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Does 3D Make Sense for Hollywood? The Economic Implications of Adding a Third Dimension to Hedonic Media Products 3D对好莱坞有意义吗?为享乐媒体产品添加第三维度的经济含义
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2015-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2015.1031902
A. Knapp, T. Hennig-Thurau
This article examines the economic effect of the 3D feature on movie success by using secondary data from all movies released in digital 3D between 2004 and 2011, and a 2D control sample. Using propensity score matching, the authors provide evidence for a sample selection bias that leads to an overestimation of the 3D effect if not accounted for. Matching results show that 3D movies are, on average, not economically advantageous when compared with 2D “twins.” However, subsequent weighted least squares regression analyses find that the impact of 3D on movie success varies in a non-linear, inverted U-shaped way with a “trend” variable that measures the point in time of a movie release and with a number of movie genres. A post-hoc analysis shows that a consumer's decision to attend a 3D screening of a 3D movie (instead of a 2D screening) is influenced by several factors, including whether the film is originally shot in 3D or the 3D element is added during postproduction.
本文通过使用2004年至2011年间发行的所有数字3D电影的二手数据和2D对照样本,研究了3D特征对电影成功的经济影响。使用倾向得分匹配,作者提供了样本选择偏差的证据,如果不考虑,会导致对3D效果的高估。匹配结果显示,与2D电影相比,3D电影在经济上平均不占优势。然而,随后的加权最小二乘回归分析发现,3D对电影成功的影响以非线性的倒u型方式变化,“趋势”变量衡量电影发行的时间点和许多电影类型。事后分析显示,消费者决定观看3D电影的3D放映(而不是2D放映)受到几个因素的影响,包括电影最初是用3D拍摄的,还是在后期制作过程中添加了3D元素。
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引用次数: 7
Superstars as Emotion-Eliciting Objects. An Examination of the Effect of the Emotion Mix of Movie Stars 作为情感激发对象的超级明星。电影明星情感混合效应的检验
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2015-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2015.1031903
A. Suárez-Vázquez
This article examines how superstars can influence moviegoers' decision process via eliciting emotions. The article builds upon prior research in the role of emotions in consumption. The data of a survey study are used to capture the emotional profile of superstars. Results from a correspondence analysis indicate that superstars can be classified according to the basic emotions they elicit. The resulting “constellations” of superstars influence spectators' decisions. A nested logit model gives evidence that supports the importance of taking into account the difference among emotions of the same valence. Moreover, the emotional interdependence between superstars seems to influence spectators' willingness to attend a movie.
这篇文章探讨了超级明星如何通过激发情感来影响电影观众的决策过程。这篇文章建立在先前关于情绪在消费中的作用的研究之上。一项调查研究的数据被用来捕捉超级明星的情感特征。对应分析的结果表明,超级明星可以根据他们引发的基本情绪进行分类。由此产生的超级明星“星座”会影响观众的决定。一个嵌套的logit模型提供了证据,支持考虑相同效价的情绪之间差异的重要性。此外,巨星之间的情感依赖似乎也会影响观众看电影的意愿。
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引用次数: 2
Incoming Editor Note 编辑留言
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2015-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2015.1003718
H. Martin, Adam D. Rennhoff
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引用次数: 1
Spanish TV Regulations and Audiences for Soccer Matches, Factors Influencing Utility from Watching TV, and How Media Coverage Influences Financial Returns for Australian Companies 西班牙电视法规和足球比赛观众,影响看电视效用的因素,以及媒体报道如何影响澳大利亚公司的财务回报
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2015-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2015.1004894
H. Martin, Adam D. Rennhoff
