Pub Date : 2014-10-15DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028769
Killian McKenna, A. Keane
The introduction of variable pricing schemes has potential impacts for low voltage (LV) distribution networks with regards to load diversity and peak demand. Households are being equipped communication systems that give consumers a greater visibility of electricity prices facilitating greater market engagement and demand response. This paper presents a bottom-up load model coupled with a novel methodology to capture the discrete, bounded and uncertain consumer response to variable prices. The model uses Monte Carlo simulation techniques and price elasticity matrices to affect the probability of consumption, taking into account detailed consumer characteristics and appliance operation. The model is used to run a high resolution simulation of residential load response and to quantify behavioral changes using standard load metrics.
{"title":"Discrete elastic residential load response under variable pricing schemes","authors":"Killian McKenna, A. Keane","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028769","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of variable pricing schemes has potential impacts for low voltage (LV) distribution networks with regards to load diversity and peak demand. Households are being equipped communication systems that give consumers a greater visibility of electricity prices facilitating greater market engagement and demand response. This paper presents a bottom-up load model coupled with a novel methodology to capture the discrete, bounded and uncertain consumer response to variable prices. The model uses Monte Carlo simulation techniques and price elasticity matrices to affect the probability of consumption, taking into account detailed consumer characteristics and appliance operation. The model is used to run a high resolution simulation of residential load response and to quantify behavioral changes using standard load metrics.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115809125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-15DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028950
H. Qazi, D. Burke, D. Flynn
Utilisation of flexible demand to provide contingency reserves is generally considered beneficial to power systems, and can be a key enabler for ambitious renewable energy penetrations. Detailed techno-economic analysis of reserve provision from flexible demand is considered in this paper. A unit commitment/economic dispatch problem is set up that recognises demand side response (DSR) as a source of primary operating reserve (POR). Dispatch schedules are then verified with frequency stability assessments to quantify any changes in system performance. It has been demonstrated that while generally beneficial, utilization of DSR does not always improve system performance. Factors such as changes in plant dispatch (largest in-feed contingency can be greater) and flexible demand resource variability have been shown to limit the benefits of DSR under certain conditions. Actual activation of DSR for POR is also shown to compromise network integrity in some cases. All results are demonstrated using the Irish power system.
{"title":"Challenges in utilisation of demand side response for operating reserve provision","authors":"H. Qazi, D. Burke, D. Flynn","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028950","url":null,"abstract":"Utilisation of flexible demand to provide contingency reserves is generally considered beneficial to power systems, and can be a key enabler for ambitious renewable energy penetrations. Detailed techno-economic analysis of reserve provision from flexible demand is considered in this paper. A unit commitment/economic dispatch problem is set up that recognises demand side response (DSR) as a source of primary operating reserve (POR). Dispatch schedules are then verified with frequency stability assessments to quantify any changes in system performance. It has been demonstrated that while generally beneficial, utilization of DSR does not always improve system performance. Factors such as changes in plant dispatch (largest in-feed contingency can be greater) and flexible demand resource variability have been shown to limit the benefits of DSR under certain conditions. Actual activation of DSR for POR is also shown to compromise network integrity in some cases. All results are demonstrated using the Irish power system.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126274916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-14DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028746
T. van der Klauw, Marco E. T. Gerards, G. Smit, J. Hurink
The increasing penetration of electrical vehicles and plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles is causing an increasing load upon our residential distribution network. However, the charging of these vehicles is often shiftable in time to off-peak hours due to long parking times at a fixed location during the night. This implies that these vehicles offer great potential for use in demand side management. For scalability reasons, demand side management methodologies often apply steering signals to control appliances. These steering signals are used locally to generate a schedule for these appliances. In this paper we consider the problem of generating an optimal schedule for electrical vehicles based upon two types of steering signals; time-varying prices and a target profile. The local objective, to be minimized at the appliance side, is a weighted sum of the consumption cost implied by the prices and the squared deviation from the target profile. We show that, using the structure of the problem, an efficient algorithm of time complexity O(n log n) can be derived to solve the minimization problem to optimality. We implemented the algorithm in Matlab and tested it against a traditional convex optimization solver to verify its validity and efficiency. The resulting algorithm outperformed the convex solver by roughly four orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the very low computational time of the algorithm implies that it is suitable for being implemented on a low-cost local controller within a household or EV charging station.
