We evaluate the two main methods to measuring property-liability insurer efficiency: the production and "flow" (or financial intermediation) approaches. The two approaches are not mutually consistent and thus potentially yield different answers to tested hypotheses. The production approach is more closely related to traditional measures of firm performance return on assets, return on equity, and expense to premium ratio. In addition, efficient production approach firms are generally significantly less likely to fail, while firms characterized as efficient by the flow approach are generally more likely to fail. Further, we test output definitions and find the theoretical concern regarding the production approach's use of losses as a measure of output is not validated empirically.
{"title":"Issues in Measuring the Efficiency of Property-Liability Insurers","authors":"J. T. Leverty, Martin Grace","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.899197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.899197","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluate the two main methods to measuring property-liability insurer efficiency: the production and \"flow\" (or financial intermediation) approaches. The two approaches are not mutually consistent and thus potentially yield different answers to tested hypotheses. The production approach is more closely related to traditional measures of firm performance return on assets, return on equity, and expense to premium ratio. In addition, efficient production approach firms are generally significantly less likely to fail, while firms characterized as efficient by the flow approach are generally more likely to fail. Further, we test output definitions and find the theoretical concern regarding the production approach's use of losses as a measure of output is not validated empirically.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77059675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-10-25DOI: 10.5040/9781472560070.ch-009
David F. Partlett
This article surveys the recent development of contractor liability for defective construction. The "economic loss rule" that precludes damages for economic losses from defective construction remains relatively firm in the U.S. for commercial construction, but has eroded in some jurisdictions for home construction. A variety of judicial and legislative approaches have caused this erosion, which allows recovery in tort rather than in contract in most cases, and can extend liability to owners other than the first buyer. Some courts have simply imposed a common law duty of care on home builders, while others have legislated such liability, while still others have not deviated from the economic loss rule. The variety of approaches mirrors that in England, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The effects of imposing liability for economic loss in these cases is reflected in higher liability premiums and reduced coverage for contractors' insurance in this market, which has made conventional liability insurance unaffordable by some smaller homebuilders, who are required either to form or participate in a captive insurance company to obtain affordable coverage. Insurers are working with the building industry to reduce risks, evidence that liability rules do affect levels of care taken. Finally, the article examines the policy concerns that might underlie a distinction in liability rules for commercial and home construction, noting the greater ability of commercial buyers to obtain contractual protections due to awareness of the risk, a distinction not made in judicial opinions.
{"title":"Defective Structures and Economic Loss in the United States: Law and Policy","authors":"David F. Partlett","doi":"10.5040/9781472560070.ch-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472560070.ch-009","url":null,"abstract":"This article surveys the recent development of contractor liability for defective construction. The \"economic loss rule\" that precludes damages for economic losses from defective construction remains relatively firm in the U.S. for commercial construction, but has eroded in some jurisdictions for home construction. A variety of judicial and legislative approaches have caused this erosion, which allows recovery in tort rather than in contract in most cases, and can extend liability to owners other than the first buyer. Some courts have simply imposed a common law duty of care on home builders, while others have legislated such liability, while still others have not deviated from the economic loss rule. The variety of approaches mirrors that in England, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The effects of imposing liability for economic loss in these cases is reflected in higher liability premiums and reduced coverage for contractors' insurance in this market, which has made conventional liability insurance unaffordable by some smaller homebuilders, who are required either to form or participate in a captive insurance company to obtain affordable coverage. Insurers are working with the building industry to reduce risks, evidence that liability rules do affect levels of care taken. Finally, the article examines the policy concerns that might underlie a distinction in liability rules for commercial and home construction, noting the greater ability of commercial buyers to obtain contractual protections due to awareness of the risk, a distinction not made in judicial opinions.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84889125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-10-01DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-246X.2006.00255.x
Joan Costa-Font, Montserrat Font-Vilalta
Social and demographic changes are gradually transforming the way Western societies cope with old-age dependency, in particular the provision of long-term care (LTC). In response to the need for formal care services and financing instruments, this study examines a range of both private and public insurance tools. As a general rule, LTC insurance is markedly underdeveloped. Furthermore, in southern European countries, the role of the public sector in LTC is unclear compared with its role in other, related welfare areas such as healthcare. The study examines the financing alternatives for LTC insurance, taking as its benchmark the Spanish LTC financing reform. It briefly examines some existing, publicly funded LTC financing tools and explores the potential role of private LTC insurance, arguing that it has an active part to play alongside compulsory mainstream insurance schemes and self-insurance alternatives. As in other European countries, Spanish social attitudes show a preference for some kind of general entitlement to publicly funded schemes, although this preference is subject to significant regional heterogeneity.
