostly by Brutus, the second one, the ultimatum letter, by Cassius. The style confirms this hypothesis.
{"title":"Two letters by Brutus and Cassius to Mark Antony: different people, different times, different styles","authors":"Gualtiero Calboli","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Between end of May and beginning of August 44 M. Junius Brutus, praetor urbanus, and C. Cassius Longinus, praetor peregrinus, sent two letters to M. Antony who was consul. These letters were different in content and style but also the two senders were different. If we take into account the facts of this time we see that the situation in Rome changed and M. Antony gave up his previous position (assumed 17 March 44), which was oriented towards the concordia, for a new position directed towards the vengeance for Caesar’s murder. This depended upon the intervention of Octavian who took the hereditary name of C. Iulius Caesar and gave himself as aim Caesar’s vengeance, an aim M. Antony had to assume in order to remain head of the Caesarian party. Brutus’ and Cassius’ attitudes were different: Brutus tried to save the concordia, Cassius to defend with weapons the Liberators’ position; Brutus was formed in Stoic culture, Cassius was rather inspired by old Roman tradition. Such a different position appears in the first part of this paper. Therefore the first letter, where Brutus and Cassius invite M. Antony to save the concordia, seems to be inspired by Brutus and the second letter, a kind of ultimatum to M. Antony, rather inspired by Cassius. More interesting is that also the style of the first letter is closer to Brutus’ than Cassius’ style, while the second letter is more connected with Cassius’ language as it appears from Brutus’ and Cassius’ letters we read in Cicero’s correspondence. It seems therefore that the first letter, where the Liberators tried to save the Concordia, was written mostly by Brutus, the second one, the ultimatum letter, by Cassius. The style confirms this hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":"14 1","pages":"241 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We have built a corpus-driven valency lexicon for Greek verbs by following an approach devised for Latin data. We have then used the lexicon to detect a specific type of potentially ambiguous syntactic patterns in Latin and Greek hexametric poetry, which can consistently be disambiguated by prosodic breaks. Such disambiguating breaks were then mapped onto the metrical structure of the lines containing the ambiguous patterns, in order to assess their correspondence to metrical boundaries and to gather independent evidence on the phonetic nature of the boundaries themselves in view of further investigation. From a methodological point of view, the lexica have enabled us to draw on a relatively large set of texts to study a rare phenomenon and to establish a semi-automatic procedure that can be replicated on larger and compatible corpora.
{"title":"Computational valency lexica for Latin and Greek in use: a case study of syntactic ambiguity","authors":"Barbara McGillivray, A. Vatri","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We have built a corpus-driven valency lexicon for Greek verbs by following an approach devised for Latin data. We have then used the lexicon to detect a specific type of potentially ambiguous syntactic patterns in Latin and Greek hexametric poetry, which can consistently be disambiguated by prosodic breaks. Such disambiguating breaks were then mapped onto the metrical structure of the lines containing the ambiguous patterns, in order to assess their correspondence to metrical boundaries and to gather independent evidence on the phonetic nature of the boundaries themselves in view of further investigation. From a methodological point of view, the lexica have enabled us to draw on a relatively large set of texts to study a rare phenomenon and to establish a semi-automatic procedure that can be replicated on larger and compatible corpora.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":"14 1","pages":"101 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Conceiving of a burnt papyrus from Herculanum as a medieval castle requires finding some keys for entry into this castle, though such a competent scholar as Marcello Gigante (1979: 75) classified this papyrus (Herc.78) as ‘illeggibile’. Thanks, however, to the photographic method employed by colleagues from Brigham Young University in Utah, who used some technical tools borrowed from the NASA program, this inaccessibility has been partially overcome. Nevertheless, the use of some tools beyond the scriptum, i.e. some external tools, is unavoidable. Already in the title two parts of my paper are distinguished as keys to entering the castle, as I said, namely some references to Horace and another one concerning the castle, i.e. a burnt papyrus from Herculanum (Herc. 78) where one can suppose, and in particular Knut Kleve supposed, that Caecilius Statius’ Comedy Foenerator seu Obolostates is held. As for me, before I was persuaded that this comedy was actually contained in such a burnt papyrus, I have now reduced my conviction to a hypothesis, though a very probable hypothesis as we shall see. I begin with Horace.
