Daniel L. Carlson, B. Kail, J. Lynch, Marlaina Dreher
This study examines the consequences of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) dependent coverage provision for the health of U.S. young adults age 19-25. Using data from the Current Population Survey – March Supplement for the years 2007 to 2012 we employ ordered logistic regression analyses and examine the mediating effect of dependent coverage on the association between self-reported health for 19-25 year olds and a comparison group of 28-34 year olds before and after implementation of the ACA. Compared to 28-34 year olds, results indicate the post-ACA period (2010-2011) is associated with increased access to dependent health insurance coverage and improved health for young adults age 19-25 relative to the period before implementation (2008-2009). More than half of the difference in health improvement across age groups can be attributed to changes in dependent coverage. These results are the first to demonstrate a positive health benefit resulting from the implementation of the ACA.
{"title":"The Affordable Care Act, Dependent Health Insurance Coverage, and Young Adults’ Health","authors":"Daniel L. Carlson, B. Kail, J. Lynch, Marlaina Dreher","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2208771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2208771","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the consequences of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) dependent coverage provision for the health of U.S. young adults age 19-25. Using data from the Current Population Survey – March Supplement for the years 2007 to 2012 we employ ordered logistic regression analyses and examine the mediating effect of dependent coverage on the association between self-reported health for 19-25 year olds and a comparison group of 28-34 year olds before and after implementation of the ACA. Compared to 28-34 year olds, results indicate the post-ACA period (2010-2011) is associated with increased access to dependent health insurance coverage and improved health for young adults age 19-25 relative to the period before implementation (2008-2009). More than half of the difference in health improvement across age groups can be attributed to changes in dependent coverage. These results are the first to demonstrate a positive health benefit resulting from the implementation of the ACA.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79582596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fraud in the federal crop insurance program has been currently estimated to cost taxpayers in the millions of dollars. Despite efforts by both private crop insurers and the federal government to combat fraud associated with claims in the program, crop insurance fraud, and misrepresentations associated with crop insurance policies, remain a significant issue of national concern.This article offers a comprehensive examination of contemporary legal issues concerning the issue of crop insurance fraud and misrepresentations. Section I provides an overview of the contemporary problem of fraud in crop insurance and discusses the responses of both private insurers and the federal government to curb and combat waste, fraud and abuse in the program. Section II explores the variety of legal remedies to combat crop insurance fraud and misrepresentations among reported cases. In criminal law, the possibility of substantial criminal sentences (of up to 30 years in prison) and criminal prosecutions of crop insurance fraud serve as a deterrence to the commission of acts of fraud. Substantial monetary civil penalties also exist to deter fraud. In addition, misrepresentations in applications for crop insurance, particularly the misrepresentations of actual interests in crops, have led to cases where insureds cannot recover for damages due to covered causes of losses.The current magnitude of fraud and abuse in the federal crop insurance program reflects the need for more aggressive action to further eliminate abuses to help ensure the federal crop insurance program remains a vital source of support for America’s farmers. In the light of the significant issue of fraud and/or misrepresentations associated with policies in the federal crop insurance program, Section III proposes several additional measures which can be implemented by legislation and by judicial interpretation to further combat fraud.
