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Self-determination and intention to adopt massive open online courses (MOOC) for professional development 采用大规模开放式在线课程(MOOC)促进专业发展的自我决定和意向
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1177/20427530241256338
Badrea Al Oraini
Motivations have shown great influences in people’s acceptance of technologies, this can be concluded from previous research in the field of technology acceptance. This study investigates the relationship between the Self-Determination Theory of Motivation and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and confirms a significant relationship across most of the variables in the theories. The study offered an expanded Technology acceptance model (TAM) in the context of a massive open online course (MOOC), based on self-determination theory (SDT). By investigating the effect of autonomy, competence and relatedness on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and attitudes. The findings show a statistically significant positive relationship between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and attitudes. Results indicate that autonomy and relatedness have a statistically significant positive influence on attuited but the influence of competence was not statistically significant. Moreover, results show a statistically significant influence of autonomy and relatedness influence on perceived ease of use but the influence of competence was not statistically significant. Also, results show a statistically significant relationship between autonomy, and competence but not statistically significant for relatedness.
动机对人们接受技术的影响很大,这一点可以从以往的技术接受领域研究中得出结论。本研究调查了动机的自我决定理论与技术接受模型(TAM)之间的关系,并证实了这两个理论中的大多数变量之间存在显著关系。该研究以自我决定理论(SDT)为基础,在大规模开放式在线课程(MOOC)的背景下提供了一个扩展的技术接受模型(TAM)。通过研究自主性、能力和相关性对感知有用性、感知易用性和态度的影响。研究结果表明,在统计学上,感知易用性、感知有用性和态度之间存在显著的正相关关系。结果表明,自主性和相关性对感知有用性有统计学意义上的积极影响,但能力的影响在统计学意义上并不显著。此外,结果表明,自主性和关联性对感知易用性的影响在统计学上有意义,但能力的影响在统计学上没有意义。结果还显示,自主性和能力之间的关系在统计学上有意义,但相关性在统计学上没有意义。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of flipped listening classroom on undergraduate students’ foreign language listening anxiety and willingness to communicate 翻转听力课堂对本科生外语听力焦虑和交流意愿的影响
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1177/20427530241254538
Saeideh Bolandifar, Nafiseh Salehi
In a traditional classroom environment, listening comprehension plays a vital role in enabling students to actively participate in the learning process. This is because a significant portion of information is conveyed through the instructor’s explanations and class discussions. Developing strong listening skills can help students effectively understand and participate in classroom activities. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of flipped listening classroom on undergraduate English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students’ foreign language listening anxiety and willingness to communicate. A sample of 46 students at a public university in Iran was chosen to participate in the study using convenience sampling. Implementing a quasi-experimental pretest posttest control group design, two intact classes were randomly assigned to flipped and traditional lecture-based groups. The findings of the study revealed that flipped listening classroom had a positive impact on alleviating foreign language listening anxiety of EFL students and increasing their willingness to communicate. The study has some implications for the material developers, English instructors and students.