{"title":"Optimal scheduling of electrical vehicle charging under two types of steering signals","authors":"T. van der Klauw, Marco E. T. Gerards, G. Smit, J. Hurink","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028746","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing penetration of electrical vehicles and plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles is causing an increasing load upon our residential distribution network. However, the charging of these vehicles is often shiftable in time to off-peak hours due to long parking times at a fixed location during the night. This implies that these vehicles offer great potential for use in demand side management. For scalability reasons, demand side management methodologies often apply steering signals to control appliances. These steering signals are used locally to generate a schedule for these appliances. In this paper we consider the problem of generating an optimal schedule for electrical vehicles based upon two types of steering signals; time-varying prices and a target profile. The local objective, to be minimized at the appliance side, is a weighted sum of the consumption cost implied by the prices and the squared deviation from the target profile. We show that, using the structure of the problem, an efficient algorithm of time complexity O(n log n) can be derived to solve the minimization problem to optimality. We implemented the algorithm in Matlab and tested it against a traditional convex optimization solver to verify its validity and efficiency. The resulting algorithm outperformed the convex solver by roughly four orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the very low computational time of the algorithm implies that it is suitable for being implemented on a low-cost local controller within a household or EV charging station.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130457870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-14DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028973
Gerwin Hoogsteen, A. Molderink, J. Hurink, G. Smit
Increasing electrification will push low-voltage networks to the limits of their capacity and imposes serious threats to the supplied power quality (PQ). Demand side management (DSM) is often seen as a promising solution. In this paper we exploit network models to improve the performance of DSM on a physical grid by managing energy in both time and space. The TRIANA methodology is used to integrate network topologies. Simulated results show that this approach is promising. With the integration of network models, no PQ violations of the EN-50160 regulations are reported and no network asset is overloaded. The distribution losses are reduced by 26.9% when compared to the approaches where no grid topology is considered. These improvements are achieved without significant load profile flattening performance reductions.
{"title":"Managing energy in time and space in smart grids using TRIANA","authors":"Gerwin Hoogsteen, A. Molderink, J. Hurink, G. Smit","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028973","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing electrification will push low-voltage networks to the limits of their capacity and imposes serious threats to the supplied power quality (PQ). Demand side management (DSM) is often seen as a promising solution. In this paper we exploit network models to improve the performance of DSM on a physical grid by managing energy in both time and space. The TRIANA methodology is used to integrate network topologies. Simulated results show that this approach is promising. With the integration of network models, no PQ violations of the EN-50160 regulations are reported and no network asset is overloaded. The distribution losses are reduced by 26.9% when compared to the approaches where no grid topology is considered. These improvements are achieved without significant load profile flattening performance reductions.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129566058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-12DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028813
R. Huang, J. Pilgrim, P. Lewin, D. Scott, D. Morrice
In recent years, increasing attention has been placed on cable dynamic rating systems in an attempt to increase asset utilization and decrease constraint costs. In this work, the concept of Predicted Cable Rating system is introduced by building day-ahead load prediction into the dynamic rating system to perform day-ahead rating prediction. This allows the cable rating being calculated forward from any point within the next 24 hours. The method is applied to a cable tunnel system to investigate the likely errors in temperature prediction which may arise, with good performance being demonstrated.