{"title":"Crop Insurance Fraud and Misrepresentations: Contemporary Issues and Potential Remedies","authors":"Chad G. Marzen","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2200637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2200637","url":null,"abstract":"Fraud in the federal crop insurance program has been currently estimated to cost taxpayers in the millions of dollars. Despite efforts by both private crop insurers and the federal government to combat fraud associated with claims in the program, crop insurance fraud, and misrepresentations associated with crop insurance policies, remain a significant issue of national concern.This article offers a comprehensive examination of contemporary legal issues concerning the issue of crop insurance fraud and misrepresentations. Section I provides an overview of the contemporary problem of fraud in crop insurance and discusses the responses of both private insurers and the federal government to curb and combat waste, fraud and abuse in the program. Section II explores the variety of legal remedies to combat crop insurance fraud and misrepresentations among reported cases. In criminal law, the possibility of substantial criminal sentences (of up to 30 years in prison) and criminal prosecutions of crop insurance fraud serve as a deterrence to the commission of acts of fraud. Substantial monetary civil penalties also exist to deter fraud. In addition, misrepresentations in applications for crop insurance, particularly the misrepresentations of actual interests in crops, have led to cases where insureds cannot recover for damages due to covered causes of losses.The current magnitude of fraud and abuse in the federal crop insurance program reflects the need for more aggressive action to further eliminate abuses to help ensure the federal crop insurance program remains a vital source of support for America’s farmers. In the light of the significant issue of fraud and/or misrepresentations associated with policies in the federal crop insurance program, Section III proposes several additional measures which can be implemented by legislation and by judicial interpretation to further combat fraud.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84632685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the impact of exposure to higher unemployment rates in the pre-retirement years on subsequent mortality. Although past research has found that recessions reduce contemporaneous mortality, these short-term effects may reverse over time, particularly for older workers. If workers experience an economic downturn in their late 50s, they may face several years of reduced employment and earnings before "retiring" when they reach Social Security eligibility at age 62. They also may experience lost health insurance, and therefore higher financial barriers to health care, through age 65, when Medicare becomes available. All of these experiences could contribute to weaker long-term health outcomes. To examine these hypotheses, we use Vital Statistics mortality data between 1969 and 2008 to generate age-specific cohort survival probabilities at older ages. We then link these survival probabilities to labor market conditions at earlier ages. We also use data from the 1980-2010 March Current Population Surveys and the 1991-2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys to explore potential mechanisms for this health effect. Our results indicate that experiencing a recession in one's late 50s leads to a reduction in longevity. We also find that this exposure leads to several years of reduced employment, health insurance coverage, and health care utilization which may contribute to the lower long-term likelihood of survival.
{"title":"Recessions, Older Workers, and Longevity: How Long are Recessions Good for Your Health?","authors":"Courtney C. Coile, P. Levine, Robin McKnight","doi":"10.1257/POL.6.3.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/POL.6.3.92","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of exposure to higher unemployment rates in the pre-retirement years on subsequent mortality. Although past research has found that recessions reduce contemporaneous mortality, these short-term effects may reverse over time, particularly for older workers. If workers experience an economic downturn in their late 50s, they may face several years of reduced employment and earnings before \"retiring\" when they reach Social Security eligibility at age 62. They also may experience lost health insurance, and therefore higher financial barriers to health care, through age 65, when Medicare becomes available. All of these experiences could contribute to weaker long-term health outcomes. To examine these hypotheses, we use Vital Statistics mortality data between 1969 and 2008 to generate age-specific cohort survival probabilities at older ages. We then link these survival probabilities to labor market conditions at earlier ages. We also use data from the 1980-2010 March Current Population Surveys and the 1991-2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys to explore potential mechanisms for this health effect. Our results indicate that experiencing a recession in one's late 50s leads to a reduction in longevity. We also find that this exposure leads to several years of reduced employment, health insurance coverage, and health care utilization which may contribute to the lower long-term likelihood of survival.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82516510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk classification refers to the use of observable characteristics by insurers to group individuals with similar expected claims, compute the corresponding premiums, and thereby reduce asymmetric information. With perfect risk classification, premiums fully reflect the expected cost associated with each class of risk characteristics and yield efficient outcomes. In the health sector, risk classification is also subject to concerns about social equity and potential discrimination. We present an analytical framework that illustrates the potential trade-off between efficient insurance provision and social equity. We also review empirical studies on risk classification and residual asymmetric information that inform this trade-off.
{"title":"Risk Classification and Health Insurance","authors":"G. Dionne, Casey G. Rothschild","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2134190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2134190","url":null,"abstract":"Risk classification refers to the use of observable characteristics by insurers to group individuals with similar expected claims, compute the corresponding premiums, and thereby reduce asymmetric information. With perfect risk classification, premiums fully reflect the expected cost associated with each class of risk characteristics and yield efficient outcomes. In the health sector, risk classification is also subject to concerns about social equity and potential discrimination. We present an analytical framework that illustrates the potential trade-off between efficient insurance provision and social equity. We also review empirical studies on risk classification and residual asymmetric information that inform this trade-off.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91009106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various types of insurance products require, as an item of the technical basis for pricing and reserving, appropriate assumptions about the mortality of disabled people. In this paper, we mostly focus on products providing Income Protection, which can be placed in the framework of “Disability Insurance”. In particular, extra-mortality modeling is discussed, and some sources providing life tables of disabled people are addressed.