要想把赫库兰姆的一份烧焦的莎草纸当成一座中世纪城堡，就需要找到一些钥匙才能进入这座城堡，尽管像Marcello Gigante(1979: 75)这样有能力的学者将这份莎草纸(Herc.78)归类为“难以辨认的”。然而，多亏了犹他州杨百翰大学(Brigham Young University)的同事们采用的摄影方法，他们使用了一些借鉴美国宇航局(NASA)项目的技术工具，这种难以接近的情况已经部分被克服了。然而，使用脚本之外的一些工具，即一些外部工具，是不可避免的。我论文的标题中有两部分被认为是进入城堡的关键，正如我所说的，即一些关于贺拉斯的文献和另一部分关于城堡的文献，即来自赫库兰姆(Herculanum)的烧焦的莎草纸(Herc. 78)人们可以推测，特别是克努特·克莱夫推测，卡西留斯·斯塔提乌斯的《喜剧的诞生者》在那里举行。至于我，在我相信这部喜剧确实包含在这样一张烧焦的莎草纸上之前，我现在把我的信念归结为一种假设，尽管这是一个非常可能的假设，我们将会看到。我先从贺拉斯说起。
{"title":"To conquer a papyrus as a castle through an adverb: Linguistic traces of Caecilius Statius in a burnt papyrus from Herculanum and Horace","authors":"Gualtiero Calboli","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Conceiving of a burnt papyrus from Herculanum as a medieval castle requires finding some keys for entry into this castle, though such a competent scholar as Marcello Gigante (1979: 75) classified this papyrus (Herc.78) as ‘illeggibile’. Thanks, however, to the photographic method employed by colleagues from Brigham Young University in Utah, who used some technical tools borrowed from the NASA program, this inaccessibility has been partially overcome. Nevertheless, the use of some tools beyond the scriptum, i.e. some external tools, is unavoidable. Already in the title two parts of my paper are distinguished as keys to entering the castle, as I said, namely some references to Horace and another one concerning the castle, i.e. a burnt papyrus from Herculanum (Herc. 78) where one can suppose, and in particular Knut Kleve supposed, that Caecilius Statius’ Comedy Foenerator seu Obolostates is held. As for me, before I was persuaded that this comedy was actually contained in such a burnt papyrus, I have now reduced my conviction to a hypothesis, though a very probable hypothesis as we shall see. I begin with Horace.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":"14 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The schema in (1) begins with speaker B, the respondent, named in the nominative (Socrates), then speaker A in an absolute participial construction (Melito non dicente in ablative absolute) framing his initiating move in indirect discourse ([non ...] ipsum deos putare). This is followed by another exchange indirectly reported, ultimately followed by the content of speaker B’s response, in direct discourse. It begins like more standard, simpler χρεῖαι sandwiching in speaker A between the attribution of speaker B and his ipsissima verba, his
(1)中的图式从说话者B开始，即被调查者，以主格(苏格拉底)命名，然后以绝对分词结构(Melito non dicente in蚀变绝对)开始说话者A，在间接语篇([non…][示例][示例]接下来是间接报道的另一个交流，最后是说话者B的回应内容，在直接话语中。它开始时更标准，更简单的χρε ε αι夹在说话者A的归属和说话者B的词性之间
{"title":"Socrates Playing with Meletus: the Pedigree, Birth, and Afterlife of a Chreia","authors":"D. Shalev","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0006","url":null,"abstract":"The schema in (1) begins with speaker B, the respondent, named in the nominative (Socrates), then speaker A in an absolute participial construction (Melito non dicente in ablative absolute) framing his initiating move in indirect discourse ([non ...] ipsum deos putare). This is followed by another exchange indirectly reported, ultimately followed by the content of speaker B’s response, in direct discourse. It begins like more standard, simpler χρεῖαι sandwiching in speaker A between the attribution of speaker B and his ipsissima verba, his","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":"14 1","pages":"127 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"McGillivray, Barbara: Methods in Latin Computational Linguistics","authors":"Pierluigi Cuzzolin","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":"14 1","pages":"155 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper, I discuss the use of habere + perfect participle in Latin. Four different types of lexical habere + pp constructions are identified, what I call the adnominal construction, the resultative construction, the affectee type and the ‘consider’ type. In addition, we find examples that can only be analysed as the periphrastic perfect already in archaic Latin. The periphrastic perfect, I argue, originated through reanalysis of the resultative construction, but perception/cognition verbs cannot have been essential for this reanalysis, contrary to common belief.
{"title":"Habere + pp and the Origin of the Periphrastic Perfect","authors":"Mari J. B. Hertzenberg","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, I discuss the use of habere + perfect participle in Latin. Four different types of lexical habere + pp constructions are identified, what I call the adnominal construction, the resultative construction, the affectee type and the ‘consider’ type. In addition, we find examples that can only be analysed as the periphrastic perfect already in archaic Latin. The periphrastic perfect, I argue, originated through reanalysis of the resultative construction, but perception/cognition verbs cannot have been essential for this reanalysis, contrary to common belief.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":"14 1","pages":"33 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper reconsiders some of the arguments on free-choice indefinite pronouns in Latin dealt with in Maraldi (2000, Maraldi 2002) and Bertocchi et al. (2010) and tries to deepen the analysis of some of the points introduced there. Since Latin has four different forms all expressing a free-choice meaning, we try to determine in which features they are equivalent and in which they are distinct. We also take into consideration the relation existing between free-choice pronouns, on the one hand, and other indefinite pronouns, on the other, which come to occur in contexts usually reserved to free-choice pronouns.