{"title":"Use of day-ahead load forecasting for predicted cable rating","authors":"R. Huang, J. Pilgrim, P. Lewin, D. Scott, D. Morrice","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028813","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, increasing attention has been placed on cable dynamic rating systems in an attempt to increase asset utilization and decrease constraint costs. In this work, the concept of Predicted Cable Rating system is introduced by building day-ahead load prediction into the dynamic rating system to perform day-ahead rating prediction. This allows the cable rating being calculated forward from any point within the next 24 hours. The method is applied to a cable tunnel system to investigate the likely errors in temperature prediction which may arise, with good performance being demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129524229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-12DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028856
Uchechi Obinna, A. Reinders, P. Joore, L. Wauben
The transition of the electricity system to smart grids requires residential end-users to be more involved in managing energy demand and supply. New innovative products and services could help to support end-users to play a more active role in the management of the future electric power system. This paper evaluates the role of Industrial Design Methods (IDMs) in the development of new innovative smart grid related product concepts at the household level. Based on students' design projects, carried out within a master study programme, various IDMs were systematically utilized to develop new innovative products for smart grid households. Our study shows that five IDMs, namely: platform-driven product development, delft innovation model, theory of inventive problem solving, technology roadmapping, and innovative design and styling were mainly applied in the development of the conceptual products. This study shows that a thorough and careful application of various IDMs helped to develop inspiring potential smart grids product concepts that could support end-users at the household level to gain more insight into their energy use, and contribute to balancing energy demand and supply. These concepts include various in-home displays, smart plugs, and smart wall sockets. The resulting product concepts are presented in this paper. We conclude that the systematic use of various IDMs helped to identify and incorporate various technological, societal, market, and end-user aspects necessary for creating innovative smart grid related products that meet end-user and future market expectations.
{"title":"A design-driven approach for developing new products for smart grid households","authors":"Uchechi Obinna, A. Reinders, P. Joore, L. Wauben","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028856","url":null,"abstract":"The transition of the electricity system to smart grids requires residential end-users to be more involved in managing energy demand and supply. New innovative products and services could help to support end-users to play a more active role in the management of the future electric power system. This paper evaluates the role of Industrial Design Methods (IDMs) in the development of new innovative smart grid related product concepts at the household level. Based on students' design projects, carried out within a master study programme, various IDMs were systematically utilized to develop new innovative products for smart grid households. Our study shows that five IDMs, namely: platform-driven product development, delft innovation model, theory of inventive problem solving, technology roadmapping, and innovative design and styling were mainly applied in the development of the conceptual products. This study shows that a thorough and careful application of various IDMs helped to develop inspiring potential smart grids product concepts that could support end-users at the household level to gain more insight into their energy use, and contribute to balancing energy demand and supply. These concepts include various in-home displays, smart plugs, and smart wall sockets. The resulting product concepts are presented in this paper. We conclude that the systematic use of various IDMs helped to identify and incorporate various technological, societal, market, and end-user aspects necessary for creating innovative smart grid related products that meet end-user and future market expectations.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115237842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-12DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028777
L. Gomes, F. Fernandes, P. Faria, M. Silva, Z. Vale, C. Ramos
Recent changes of paradigm in power systems opened the opportunity to the active participation of new players. The small and medium players gain new opportunities while participating in demand response programs. This paper explores the optimal resources scheduling in two distinct levels. First, the network operator facing large wind power variations makes use of real time pricing to induce consumers to meet wind power variations. Then, at the consumer level, each load is managed according to the consumer preferences. The two-level resources schedule has been implemented in a real-time simulation platform, which uses hardware for consumer' loads control. The illustrative example includes a situation of large lack of wind power and focuses on a consumer with 18 loads.
{"title":"Real-time simulation of real-time pricing demand response to meet wind variations","authors":"L. Gomes, F. Fernandes, P. Faria, M. Silva, Z. Vale, C. Ramos","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028777","url":null,"abstract":"Recent changes of paradigm in power systems opened the opportunity to the active participation of new players. The small and medium players gain new opportunities while participating in demand response programs. This paper explores the optimal resources scheduling in two distinct levels. First, the network operator facing large wind power variations makes use of real time pricing to induce consumers to meet wind power variations. Then, at the consumer level, each load is managed according to the consumer preferences. The two-level resources schedule has been implemented in a real-time simulation platform, which uses hardware for consumer' loads control. The illustrative example includes a situation of large lack of wind power and focuses on a consumer with 18 loads.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126193142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028867
Y. F. Du, L. Jiang, Y. Bi, Y. Li
In this paper, we propose an approach for demand side energy scheduling to reduce residential users' energy cost by smoothing the energy consumption. The energy consumption of each residential user is smoothed in time horizon to reach the goal that the energy consumption of a large number of users is smoothed as well. Both the energy cost and peak-to-average ratio are reduced through our proposed approach. Meanwhile, users do not need to reveal their energy consumption schedules to others and can maintain privacy. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the energy consumption scheduling from demand side.