This issue has two articles with significant contributions to our understanding of television viewing, and a third article with a new perspective on how media coverage affects corporate reputations. The first article is an empirical examination of Spanish television regulations requiring free broadcasts of sports events that are of general interest to the country’s population. The study uses panel data analysis of television ratings from free broadcasts of soccer matches to test the effects of the policy. The second article develops a Bayesian model of utility from television viewing that includes social externalities and whether viewers watched previous episodes of a TV program. This study develops a simulation from the model that results in recommended strategies for television programmers. The third article examines the effects of media coverage on the corporate reputations of publicly traded Australian firms. The study uses the tone of media coverage to group companies by reputation, and then examines each group’s risk adjusted returns before, during, and after the global financial crisis of 2007. The first article is “Are Broadcast Sporting Events of ‘General Interest’? A Regional Panel Data Analysis of TV Ratings for Spain’s La Liga,” by Levi Pérez, Víctor Puente, and Plácido Rodríguez. This study examines a Spanish policy that regulates the broadcast of sporting events on free and paid television channels. Spanish regulations require that sporting events of “general interest” appear on free television. Spanish regulations also give the free channel priority over paid channels when selecting which matches will be broadcast free. This has spurred a debate about how to find the best balance between the intellectual property rights owned by pay television channels and serving the information needs of Spanish audiences. There are no surveys that identify soccer matches of “general interest,” defined as matches that appeal to audiences across 10 different regions of Spain. The authors therefore used panel data analysis of 4 years of ratings to identify matches of general interest. The dependent variable was the number of viewers watching weekly free soccer matches in all 10 Spanish
本期有两篇文章对我们对电视观看的理解做出了重大贡献,第三篇文章对媒体报道如何影响企业声誉提出了新的观点。第一篇文章是对西班牙电视法规的实证研究,该法规要求免费播放该国人民普遍感兴趣的体育赛事。该研究使用免费足球比赛电视收视率的面板数据分析来测试该政策的效果。第二篇文章从电视观看中发展了一个贝叶斯效用模型,该模型包括社会外部性和观众是否看过以前的电视节目。本研究在此模型的基础上进行模拟,为电视节目制作人推荐策略。第三篇文章考察了媒体报道对澳大利亚上市公司声誉的影响。该研究利用媒体报道的口吻,按声誉对公司进行分组,然后考察了每组公司在2007年全球金融危机之前、期间和之后的风险调整回报率。第一篇文章是“广播体育赛事是否具有‘普遍利益’?”《西班牙西甲联赛电视收视率的区域面板数据分析》,作者:Levi psamurez, Víctor Puente和Plácido Rodríguez。这项研究考察了西班牙的一项政策,该政策规定在免费和付费电视频道上播放体育赛事。西班牙法规要求“大众感兴趣”的体育赛事在免费电视上播出。在选择免费转播的比赛时,西班牙的规定还赋予免费频道优先于付费频道的权利。这引发了一场关于如何在付费电视频道拥有的知识产权与满足西班牙观众的信息需求之间找到最佳平衡的辩论。没有调查将足球比赛定义为“大众感兴趣”的比赛,即对西班牙10个不同地区的观众有吸引力的比赛。因此,作者使用4年评级的面板数据分析来确定普遍感兴趣的匹配。因变量是观看所有10种西班牙语每周免费足球比赛的观众人数
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引用次数: 0
Valedictory from the Outgoing Editor 离任编辑的告别辞
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2015-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2015.1003717
N. Adilov
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引用次数: 0
Are Broadcast Sporting Events of “General Interest”? A Regional Panel Data Analysis of TV Ratings for Spain's La Liga 广播体育赛事是否具有“大众兴趣”?西甲联赛电视收视率的区域面板数据分析
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2015-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2014.997241
L. Pérez, V. Puente, Plácido Rodríguez
In 1997, a law was passed in Spain that mandated that “broadcastings of general interest” be free-to-air rather than pay-per-view. Since that time, a soccer match of the Spanish First Division—considered a public benefit activity—can be viewed on a weekly basis for free throughout the regular season. The aim of this article is to determine whether a “general interest” for these free-to-air broadcastings exists. To perform the empirical analysis, a demand equation for a TV audience is estimated using a unique panel data set on a regional level, in which the dependent variable is the number of viewers of free-to-air matches in each Spanish region during the period 2008–2012. The model specifications consider whether a particular region has a team competing in the First Division and other socioeconomical and sporting variables. The results conclude that a nationwide “general interest” in free-to-air broadcasting of soccer matches, which would support Spanish law, does not exist, with the exception of matches played by Real Madrid Club de Fútbol, Fútbol Club Barcelona, and local teams.