在传统的课堂环境中,听力理解对学生积极参与学习过程起着至关重要的作用。这是因为很大一部分信息是通过教师的讲解和课堂讨论传达的。培养较强的听力技能有助于学生有效地理解和参与课堂活动。本研究旨在探讨翻转听力课堂对本科生外语听力焦虑和交流意愿的影响。本研究采用便利抽样法,选取了伊朗一所公立大学的 46 名学生作为样本。采用准实验前测后测对照组设计,将两个完整的班级随机分配到翻转教学组和传统讲授组。研究结果表明,翻转听力课堂对缓解 EFL 学生的外语听力焦虑和提高他们的交流意愿有积极影响。这项研究对教材编写者、英语教师和学生都有一些启示。
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引用次数: 0
Student adoption of e-learning at makerere university during COVID-19: A structural equation modelling based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology COVID-19 期间马凯雷雷大学学生采用电子学习的情况:基于接受和使用技术统一理论的结构方程模型
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1177/20427530241254537
H. Namatovu, Irene Arinaitwe
The onset of COVID-19 dealt a severe blow to the education sector in Uganda, leading to the mandatory closure of all learning institutions to mitigate the spread of the virus. Makerere University, a venerable institution in the region, was not exempt from this directive. The initial uptake of e-learning was sluggish due to various factors, including inadequate infrastructure, digital illiteracy among both students and some faculty members, and, most notably, a lack of preparedness in utilizing digital eLearning technologies. The objective of this study was to examine the factors that impacted students’ embrace of eLearning at Makerere University during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing a quantitative approach, the study utilized questionnaires structured based on the nine constructs of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model. Between August and December 2021, a questionnaire was distributed to 374 students from two colleges. Structured equation modelling was employed to assess 16 factors that were hypothesized to have an impact on adoption. Effort expectancy emerged as the most robust predictor. Likewise, the behaviour of utilizing eLearning technologies was predominantly impacted by facilitating conditions. Utilizing the UTAUT methodology, this study’s theoretical significance arises from our effort to broaden the existing literature on the utilization of video conferencing software (Zoom) in conjunction with a learning management system (MUELE) during the challenging period of COVID-19, an area that has not been extensively explored. The results offer insights into the embrace and approval of both systems within the framework of a developing nation. This study delivers valuable perspectives for developers of eLearning systems, emphasizing the importance of creating user-friendly platforms that enhance the learner experience. This includes the incorporation of intuitive designs and intelligent features such as chatbots and AI-driven tutoring systems, which adapt to the unique needs of students.
COVID-19 的爆发给乌干达的教育部门带来了沉重打击,导致所有教学机构被强制关闭,以减少病毒的传播。该地区历史悠久的马凯雷雷大学也未能幸免。由于各种因素,包括基础设施不足、学生和部分教职员工的数字文盲,以及最值得注意的是在利用数字电子学习技术方面缺乏准备,最初对电子学习的采用进展缓慢。本研究的目的是探讨在 COVID-19 大流行期间影响马凯雷雷大学学生接受电子学习的因素。本研究采用定量方法,根据 "技术接受与使用统一理论 "模型的九个构架设计了调查问卷。2021 年 8 月至 12 月期间,向两个学院的 374 名学生发放了调查问卷。采用结构方程模型评估了假设对采用产生影响的 16 个因素。结果表明,努力期望是最可靠的预测因素。同样,使用电子学习技术的行为也主要受到便利条件的影响。利用UTAUT方法,本研究的理论意义在于我们努力拓宽现有文献的研究领域,即在COVID-19的挑战时期,如何将视频会议软件(Zoom)与学习管理系统(MUELE)结合起来使用,而这一领域尚未得到广泛的探讨。研究结果提供了在发展中国家框架内接受和认可这两个系统的见解。这项研究为电子学习系统的开发者提供了宝贵的视角,强调了创建用户友好型平台以增强学习者体验的重要性。这包括融入直观设计和智能功能,如聊天机器人和人工智能驱动的辅导系统,以适应学生的独特需求。
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引用次数: 0
Smart teaching versus hard teaching: Insights from instructors from old and new classrooms in Ghana 巧妙教学与艰苦教学:加纳新旧课堂教学人员的见解
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1177/20427530241251412
Michael Agyemang Adarkwah, Jonathan Odame, Ronghuai Huang, Huanhuan Wang, P. Amoako
Smart learning environment (SLE) modules are rapidly expanding with the advancement of technology. However, the concept is still new to many educational institutions in developing countries, with scant studies conducted using the African context. To avoid being left behind in the steps towards modernization, the qualitative study proposes the need to migrate from a traditional learning environment (TLE) to a SLE. Thirty-eight (38) teachers in Ghana who transitioned from TLE to a SLE were recruited to explore their pedagogical experiences in instructing in TLE (old classrooms) and SLE (new classrooms). Generally, teachers favoured SLE compared to TLE. Teachers were motivated to instruct in smart schools because of the affordances of smart technologies. They considered the ambience created in SLE as conducive to promoting their psychological well-being, facilitating their professional development, fostering good assessment strategies, and building twenty-first-century skills in learners needed in the labour market. However, a majority of the teachers perceived self-regulation and social interactions to be more effective in TLE. The key challenges in the SLE included network lag, limited funds to purchase data bundles, malfunction of learning management systems (LMS), and difficulty in designing a Smart App tailored to instructors’ and students’ interests. It is recommended that school administrators and policymakers continually revise SLE frameworks for a successful smart education. Future researchers can investigate how to promote personalized and adaptive learning in SLE and promising tools to assist instructors in technology-enhanced learning environments.