{"title":"Smooth energy consumption for demand side scheduling using heuristic optimization","authors":"Y. F. Du, L. Jiang, Y. Bi, Y. Li","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028867","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose an approach for demand side energy scheduling to reduce residential users' energy cost by smoothing the energy consumption. The energy consumption of each residential user is smoothed in time horizon to reach the goal that the energy consumption of a large number of users is smoothed as well. Both the energy cost and peak-to-average ratio are reduced through our proposed approach. Meanwhile, users do not need to reveal their energy consumption schedules to others and can maintain privacy. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the energy consumption scheduling from demand side.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114996925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028905
B. A. Siddiqui, P. Pakonen, P. Verho
According to Finnish legislation, at least 80% of the energy meters had to be remotely readable and provide hourly based data by the end of 2013. The expansion of AMR system has certainly set higher demand for the reliability of the communication link when hundreds of meters establish communication link with data concentrator. This paper discusses the architecture of different Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems and gives some insight to the level of conducted disturbances which may cause PLC communication problems in commonly used AMR systems. It also proposes potential solutions to overcome the PLC communication problems. On-site measurements have been carried out to study the behavior of different system in real networks with various electronic loads. The results indicate that large number of PLC links failed to operate in the field due to the high frequency noise generated by electronic loads at frequencies close to the PLC carrier frequency. The presence of high frequency disturbances in the PLC frequency range caused by customer loads obstructed the communication of AMR systems which is a matter of concern for DNOs.
{"title":"Experience of communication problems in PLC-based AMR systems in Finland","authors":"B. A. Siddiqui, P. Pakonen, P. Verho","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028905","url":null,"abstract":"According to Finnish legislation, at least 80% of the energy meters had to be remotely readable and provide hourly based data by the end of 2013. The expansion of AMR system has certainly set higher demand for the reliability of the communication link when hundreds of meters establish communication link with data concentrator. This paper discusses the architecture of different Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems and gives some insight to the level of conducted disturbances which may cause PLC communication problems in commonly used AMR systems. It also proposes potential solutions to overcome the PLC communication problems. On-site measurements have been carried out to study the behavior of different system in real networks with various electronic loads. The results indicate that large number of PLC links failed to operate in the field due to the high frequency noise generated by electronic loads at frequencies close to the PLC carrier frequency. The presence of high frequency disturbances in the PLC frequency range caused by customer loads obstructed the communication of AMR systems which is a matter of concern for DNOs.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117051313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028931
L. Daniels, B. Potter, P. Coker
Replacement, expansion and upgrading of assets in the electricity network represents financial investment for the distribution utilities. Network Investment Deferral (NID) is a well discussed benefit of wider adoption of Distributed Generation (DG). There have been many attempts to quantify and evaluate the financial benefit for the distribution utilities. While the carbon benefits of NID are commonly mentioned, there is little attempt to quantify these impacts. This paper explores the quantitative methods previously used to evaluate financial benefits in order to discuss the carbon impacts. These carbon impacts are important for companies owning DG equipment for internal reporting and emissions reductions ambitions. Currently, a GB wide approach is taken as a means for discussing more regional and local methods to be used in future work. By investigating these principles, the paper offers a novel approach to quantifying carbon emissions from various DG technologies.
{"title":"Exploring methods to evaluate the carbon impact of network investment deferral","authors":"L. Daniels, B. Potter, P. Coker","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028931","url":null,"abstract":"Replacement, expansion and upgrading of assets in the electricity network represents financial investment for the distribution utilities. Network Investment Deferral (NID) is a well discussed benefit of wider adoption of Distributed Generation (DG). There have been many attempts to quantify and evaluate the financial benefit for the distribution utilities. While the carbon benefits of NID are commonly mentioned, there is little attempt to quantify these impacts. This paper explores the quantitative methods previously used to evaluate financial benefits in order to discuss the carbon impacts. These carbon impacts are important for companies owning DG equipment for internal reporting and emissions reductions ambitions. Currently, a GB wide approach is taken as a means for discussing more regional and local methods to be used in future work. By investigating these principles, the paper offers a novel approach to quantifying carbon emissions from various DG technologies.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117182886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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