1997年,西班牙通过了一项法律,规定“大众感兴趣的广播”必须免费播放,而不是按次付费。从那时起,一场西班牙甲级联赛的足球比赛——被认为是一项公益活动——可以在整个常规赛期间每周免费观看。本文的目的是确定这些免费广播是否存在“普遍利益”。为了进行实证分析,我们使用区域层面的独特面板数据集来估计电视观众的需求方程,其中因变量是2008-2012年期间西班牙每个地区免费观看比赛的观众数量。模型规格考虑一个特定地区是否有一支球队参加甲级联赛,以及其他社会经济和体育变量。结果表明,除了皇家马德里俱乐部Fútbol、Fútbol巴塞罗那俱乐部和当地球队的比赛外,全国范围内对免费转播足球比赛的“普遍兴趣”并不存在,这将支持西班牙法律。
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引用次数: 10
State-Dependent Choice Model for TV Programs with Externality: Analysis of Viewing Behavior 具有外部性的电视节目的状态依赖选择模型:观看行为分析
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2015-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2014.997242
K. Kinjo, Takeshi Ebina
This study analyzes TV program content for viewers with respect to the following three properties: primary utility (intrinsic value by genre, cast, and so on), macro externality, such as the effect of others' past behavior (audience ratings), and state dependence, or the viewer's past actions that determine whether to watch the program. Focusing on the effects of macro externality and state-dependence on viewer behavior, the authors construct a hierarchical Bayesian model and derive an individual utility function. Applying their method to the choice of TV programs in Japan, they estimate the effects of macro externality and state dependence on an individual's viewing behavior, and illustrate the distribution of these effects. The authors find that macro externality has a strong overall effect on the total number of viewers and the state-dependence effect has a slightly positive effect. Moreover, comparing the attributes revealed that male viewers tend to show a lower effect of ratings and higher state dependence than females. They find that the older the viewers are, the higher the effect of state dependence. Further, using utility function data obtained by our estimation, they conduct a simulation to measure the dynamic effects of macro externality and state dependence.
本研究从以下三个属性分析电视节目内容:主要效用(类型、演员等的内在价值)、宏观外部性(如他人过去行为的影响(收视率))和状态依赖性(即观众决定是否观看节目的过去行为)。针对宏观外部性和状态依赖性对观众行为的影响,作者构建了层次贝叶斯模型,并推导了个体效用函数。将他们的方法应用于日本的电视节目选择,他们估计了宏观外部性和国家依赖性对个人观看行为的影响,并说明了这些影响的分布。研究发现,宏观外部性对观众总数有较强的整体影响,而国家依赖效应有轻微的正向影响。此外,比较属性发现男性观众倾向于表现出较低的收视率效应和较高的状态依赖性。他们发现,观众年龄越大,状态依赖的影响就越高。此外,利用我们估计得到的效用函数数据,他们进行了模拟,以衡量宏观外部性和状态依赖性的动态影响。
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引用次数: 7
How Media Coverage Affects Employer Reputation, How Negative Cover Stories Increase Magazine Sales, and How Bandwagon Effects Drive Audience Selection of Foreign Movies 媒体报道如何影响雇主声誉,负面封面故事如何增加杂志销量,从众效应如何推动观众选择外国电影
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2014.969065
N. Adilov, H. Martin
This issue offers three articles with important new insights about effects from media coverage and the economics of magazines and movies. The first article uses mass communication theories and econometric analysis to examine how media coverage affects the reputation of German companies. The study explores links between media coverage and a company’s reputation as a good place to work. The second article is a rare empirical examination of the link between negative news and media sales. This study of German magazines finds negative cover stories do increase single-copy sales. The third article asks if foreign movie audiences use box office revenues from the United States to help determine which movies are popular and therefore worth seeing. The study finds evidence of a bandwagon effect, and the effect gets stronger when the number of Hollywood movies in a foreign market increases. The first article is “The Effect of Media Coverage on Employer Reputation,” by Martina Panico, Sascha Raithel, and Elena Michel. This article extends a line of research examining how media coverage affects a company’s reputation as a good place to work. Previous research studies effects of coverage on fictitious companies. This study uses media coverage of actual German firms to examine effects on those firms’ reputations. The study uses three related mass communication theories. Agenda-setting studies how media coverage of specific issues alerts the audience to the importance of those issues. Priming occurs when media coverage highlighting some aspects of an issue influences how audiences judge the issue. Media framing occurs when coverage highlights familiar values and facts about an issue that become reference points for audience understanding of the issue. This study also classifies two types of media coverage. The first is functional coverage of companies that reports on how the companies are “producing products and/or delivering services” (p. 184). The second is social coverage of companies which reports on the “social component of corporate behavior” (p. 184), including what it’s like to work for the company.