随着技术的进步,智能学习环境(SLE)模块正在迅速扩展。然而,对于发展中国家的许多教育机构来说,这一概念仍是新概念,针对非洲背景开展的研究也很少。为了避免在迈向现代化的过程中落后,定性研究提出了从传统学习环境(TLE)向智能学习环境(SLE)迁移的必要性。研究招募了加纳 38 名从传统学习环境过渡到系统学习环境的教师,探讨他们在传统学习环境(旧教室)和系统学习环境(新教室)中的教学经验。总体而言,与传统教学法相比,教师们更喜欢新式教学法。教师在智能学校授课的动力来自于智能技术带来的便利。他们认为,在智能学校中营造的氛围有利于促进他们的心理健康,有利于他们的专业发展,有利于培养良好的评估策略,有利于培养学习者在劳动力市场上所需的 21 世纪技能。然而,大多数教师认为,在传统教学法中,自我调节和社会交往更为有效。系统学习语言的主要挑战包括网络滞后、购买数据捆绑包的资金有限、学习管理系统(LMS)失灵以及难以设计出符合教师和学生兴趣的智能应用程序。建议学校管理者和政策制定者不断修订 SLE 框架,以实现成功的智能教育。未来的研究人员可以研究如何在系统学习环境中促进个性化和适应性学习,以及在技术强化学习环境中协助教师的有前途的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of self-regulated learning strategies used by online learners 分析在线学习者使用的自我调节学习策略
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1177/20427530241251420
Mücahit Öztürk, Pinar Mihci Türker
This study is a qualitative survey research that examines the self-regulated learning strategies used by students in the blended online learning process. Participants were made up of 67 pre-service teachers studying at a faculty of education. A questionnaire form was used to determine students’ self-regulated learning strategies. The self-regulated learning strategies were classified under three themes: before the lesson, during the lesson, and after the lesson. The strategies used before the lessons were organizing the environment, planning, motivating oneself, and physiological and psychological readiness. During the online lessons, students used strategies such as taking notes, attention focusing, help seeking, effort management, self-discipline, taking a break, and time management. After the lessons, students used strategies such as reviewing records, organizing and transforming, practicing, working with additional resources, help seeking, self-testing, and completing tasks. Furthermore, the study results that were revealed to be different from the results of similar studies were discussed and recommendations for future studies were made. In addition, the study revealed that the strategies used by the students differed according to their communication modes. While synchronous and blended groups used more self-regulated learning strategies, asynchronous students used less self-regulated learning strategies.
本研究是一项定性调查研究,旨在考察学生在混合式在线学习过程中使用的自我调节学习策略。参与者包括 67 名在教育学院学习的职前教师。研究采用问卷调查的形式来了解学生的自我调节学习策略。自我调节学习策略分为三个主题:课前、课中和课后。课前使用的策略包括组织环境、计划、自我激励以及生理和心理准备。在网络课程中,学生使用的策略包括记笔记、集中注意力、寻求帮助、努力管理、自律、休息和时间管理。课后,学生使用了回顾记录、组织和转换、练习、利用更多资源、寻求帮助、自我测试和完成任务等策略。此外,还讨论了与类似研究结果不同的研究结果,并对今后的研究提出了建议。此外,研究还显示,学生使用的策略因交流模式而异。同步小组和混合小组使用的自我调节学习策略较多,而异步小组学生使用的自我调节学习策略较少。
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引用次数: 0
Students online learning experience during emergency remote teaching in higher education 高校应急远程教学中学生的在线学习体验
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1177/20427530241244496
JA Larbi-Apau, B. Kwofie
For actionable insight, this study explored computer science and information technology students’ online learning experience in an emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic in a public technical university in Ghana. A mixed method research of both quantitative and qualitative design was used to expand the evidence base. The inherent set of factors of the learning experience were determined by an exploratory factor analysis and confirmed with a multiple regression. Six factors comprising sense of concern, institutional support, effective communication, connectedness, mediated technologies, and stress levels explained 66.5% of the variance in the patterns of relationship. All factors had positive regression weights and added significantly to the prediction. Potentials identified comprised positive reactions to institutional support, improved lecturer-student interaction, active participation, accessible course contents, and moderately high future online learning expectations. The challenges included unpreparedness, unreliable Internet, high cost of data, and incidental learning design and pedagogy. Evidently, the higher education landscape shifted during the pandemic in obvious ways to merit further studies and reflective online learning administration to inform robust technology-oriented post-pandemic practices.