{"title":"Mortality of Disabled People","authors":"E. Pitacco","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1992319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1992319","url":null,"abstract":"Various types of insurance products require, as an item of the technical basis for pricing and reserving, appropriate assumptions about the mortality of disabled people. In this paper, we mostly focus on products providing Income Protection, which can be placed in the framework of “Disability Insurance”. In particular, extra-mortality modeling is discussed, and some sources providing life tables of disabled people are addressed.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89048030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This report has both a more limited and a wider focus than many of the others in this collection. It is narrower because it examines only the insurance aspects of the various causation and other issues highlighted by the research project. That is, it only deals with the matters raised in part IV of the Questionnaire. However, it is wider in that it forms part of a much larger study of the relationship between insurance and the tort system.1 In that study insurance is described as providing the “lifeblood” of the law of tort. Although the influence of insurance upon the common law rules is only partial, insurers are of vital importance to the system of compensation for personal injury as a whole. They administer the system and exercise considerable control over it. Without them the importance of tort law would be very much diminished.
{"title":"Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in England and Wales: Insurance","authors":"R. Lewis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1954595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1954595","url":null,"abstract":"This report has both a more limited and a wider focus than many of the others in this collection. It is narrower because it examines only the insurance aspects of the various causation and other issues highlighted by the research project. That is, it only deals with the matters raised in part IV of the Questionnaire. However, it is wider in that it forms part of a much larger study of the relationship between insurance and the tort system.1 In that study insurance is described as providing the “lifeblood” of the law of tort. Although the influence of insurance upon the common law rules is only partial, insurers are of vital importance to the system of compensation for personal injury as a whole. They administer the system and exercise considerable control over it. Without them the importance of tort law would be very much diminished.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72948661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sick workers in many countries receive sick pay during their illness-related absences from the workplace. In several countries, the social security system insures firms against their workers' sickness absences. However, this insurance may create moral hazard problems for firms, leading to the inefficient monitoring of absences or to an underinvestment in their prevention. In the present paper, we investigate firm' moral hazard problems in sickness absences by analyzing a legislative change that took place in Austria in 2000. In September 2000, an insurance fund that refunded firms for the costs of their blue-collar workers' sickness absences was abolished (firms did not receive a similar refund for their white-collar workers' sickness absences). Before that time, small firms were fully refunded for the wage costs of blue-collar workers' sickness absences. Large firms, by contrast, were refunded only 70% of the wages paid to sick blue-collar workers. Using a difference-in-differences-in-differences approach, we estimate the causal impact of refunding firms for their workers' sickness absences. Our results indicate that the incidences of blue-collar workers' sicknesses dropped by approximately 8% and sickness absences were almost 11% shorter following the removal of the refund. Several robustness checks confirm these results.
{"title":"Firms' Moral Hazard in Sickness Absences","authors":"R. Böheim, T. Leoni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1938929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1938929","url":null,"abstract":"Sick workers in many countries receive sick pay during their illness-related absences from the workplace. In several countries, the social security system insures firms against their workers' sickness absences. However, this insurance may create moral hazard problems for firms, leading to the inefficient monitoring of absences or to an underinvestment in their prevention. In the present paper, we investigate firm' moral hazard problems in sickness absences by analyzing a legislative change that took place in Austria in 2000. In September 2000, an insurance fund that refunded firms for the costs of their blue-collar workers' sickness absences was abolished (firms did not receive a similar refund for their white-collar workers' sickness absences). Before that time, small firms were fully refunded for the wage costs of blue-collar workers' sickness absences. Large firms, by contrast, were refunded only 70% of the wages paid to sick blue-collar workers. Using a difference-in-differences-in-differences approach, we estimate the causal impact of refunding firms for their workers' sickness absences. Our results indicate that the incidences of blue-collar workers' sicknesses dropped by approximately 8% and sickness absences were almost 11% shorter following the removal of the refund. Several robustness checks confirm these results.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81686003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The provisions of EU law that are relevant to health insurance are either competition law and state aid, or public procurement. Which regime is applied depends mainly on the definition of the undertaking. At the same time, the internal market rules are also relevant, notably the non-life insurance directives which limit the ability of Member States to intervene in insurance conditions, but with an exception for schemes that substitute for social security. This reflects the balancing act between compulsory coverage and privatisation of risk that characterises the increasing importance of health insurance as part of the policy mix which Member States apply to problems of funding and guaranteeing the provision of healthcare.