本期提供了三篇关于媒体报道、杂志和电影经济学影响的重要新见解。第一篇文章使用大众传播理论和计量经济学分析来研究媒体报道如何影响德国公司的声誉。这项研究探讨了媒体报道与公司作为一个好工作场所的声誉之间的联系。第二篇文章是对负面新闻和媒体销售之间联系的罕见实证研究。这项对德国杂志的研究发现,负面的封面故事确实会增加单本杂志的销量。第三篇文章询问外国电影观众是否使用来自美国的票房收入来帮助确定哪些电影受欢迎,因此值得一看。该研究发现了从众效应的证据,而且当好莱坞电影在国外市场的数量增加时,这种效应会变得更强。第一篇文章是《媒体报道对雇主声誉的影响》,作者是Martina Panico, Sascha Raithel和Elena Michel。本文扩展了一系列研究,考察媒体报道如何影响公司作为一个好工作场所的声誉。以往的研究主要是研究覆盖率对虚拟公司的影响。这项研究使用媒体对真实的德国公司的报道来检验这些公司声誉的影响。该研究使用了三个相关的大众传播理论。议程设置研究媒体对具体问题的报道如何提醒受众注意这些问题的重要性。当媒体报道强调某一问题的某些方面影响受众对该问题的判断时,就会发生启动效应。媒体框架是指新闻报道强调了人们熟悉的价值观和事实,这些价值观和事实成为受众理解问题的参考点。本研究还将媒体报道分为两类。第一种是公司的功能报道,报告公司如何“生产产品和/或提供服务”(第184页)。第二个是公司的社会覆盖,它报告了“公司行为的社会成分”(第184页),包括在公司工作的感觉。
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引用次数: 2
The Effect of Media Coverage on Employer Reputation 媒体报道对雇主声誉的影响
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2014.963228
M. Panico, Sascha Raithel, Elena Michel
A growing body of research examines the formation of employer reputation. One potential driver is media coverage. Using content analysis data for media coverage and survey data, this study examines different dimensions of media coverage, namely, social and functional news and their impacts on employer reputation. Results show that in particular negative functional and social news affect employer reputation, although the impact of negative social news is more indirect and delayed.
越来越多的研究调查了雇主声誉的形成。一个潜在的驱动因素是媒体报道。本研究利用媒体报道的内容分析数据和调查数据,考察了媒体报道的不同维度,即社会新闻和功能新闻及其对雇主声誉的影响。结果表明,负面的功能新闻和社会新闻对雇主声誉的影响尤其显著,尽管负面的社会新闻的影响更为间接和延迟。
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引用次数: 15
Aggregate Bandwagon Effects of Popularity Information on Audiences' Movie Selections 人气信息对观众电影选择的总体从众效应
IF 0.3 4区 经济学 Q4 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/08997764.2014.963229
Xuexin Xu, Wayne Fu
This study empirically examines the bandwagon effect of product-popularity information on the choices of audiovisual content products. Regression analysis is conducted using the data of Hollywood movies' box office revenues in 73 countries during 2003–2007. The results confirm the aggregate bandwagon effect in audiences' selections of Hollywood movies and shows that the strength of the bandwagon effect is magnified by how uncertain people are about the quality of movies.
本研究实证检验产品人气资讯对音像内容产品选择的从众效应。利用2003-2007年好莱坞电影在73个国家的票房收入数据进行回归分析。研究结果证实了观众在选择好莱坞电影时的总体从众效应,并表明人们对电影质量的不确定程度放大了从众效应的强度。
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引用次数: 21
期刊
JOURNAL OF MEDIA ECONOMICS
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