{"title":"Design Limitations of Long-Term Care Insurance Schemes: A Comparative Study of the Situation in Spain","authors":"Joan Costa-Font, Montserrat Font-Vilalta","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-246X.2006.00255.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246X.2006.00255.x","url":null,"abstract":"Social and demographic changes are gradually transforming the way Western societies cope with old-age dependency, in particular the provision of long-term care (LTC). In response to the need for formal care services and financing instruments, this study examines a range of both private and public insurance tools. As a general rule, LTC insurance is markedly underdeveloped. Furthermore, in southern European countries, the role of the public sector in LTC is unclear compared with its role in other, related welfare areas such as healthcare. The study examines the financing alternatives for LTC insurance, taking as its benchmark the Spanish LTC financing reform. It briefly examines some existing, publicly funded LTC financing tools and explores the potential role of private LTC insurance, arguing that it has an active part to play alongside compulsory mainstream insurance schemes and self-insurance alternatives. As in other European countries, Spanish social attitudes show a preference for some kind of general entitlement to publicly funded schemes, although this preference is subject to significant regional heterogeneity.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":"251 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76580906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Financial insolvency for life insurers should impact the financial button line and even incur high social costs. The main profit of life insurers in Taiwan almost depend on investment performance. Thus, to evaluate efficiency of investment performance, and to explore the financial standing are very important. However, it is necessary to study the correlation between GRA and investment return rate because many studies adopted GRA to assess financial performance of firm. One of Results show there are significant differences for GRA among different group of OD and FB life insurers. The investment performance is also existed variation from 2001 to 2004.
{"title":"Is Investment Performance of Gra Can Evaluate Profitability for Life Insurers in Taiwan?","authors":"Shu-Hua Hsiao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.928121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.928121","url":null,"abstract":"Financial insolvency for life insurers should impact the financial button line and even incur high social costs. The main profit of life insurers in Taiwan almost depend on investment performance. Thus, to evaluate efficiency of investment performance, and to explore the financial standing are very important. However, it is necessary to study the correlation between GRA and investment return rate because many studies adopted GRA to assess financial performance of firm. One of Results show there are significant differences for GRA among different group of OD and FB life insurers. The investment performance is also existed variation from 2001 to 2004.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84816995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valuation issues have long been the bane of the estate tax. In addition to the basic problem of valuing property in the absence of a market transaction, taxpayers routinely engage in tactics specifically designed to suppress the value of their property for estate tax purposes, without actually diminishing the value of the property itself. This article explores a recurring issue of asset valuation, which the Eleventh Circuit purported to resolve in Estate of Blount v. Commissioner, 428 F.3d 1338, 1339 (11th Cir. 2005), namely how to value a corporation where the corporation is set to receive insurance proceeds on account of a decedent's death, but where those proceeds are offset by a corresponding obligation to redeem the decedent's shares. Both the Eleventh and the Ninth Circuit (the only other court to consider this issue) concluded that insurance proceeds and redemption obligations offset, and therefore insurance proceeds should be excluded from corporate value. I argue here that, despite the superficial appeal of their holdings, both courts are, in no uncertain terms, wrong. Rather, insurance proceeds must be included in corporate value, and any redemption agreement must be ignored.