{"title":"Health Insurance and EU Law","authors":"W. Sauter","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1876304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1876304","url":null,"abstract":"The provisions of EU law that are relevant to health insurance are either competition law and state aid, or public procurement. Which regime is applied depends mainly on the definition of the undertaking. At the same time, the internal market rules are also relevant, notably the non-life insurance directives which limit the ability of Member States to intervene in insurance conditions, but with an exception for schemes that substitute for social security. This reflects the balancing act between compulsory coverage and privatisation of risk that characterises the increasing importance of health insurance as part of the policy mix which Member States apply to problems of funding and guaranteeing the provision of healthcare.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81021907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This technical note highlights the functioning of the profit sharing mechanism of life insurance products using the example of classical German life contracts. The profit sharing and guarantee features of these contracts are potentially very costly from a capital requirements perspective, making an understanding of the technical payout profile and reporting properties vital for a proper discussion of the Solvency II impact on product design.
{"title":"Technical Note on Profit Sharing and Market-Consistent Embedded Value in German Life Insurance","authors":"Christian Wiehenkamp","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1869967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1869967","url":null,"abstract":"This technical note highlights the functioning of the profit sharing mechanism of life insurance products using the example of classical German life contracts. The profit sharing and guarantee features of these contracts are potentially very costly from a capital requirements perspective, making an understanding of the technical payout profile and reporting properties vital for a proper discussion of the Solvency II impact on product design.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88468029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The insurance industry in Kenya is faced by several challenges that make its operation strenuous. In this paper I intend to tackle; (1) the legislative challenges, where the laws set by parliament to govern the insurance industry have not responded to its needs. (2) The jurisprudential challenges, where the courts award arbitrary damages especially with regard to public service vehicle insurance. It is these changes in the industry that make this research necessary especially considering the fact that the insurance business in Kenya is quite promising as stated in the Kenya Insurance Report Q4 2010. Kenya provides evidence that the insurance industry can thrive in Sub-Saharan Africa in face of highly challenging economic and especially political problems. At the end of 2008, combined assets of Kenya’s 42 insurers amounted to KES 46.12bn, or nearly US$2bn. Both the non life and life segments sustained double digit growth over the last five years. One does not need to make aggressive or radical assumptions to produce a scenario where the double digit growth continues through the forecast period. I thus seek to analyze the applicability of these changes in the current legal framework and seek to forge a way forward for Kenya’s insurance industry.
{"title":"A Feasibility Study of the Insurance (Motor Vehicles Third Party Risks) (Amendment) Bill 2010 and its Impact on Kenya’s Insurance Industry","authors":"Arnold Baraka Mwangome","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1857906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1857906","url":null,"abstract":"The insurance industry in Kenya is faced by several challenges that make its operation strenuous. In this paper I intend to tackle; (1) the legislative challenges, where the laws set by parliament to govern the insurance industry have not responded to its needs. (2) The jurisprudential challenges, where the courts award arbitrary damages especially with regard to public service vehicle insurance. It is these changes in the industry that make this research necessary especially considering the fact that the insurance business in Kenya is quite promising as stated in the Kenya Insurance Report Q4 2010. Kenya provides evidence that the insurance industry can thrive in Sub-Saharan Africa in face of highly challenging economic and especially political problems. At the end of 2008, combined assets of Kenya’s 42 insurers amounted to KES 46.12bn, or nearly US$2bn. Both the non life and life segments sustained double digit growth over the last five years. One does not need to make aggressive or radical assumptions to produce a scenario where the double digit growth continues through the forecast period. I thus seek to analyze the applicability of these changes in the current legal framework and seek to forge a way forward for Kenya’s insurance industry.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78413005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：