为了获得可操作的见解,本研究探讨了加纳一所公立技术大学的计算机科学与信息技术专业学生在 COVID-19 大流行期间的紧急远程教学中的在线学习体验。研究采用了定量和定性的混合方法,以扩大证据基础。通过探索性因素分析确定了学习体验的固有因素集,并通过多元回归进行了确认。关注感、机构支持、有效沟通、联系性、中介技术和压力水平这六个因素解释了 66.5%的关系模式变异。所有因素的回归权重均为正数,对预测结果有显著的促进作用。所发现的潜在因素包括对机构支持的积极反应、讲师与学生互动的改善、积极参与、可获取的课程内容以及对未来在线学习的中等偏上的期望。所面临的挑战包括准备不足、互联网不可靠、数据成本高以及偶然的学习设计和教学法。显而易见,高等教育的格局在大流行期间发生了明显的变化,值得进一步研究和反思在线学习管理,为大流行后以技术为导向的稳健实践提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Utilization of technology-enhance learning tools among vocational and technical education teachers in Nigerian tertiary institutions 尼日利亚高等院校职业技术教育教师利用技术强化学习工具的情况
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-13 DOI: 10.1177/20427530241239431
Ifeanyi Benedict Ohanu, Emmanuel Chukwugozie Osinem, Nnenna Ekpereka Ibezim, Chiamaka Adaobi Chukwuone, Toochukwu Eleazar Ejiofor, Chibueze Tobias Orji, Ashagwu Ojang Okadi, Lilian Ogechi Nwandu
The study determined training needs of teachers and issues in the utilization of Technology-enhanced Learning tools in Vocational and Technical Education in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Five research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. The sample for the study is 318 teachers from six tertiary institutions that offer majority of Vocational and Technical Education programmes in Nigeria. Instrument for data collection was developed by the researchers and was validated by five experts in Vocational and Technical Education. The overall reliability index of the instrument is 0.81. Results from collected data revealed that the teachers require training to enable them use Technology-enhanced Learning tools for instructional delivery; the current mode of instructional delivery in institutions is face-to-face approach; many institutions have Information and Communication Technology center and institution wide internet which are not effectively utilized for instructional delivery, among numerous other findings. Among the recommendations is that teachers should be given access to the available Technology-enhanced Learning facilities in their institutions to enable them learn how to use them at their own free times. It was concluded that most VTE teachers are eager to deploy Technology-enhanced Learning tools for instructional delivery but some institutional supports they need, especially trainings are inadequate.