长期以来，估值问题一直是遗产税的祸根。除了在缺乏市场交易的情况下评估财产价值的基本问题外，纳税人还经常采取专门设计的策略，以压低其财产的价值，以达到遗产税的目的，而实际上并没有减少财产本身的价值。本文探讨了资产估值的一个反复出现的问题，该问题在第十一巡回法院声称要在布朗特诉专员一案(Estate of Blount v. Commissioner, 428 F.3d 1338, 1339(2005年第11巡回法院)中得到解决，即如何对一家公司进行估值，该公司将因死者死亡而获得保险收益，但这些收益被相应的赎回死者股份的义务所抵消。第十一巡回法院和第九巡回法院(唯一考虑这一问题的法院)的结论是，保险收益和赎回义务相抵消，因此保险收益应排除在公司价值之外。我认为，尽管他们的判决表面上有吸引力，但毫无疑问，这两个法院都是错误的。相反，保险收益必须包含在公司价值中，任何赎回协议都必须被忽略。
{"title":"Valuing Corporations for Estate Tax Purposes: A Blount Reappraisal","authors":"A. Chodorow","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.924425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.924425","url":null,"abstract":"Valuation issues have long been the bane of the estate tax. In addition to the basic problem of valuing property in the absence of a market transaction, taxpayers routinely engage in tactics specifically designed to suppress the value of their property for estate tax purposes, without actually diminishing the value of the property itself. This article explores a recurring issue of asset valuation, which the Eleventh Circuit purported to resolve in Estate of Blount v. Commissioner, 428 F.3d 1338, 1339 (11th Cir. 2005), namely how to value a corporation where the corporation is set to receive insurance proceeds on account of a decedent's death, but where those proceeds are offset by a corresponding obligation to redeem the decedent's shares. Both the Eleventh and the Ninth Circuit (the only other court to consider this issue) concluded that insurance proceeds and redemption obligations offset, and therefore insurance proceeds should be excluded from corporate value. I argue here that, despite the superficial appeal of their holdings, both courts are, in no uncertain terms, wrong. Rather, insurance proceeds must be included in corporate value, and any redemption agreement must be ignored.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88029182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We evaluate the demand for long term care (LTC) insurance prospects in a stated preference context, by means of the results of a choice experiment carried out on a representative sample of the Emilia-Romagna population. Choice modelling techniques have not been used yet for studying the demand for LTC services. In this paper these methods are first of all used in order to assess the relative importance of the characteristics which define some hypothetical insurance programmes and to elicit the willingness to pay for some LTC coverage prospects. Moreover, thanks to the application of a nested logit specification with 'partial degeneracy', we are able to model the determinants of the preference for status quo situations where no systematic cover for LTC exists. On the basis of this empirical model, we test for the effects of a series of socio-demographic variables as well as personal and household health state indicators.
{"title":"Eliciting the Demand for Long Term Care Coverage: A Discrete Choice Modelling Analysis","authors":"R. Brau, Matteo Lippi Bruni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.903079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.903079","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluate the demand for long term care (LTC) insurance prospects in a stated preference context, by means of the results of a choice experiment carried out on a representative sample of the Emilia-Romagna population. Choice modelling techniques have not been used yet for studying the demand for LTC services. In this paper these methods are first of all used in order to assess the relative importance of the characteristics which define some hypothetical insurance programmes and to elicit the willingness to pay for some LTC coverage prospects. Moreover, thanks to the application of a nested logit specification with 'partial degeneracy', we are able to model the determinants of the preference for status quo situations where no systematic cover for LTC exists. On the basis of this empirical model, we test for the effects of a series of socio-demographic variables as well as personal and household health state indicators.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":"4294 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84122921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Capital structure is an important topic in corporate finance, both for practitioners and academic researchers. This paper examines the impact of deposit insurance and capital requirements on the optimal capital structure of banks. The contingent claims model of capital structure is extended to incorporate deposit insurance and capital requirements. Unlike previous studies on the capital structure of banks, our model suggests that there exists an interior optimal capital ratio in the presence of deposit insurance, taxes and a minimum fixed capital ratio. Moreover, a significant financial burden associated with violating capital requirements is needed in order to obtain the interior capital ratio.
{"title":"The Optimal Capital Structure of Banks Under Deposit Insurance and Capital Requirements","authors":"Xiaozhong Liang, Stephen L. Ross, John P. Harding","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.890694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.890694","url":null,"abstract":"Capital structure is an important topic in corporate finance, both for practitioners and academic researchers. This paper examines the impact of deposit insurance and capital requirements on the optimal capital structure of banks. The contingent claims model of capital structure is extended to incorporate deposit insurance and capital requirements. Unlike previous studies on the capital structure of banks, our model suggests that there exists an interior optimal capital ratio in the presence of deposit insurance, taxes and a minimum fixed capital ratio. Moreover, a significant financial burden associated with violating capital requirements is needed in order to obtain the interior capital ratio.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80148236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, Baybars Karacaovali, L. Laeven
This paper updates the Demirguc-Kunt and Sobaci (2001) cross-country deposit insurance database and extends it in several important dimensions. This new data set identifies both recent adopters and the ones that were not covered earlier due to a lack of data. Moreover, for the first time, it provides historical time series for several variables and adds new ones. The data were collected by surveying deposit insurance institutions and related agencies as well as through the use of various other country sources.