{"title":"Latin free-choice pronouns in relation to one another (and to other indefinites)","authors":"A. Bertocchi, M. Maraldi","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper reconsiders some of the arguments on free-choice indefinite pronouns in Latin dealt with in Maraldi (2000, Maraldi 2002) and Bertocchi et al. (2010) and tries to deepen the analysis of some of the points introduced there. Since Latin has four different forms all expressing a free-choice meaning, we try to determine in which features they are equivalent and in which they are distinct. We also take into consideration the relation existing between free-choice pronouns, on the one hand, and other indefinite pronouns, on the other, which come to occur in contexts usually reserved to free-choice pronouns.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":"14 1","pages":"159 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper deals with the use of ille and ipse in the veterinary treatise Mulomedicina Chironis (fourth century AD). We will first give the quantitative analysis of the data, then we will focus on the cases in which ille and ipse co-occur with a noun or as pronouns. Regarding ille, we will propose that, even in the absence of morphological distinctions, it presents the syntactic features of three different categories, namely (a) an anaphoric demonstrative, which will turn into the definite article; (b) a strong pronoun; (c) a weak pronoun from which clitic pronouns will develop in Romance. As for ipse, we will show that it can both co-occur with a noun already known in the context expressing anaphoricity, and be a subject and a direct/indirect object pronoun. Furthermore, it can be introduced by a preposition. When it is a pronoun, ipse expresses anaphoricity as well, although in many contexts (especially when it is used as a subject pronoun), it is possible to identify an emphatic value for ipse, which can presumably be due to the realisation of the subject in a pro-drop language.
{"title":"Some observations on ille and ipse in the Mulomedicina Chironis","authors":"Rossella Iovino","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper deals with the use of ille and ipse in the veterinary treatise Mulomedicina Chironis (fourth century AD). We will first give the quantitative analysis of the data, then we will focus on the cases in which ille and ipse co-occur with a noun or as pronouns. Regarding ille, we will propose that, even in the absence of morphological distinctions, it presents the syntactic features of three different categories, namely (a) an anaphoric demonstrative, which will turn into the definite article; (b) a strong pronoun; (c) a weak pronoun from which clitic pronouns will develop in Romance. As for ipse, we will show that it can both co-occur with a noun already known in the context expressing anaphoricity, and be a subject and a direct/indirect object pronoun. Furthermore, it can be introduced by a preposition. When it is a pronoun, ipse expresses anaphoricity as well, although in many contexts (especially when it is used as a subject pronoun), it is possible to identify an emphatic value for ipse, which can presumably be due to the realisation of the subject in a pro-drop language.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":"14 1","pages":"269 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper looks at a network of constructions featuring the Latin particle nē and the subjunctive mood. These constructions will be shown to belong to the same semantic domain of prevention/avoidance, which reflects their syntactic structure. I will discuss the development of these dependent clauses from independent, volitive source constructions, highlighting the role of three elements within the construction: irrealis mood marked by the use of the subjunctive, deontic modality, and speaker stance, indicated by the modal particle nē. Their evolution from concrete, ‘real world’ uses to more abstract functions conforms to known grammaticalization pathways from propositional to textual to expressive uses, which parallels the taking on of subjective and intersubjective functions. This analysis focuses on the interaction of mood, modality, and subjective stance, rooted in the syntax of the subordinator nē and the subjunctive and reflective of the semantic domain of prevention/avoidance, as it is extended to new functions.
{"title":"The Grammaticalization of Latin nē + Subjunctive Constructions","authors":"Holly A. Lakey","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper looks at a network of constructions featuring the Latin particle nē and the subjunctive mood. These constructions will be shown to belong to the same semantic domain of prevention/avoidance, which reflects their syntactic structure. I will discuss the development of these dependent clauses from independent, volitive source constructions, highlighting the role of three elements within the construction: irrealis mood marked by the use of the subjunctive, deontic modality, and speaker stance, indicated by the modal particle nē. Their evolution from concrete, ‘real world’ uses to more abstract functions conforms to known grammaticalization pathways from propositional to textual to expressive uses, which parallels the taking on of subjective and intersubjective functions. This analysis focuses on the interaction of mood, modality, and subjective stance, rooted in the syntax of the subordinator nē and the subjunctive and reflective of the semantic domain of prevention/avoidance, as it is extended to new functions.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":"14 1","pages":"100 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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