本研究确定了尼日利亚高等院校职业技术教育中教师的培训需求和技术强化学习工具的使用问题。本研究以五个研究问题和一个假设为指导。研究样本为来自尼日利亚六所高等院校的 318 名教师,这些院校开设了大部分职业技术教育课程。数据收集工具由研究人员开发,并经五位职业技术教育专家验证。该工具的总体可靠性指数为 0.81。从收集的数据中得出的结果显示,教师需要接受培训,以便在教学中使用技术强化学习工具;各院校目前的教学模式是面对面教学;许多院校拥有信息与通信技术中心和全校范围的互联网,但在教学中并没有得到有效利用。其中一项建议是,应让教师有机会使用院校现有的技术强化学习设施,使他们能够在空闲时间学习如何使用这些设施。结论是,大多数职业教育教师都渴望在教学中使用技术辅助学习工具,但他们所需的一些机构支持,特别是培训不足。
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引用次数: 0
From informal to formal - A case study about the impact of distant learning on formative feedback in Danish schools 从非正式到正式--丹麦学校远程学习对形成性反馈影响的案例研究
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1177/20427530241244501
Vickie Ravn Bechsgaard, Emanuela Marchetti, T. E. Lundtofte
Even though Denmark is a highly digitized country, the COVID-19 pandemic has pushed schools to adopt extreme forms of distant learning, as everything should be conducted online through digital platforms. Our study aims at analysing the impact of distant learning practice on feedback practice, from the perspective of teachers and pupils. More specifically we focus on pupils in Danish mid-school, who are subject to a final exam to qualify for access to high school. We have conducted a netnographic inquiry, combining virtual observations and interviews with teachers and pupils. Our results show that the new distant learning practice prevented teachers to engage in non-formal assessment and feedback practice, such as spontaneous walks across the classrooms and dialogue with pupils on their difficulties, hence making it hard to keep an overview on their pupils’ progress. To compensate for the lack of non-formal feedback practices, distant learning has turned feedback practices into formal evaluations, leading the pupils to feel under pressure and less engaged in their learning. Our study provides an original perspective regarding specific aspects, such as feedback practices, which require forms of spontaneous dialogue between teachers and pupils and are central for learning, hence providing meaningful insights for the implementation of distant learning in mid school and the importance of a close dialogue between pupils and teachers.
尽管丹麦是一个高度数字化的国家,但由于 COVID-19 的流行,学校不得不采用极端的远程学习形式,因为一切都应通过数字平台在线进行。我们的研究旨在从教师和学生的角度分析远程学习实践对反馈实践的影响。更具体地说,我们关注的是丹麦中学的学生,他们需要通过期末考试才能获得进入高中的资格。我们结合虚拟观察和对教师和学生的访谈,开展了一项网络调查。我们的研究结果表明,新的远程学习实践阻碍了教师参与非正式的评估和反馈实践,如自发地在教室里散步,与学生就他们的困难进行对话,因此很难全面了解学生的进步情况。为了弥补非正式反馈实践的不足,远程学习将反馈实践变成了正式评价,导致学生感到压力,对学习的参与度降低。我们的研究为反馈实践等具体方面提供了一个新颖的视角,反馈实践需要教师和学生之间自发对话的形式,是学习的核心,因此为远程学习在中学的实施以及学生和教师之间密切对话的重要性提供了有意义的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of blended learning on mathematical achievement and anxiety: A context-based technology integration for meaningful learning 混合式学习对数学成绩和焦虑的影响:基于情境的技术整合,实现有意义的学习
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1177/20427530241241767
Aweke Shishigu, Kassa Michael, M. Atnafu
Ethiopia has envisioned becoming a middle-income country in the year 2030. To achieve this vision, several initiatives including the ESDP (I-VI), GQIP, and the education development Roadmap have been undertaken to improve the quality of education at all levels. Apart from those initiatives, it is equally important to rethink of a pedagogical approach that suits the contemporary technological advancement and cultural contexts. Currently, our world is experiencing scientific and technological changes, but the customary methods are relatively unable to cope with these changes. It is no longer viable to rely on one-size-fits-all curriculum. So far, the impact of instructional technology on students learning is not consistent and lacks specific context of students’ environment. This indicates that there is a need for intensive investigation to make learning more meaningful and interactive. This study aimed to restructure the existing mathematics course in Ethiopian higher education so as to produce a pedagogically enhanced learning environment. To achieve the goal of the study, a pedagogical intervention with a time series design was made at Wolkite University, Ethiopia. The repeated measures ANOVA show significant difference between students’ mean scores of course achievement measured before, during and after the intervention (F (2.182, 52.358) = 8.354, p < .05, ƞ2 = 0.258). The multiple comparison test further shows a significant improvement of students’ mathematical achievement. It was also found that when technology was used as a tool to enhance students learning, it can overcome the math anxiety caused by the cognitive failure. Therefore, blended learning could be a good approach to enhance students’ mathematics achievement. This might also be extended at lower levels. Additional imperative implications for practice and future research are forwarded.