{"title":"Deposit Insurance Around the World: A Comprehensive Database","authors":"Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, Baybars Karacaovali, L. Laeven","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-3628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3628","url":null,"abstract":"This paper updates the Demirguc-Kunt and Sobaci (2001) cross-country deposit insurance database and extends it in several important dimensions. This new data set identifies both recent adopters and the ones that were not covered earlier due to a lack of data. Moreover, for the first time, it provides historical time series for several variables and adds new ones. The data were collected by surveying deposit insurance institutions and related agencies as well as through the use of various other country sources.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78459811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the choice of deductible in insurance contracts that insure against a risk that, as is common, might materialize more than once during the life of the policy. As was established by Arrow (1963), from the perspective of risk-bearing costs, the optimal contract is one that uses an aggregate deductible that applies to the aggregate losses incurred over the life of the policy. Aggregate deductibles, however, are uncommon in practice. This paper identifies two disadvantages that aggregate deductibles have. Aggregate deductibles are shown to produce higher expected verification costs and moral hazard costs than contracts that apply a per-loss deductible to each loss that occurs. I further show that each of these disadvantages can make an aggregate deductible contact inferior to a contract with per loss deductibles. The results of the analysis can help explain the rare use of aggregate deductibles and, in addition, might explain why umbrella policies that cover all types of losses are rarely used.
{"title":"Disadvantages of Aggregate Deductibles","authors":"Alma Cohen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.282859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.282859","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the choice of deductible in insurance contracts that insure against a risk that, as is common, might materialize more than once during the life of the policy. As was established by Arrow (1963), from the perspective of risk-bearing costs, the optimal contract is one that uses an aggregate deductible that applies to the aggregate losses incurred over the life of the policy. Aggregate deductibles, however, are uncommon in practice. This paper identifies two disadvantages that aggregate deductibles have. Aggregate deductibles are shown to produce higher expected verification costs and moral hazard costs than contracts that apply a per-loss deductible to each loss that occurs. I further show that each of these disadvantages can make an aggregate deductible contact inferior to a contract with per loss deductibles. The results of the analysis can help explain the rare use of aggregate deductibles and, in addition, might explain why umbrella policies that cover all types of losses are rarely used.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87958466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The business and investment environment in Uganda post January 1986 has had a rather intriguing progress. Despite these developments, there has not been a commensurate progress in as far as the life insurance sphere is concerned. This study therefore intends to examine the role that has been played by the legal institutions and regiemes in trying to rectify this problem. Currently, the law does not consider the problems being faced within the insurance industry. Some of which are; 1. undercutting of premiums by insurers, 2. the HIV / AIDS scourge 3. Lack of skilled manpower, to mention but a few. The Ugandan statute books have a silent and rather adamant attitude towards the insurance industry, especially in so far as life insurance schemes in Uganda are concerned. This is so because, as the case currently is; there is no statute to regulate and govern life insurance in Uganda, since the life insurance Act 1774 was repealed. By analysis of the above and other factors, this essay discusses the current atmosphere within the insurance industry, and fronts some recommendations as to how the legal regiemes could facilitate the industry, yet remedy the loopholes within the insurance industry in Uganda; especially in as far as life insurance is concerned.
{"title":"Life Insurance Schemes in Uganda","authors":"Patrick K. Muwanguzi","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.954413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.954413","url":null,"abstract":"The business and investment environment in Uganda post January 1986 has had a rather intriguing progress. Despite these developments, there has not been a commensurate progress in as far as the life insurance sphere is concerned. This study therefore intends to examine the role that has been played by the legal institutions and regiemes in trying to rectify this problem. Currently, the law does not consider the problems being faced within the insurance industry. Some of which are; 1. undercutting of premiums by insurers, 2. the HIV / AIDS scourge 3. Lack of skilled manpower, to mention but a few. The Ugandan statute books have a silent and rather adamant attitude towards the insurance industry, especially in so far as life insurance schemes in Uganda are concerned. This is so because, as the case currently is; there is no statute to regulate and govern life insurance in Uganda, since the life insurance Act 1774 was repealed. By analysis of the above and other factors, this essay discusses the current atmosphere within the insurance industry, and fronts some recommendations as to how the legal regiemes could facilitate the industry, yet remedy the loopholes within the insurance industry in Uganda; especially in as far as life insurance is concerned.","PeriodicalId":29865,"journal":{"name":"Connecticut Insurance Law Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87339005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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