Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904260
Obaid-ur-Rehman, Rana Ahmad Faraz Ishaq, Syed Roshaan Ali Shah, Y. Shabbir
Early detection of the onset of disease in crops allows for more timely and more effective management. Often it is too late to treat diseases once the clinical symptoms are visible to the human eye. To this end, there is great potential to use sensors operating in the infra-red and thermal bands (outside our visible range) to detect diseases before they become visible. Vegetative indices based on near-infrared reflectance responses are often used for this. However, vigor is a delayed response to plant function. The rate of transpiration is a more immediate indicator of plant function and health. Estimations of daily ET rates from thermal satellite imagery have been shown in several studies. The general process-based physical surface energy balance (SEBS) method used was adapted and applied for the first time to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) collected thermal and RGB imagery using off-the-shelf low cost camera. On-site COSMOS-UK weather station data were used for meteorological inputs. The ILWIS2 Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) was used for the daily ET modeling. The daily wheat and barley ET measurements for early May and June 2015 were similar to values obtained from Landsat imagery over nearby cereal fields and closer to the Penman-Monteith calculations for the survey days. This indicates promising transformation from satellite to UAV imagery for estimating ET. Varied spatial patterns were visible in the imagery corresponding to environmental (soil), variety and treatment (fungicide) differences. Barley exhibited little disease pressure at any stage of the season. Disease pressure was not visible at mid-late season (early May) in wheat, but susceptible varieties had visible late season rust infections. ET was a better discriminator of non-visible infections in May than NDVI. Further, studies are required to further validate this proof of concept.
{"title":"UAV Assessment of Crop Evapo-transpiration Dynamics in Winter Wheat and Barley under Varying Pressures of Fungal Diseases","authors":"Obaid-ur-Rehman, Rana Ahmad Faraz Ishaq, Syed Roshaan Ali Shah, Y. Shabbir","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904260","url":null,"abstract":"Early detection of the onset of disease in crops allows for more timely and more effective management. Often it is too late to treat diseases once the clinical symptoms are visible to the human eye. To this end, there is great potential to use sensors operating in the infra-red and thermal bands (outside our visible range) to detect diseases before they become visible. Vegetative indices based on near-infrared reflectance responses are often used for this. However, vigor is a delayed response to plant function. The rate of transpiration is a more immediate indicator of plant function and health. Estimations of daily ET rates from thermal satellite imagery have been shown in several studies. The general process-based physical surface energy balance (SEBS) method used was adapted and applied for the first time to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) collected thermal and RGB imagery using off-the-shelf low cost camera. On-site COSMOS-UK weather station data were used for meteorological inputs. The ILWIS2 Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) was used for the daily ET modeling. The daily wheat and barley ET measurements for early May and June 2015 were similar to values obtained from Landsat imagery over nearby cereal fields and closer to the Penman-Monteith calculations for the survey days. This indicates promising transformation from satellite to UAV imagery for estimating ET. Varied spatial patterns were visible in the imagery corresponding to environmental (soil), variety and treatment (fungicide) differences. Barley exhibited little disease pressure at any stage of the season. Disease pressure was not visible at mid-late season (early May) in wheat, but susceptible varieties had visible late season rust infections. ET was a better discriminator of non-visible infections in May than NDVI. Further, studies are required to further validate this proof of concept.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117277307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904116
Maria Mehmood, Usama Ahmed, N. A. Naqvi
GNSS signals are severely affected by the ionosphere layer and accurate assessment of the ionosphere delay is necessary for accurate positioning. In return, the GNSS technology may be used to estimate the total electron content (TEC) parameter in the ionosphere that can provide insight to space weather. Various organizations provide global TEC maps based on empirical data that can be used to assess the local TEC. For regions with no GNSS/GPS stations (such as for Pakistan), the GNSS users must only rely on these international models. Reliability of two such global models: International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)-2016 and Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM) by International GNSS Service (IGS), was assessed over Islamabad region. The local GPS TEC was measured for one month using a dual frequency GPS receiver installed at Islamabad as a reference. Analysis revealed that: (1) GIM overestimates the TEC whereas IRI-2016 underestimates it. In absence of local GNSS data, (2) IRI-2016 correlates better to actual TEC as compared to GIM. It was therefore concluded that in absence of local GPS –TEC, IRI-2016 is a better option to measure TEC at Islamabad.
{"title":"Performance Analysis of Global Ionosphere/TEC Models Over Islamabad","authors":"Maria Mehmood, Usama Ahmed, N. A. Naqvi","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904116","url":null,"abstract":"GNSS signals are severely affected by the ionosphere layer and accurate assessment of the ionosphere delay is necessary for accurate positioning. In return, the GNSS technology may be used to estimate the total electron content (TEC) parameter in the ionosphere that can provide insight to space weather. Various organizations provide global TEC maps based on empirical data that can be used to assess the local TEC. For regions with no GNSS/GPS stations (such as for Pakistan), the GNSS users must only rely on these international models. Reliability of two such global models: International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)-2016 and Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM) by International GNSS Service (IGS), was assessed over Islamabad region. The local GPS TEC was measured for one month using a dual frequency GPS receiver installed at Islamabad as a reference. Analysis revealed that: (1) GIM overestimates the TEC whereas IRI-2016 underestimates it. In absence of local GNSS data, (2) IRI-2016 correlates better to actual TEC as compared to GIM. It was therefore concluded that in absence of local GPS –TEC, IRI-2016 is a better option to measure TEC at Islamabad.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127046525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904168
R. Filjar
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) resilience against adverse space weather effects has become the major research topic, as satellite navigation evolves to an essential component of national infrastructure, and the enabling technology of a growing number of technology and socio-economic applications (systems and services). Ionospheric effects have been identified as the prime single cause of the GNSS positioning performance degradation, thus placing mitigation of the ionospheric effects on the GNSS positioning performance into focus of research worldwide. Classification of scenarios of ionospheric disturbances provides an essential framework for development of the GNSS ionospheric effects prediction model. Conventional approach involves experimental and atmospheric-physics-based classification approaches, which frequently fail in reflection to the GNSS positioning performance sustainability. Here the results of the analysis of the GPS pseudo-range-derived Total Electron Content (TEC) times series, taken in selected recent cases of the short-term and rapidly developing geomagnetic storms, are presented. Particular scenarios are selected for their impact on GNSS positioning performance, their nature, and the risk of not being taken into account by existing generalised global models for GNSS ionospheric effects correction. The research identifies similarities and diversities in time series characterisation. As the inference and conclusion, a set of the time series characterisation indices is proposed as the classification elements for the purpose of the scenario identification, and development and application of the most suitable experimental statistical learning GNSS ionospheric effects prediction models. The proposed classification approach may replace the conventional classification methods, such as the NOAA Space Weather Scales, allowing for development of adaptive, and more accurate and direct GNSS ionospheric effects prediction models.