埃塞俄比亚设想在 2030 年成为中等收入国家。为了实现这一愿景,埃塞俄比亚采取了若干举措,包括《教育部门发展计划》(第一至第六阶段)、《教育质量提升计划》和《教育发展路线图》,以提高各级教育的质量。除这些举措外,重新思考适合当代技术进步和文化背景的教学方法也同样重要。当前,我们的世界正经历着科技变革,但传统的教学方法相对无法应对这些变革。依靠 "一刀切 "的课程已不再可行。迄今为止,教学技术对学生学习的影响并不一致,而且缺乏学生环境的具体背景。这表明,有必要进行深入研究,使学习更有意义,更具互动性。本研究旨在对埃塞俄比亚高等教育中现有的数学课程进行重组,以创造一个教学效果更 好的学习环境。为实现研究目标,埃塞俄比亚沃尔基特大学采用时间序列设计进行了教学干预。重复测量方差分析显示,干预前、干预期间和干预后学生的课程成绩平均分之间存在显著差异(F (2.182, 52.358) = 8.354, p < .05, ƞ2 = 0.258)。多重比较检验进一步表明,学生的数学成绩有了显著提高。研究还发现,当技术被用作促进学生学习的工具时,它能克服因认知失败而产生的数学焦虑。因此,混合式学习是提高学生数学成绩的一个好方法。这种方法也可以在低年级推广。此外,还提出了对实践和未来研究的迫切影响。
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引用次数: 0
Student’s physical activity engagement through social media: A study in COVID-19 lockdown 学生通过社交媒体参与体育活动:COVID-19 封锁研究
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1177/20427530241239398
A. K. Shirotriya, Kishore Mukhopadhyay, Deepti Joshi, Rakesh Vishwakarma
The use of social media is increasingly prevalent for many reasons and academic literature suggests that social media helps encourage physical activity. This research investigated how social media content affected the physical activity of students during the COVID-19 lockdown and subsequent COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. This descriptive cross-sectional study took place between February 2021 and May 2021 at three different academic institutions located in various states in India. A self-made questionnaire consisting of 10 close-ended and 3 open-ended questions was designed to assess students’ utilization of social media to gather knowledge of physical activities from different platforms. A web-based survey was used to collect data from 606 students (of whom 361 (59.57%) were male and 243 (40.10%) were female) from different courses and degree levels using criterion-based purposive sampling. Close-ended questions were analyzed using the percentage method and open-ended questions were analyzed with a collaborative data analysis approach which revealed three themes namely interest, self-care and impact. The results of this study indicate that students are taking help from social media to carry out their physical activities. The outcomes of this study will serve as the baseline information which is helpful in developing and validating methods that best capture the diverse needs of teachers and students within the context of online delivery of physical activities.
由于多种原因,社交媒体的使用越来越普遍,而学术文献表明,社交媒体有助于鼓励体育锻炼。本研究调查了在 COVID-19 封锁和随后的 COVID-19 大流行限制期间,社交媒体内容如何影响学生的体育锻炼。这项描述性横断面研究于 2021 年 2 月至 2021 年 5 月期间在印度不同邦的三所不同学术机构进行。研究设计了一份由 10 个封闭式问题和 3 个开放式问题组成的自制问卷,以评估学生利用社交媒体从不同平台收集体育活动知识的情况。采用基于标准的目的性抽样方法,对来自不同课程和学位级别的 606 名学生(其中男生 361 人,占 59.57%,女生 243 人,占 40.10%)进行了网络调查。封闭式问题采用百分比法进行分析,开放式问题则采用合作式数据分析法进行分析,分析结果显示了三个主题,即兴趣、自理和影响。研究结果表明,学生正在借助社交媒体开展体育活动。本研究的结果将作为基线信息,有助于开发和验证最能满足教师和学生在网上开展体育活动方面的不同需求的方法。
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