{"title":"A Contribution to Short-Term Rapidly Developing Geomagnetic Storm Classification for GNSS Ionosphere Effects Mitigation Model Development","authors":"R. Filjar","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904168","url":null,"abstract":"The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) resilience against adverse space weather effects has become the major research topic, as satellite navigation evolves to an essential component of national infrastructure, and the enabling technology of a growing number of technology and socio-economic applications (systems and services). Ionospheric effects have been identified as the prime single cause of the GNSS positioning performance degradation, thus placing mitigation of the ionospheric effects on the GNSS positioning performance into focus of research worldwide. Classification of scenarios of ionospheric disturbances provides an essential framework for development of the GNSS ionospheric effects prediction model. Conventional approach involves experimental and atmospheric-physics-based classification approaches, which frequently fail in reflection to the GNSS positioning performance sustainability. Here the results of the analysis of the GPS pseudo-range-derived Total Electron Content (TEC) times series, taken in selected recent cases of the short-term and rapidly developing geomagnetic storms, are presented. Particular scenarios are selected for their impact on GNSS positioning performance, their nature, and the risk of not being taken into account by existing generalised global models for GNSS ionospheric effects correction. The research identifies similarities and diversities in time series characterisation. As the inference and conclusion, a set of the time series characterisation indices is proposed as the classification elements for the purpose of the scenario identification, and development and application of the most suitable experimental statistical learning GNSS ionospheric effects prediction models. The proposed classification approach may replace the conventional classification methods, such as the NOAA Space Weather Scales, allowing for development of adaptive, and more accurate and direct GNSS ionospheric effects prediction models.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129931599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904231
Obeid Muhammad Usmani, Syed Irtiza Ali Shah
In this research modeling, design and analysis of a submarine propeller shaft will be performed using theories of vibrations, the computer software will be used for this purpose mathematical simulations will also be done to verify the results obtained from the software. Vibration Analysis of a three Bladed Propeller Shaft for a Carrier has been discussed in the literature, but not much work has been done till now on the vibrational response of a submarine propeller shaft. The dynamic excitation of the propeller shaft is usually transmitted to the rest of the submarine. Some submarines are subjected to intense levels of vibrations throughout their service additionally silent submarines have become a potent invention, which produces less noise at high speeds however higher vibration results in more noise-reducing the stealth characteristics of the submarines, in this research the propeller shaft will be modeled in such a way that the system vibrations are minimum hence increasing the life of the submarine, reducing the noise and increasing the stealth characteristics of the submarine, this analyses will be done by using theories of vibrations used finite element methods for modelling and analysis. The expected results from the analysis contain the least vibrations, produced by the propeller shaft of the submarine reducing the overall noise. Furthermore, their result help in the development of a system that besides increases the maneuverability of the submarine. We are able to successfully determine the vibration present in the system, and the approach on how to reduce them.
{"title":"Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Submarine Propeller Shaft","authors":"Obeid Muhammad Usmani, Syed Irtiza Ali Shah","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904231","url":null,"abstract":"In this research modeling, design and analysis of a submarine propeller shaft will be performed using theories of vibrations, the computer software will be used for this purpose mathematical simulations will also be done to verify the results obtained from the software. Vibration Analysis of a three Bladed Propeller Shaft for a Carrier has been discussed in the literature, but not much work has been done till now on the vibrational response of a submarine propeller shaft. The dynamic excitation of the propeller shaft is usually transmitted to the rest of the submarine. Some submarines are subjected to intense levels of vibrations throughout their service additionally silent submarines have become a potent invention, which produces less noise at high speeds however higher vibration results in more noise-reducing the stealth characteristics of the submarines, in this research the propeller shaft will be modeled in such a way that the system vibrations are minimum hence increasing the life of the submarine, reducing the noise and increasing the stealth characteristics of the submarine, this analyses will be done by using theories of vibrations used finite element methods for modelling and analysis. The expected results from the analysis contain the least vibrations, produced by the propeller shaft of the submarine reducing the overall noise. Furthermore, their result help in the development of a system that besides increases the maneuverability of the submarine. We are able to successfully determine the vibration present in the system, and the approach on how to reduce them.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121440409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904047
H. Khan, Aamir Ali, Yusha Anis
A phenomenon that brings about abnormal rise in the sea level is referred as storm surge generated as a result of tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclone are low pressure systems which are often very powerful and intense causing serious damages by producing destructive winds, surges and heavy rainfall. Over the past decades, North Indian Ocean has been subjected to the catastrophe of tropical cyclones leading to massive economic and human losses. The coastal zones of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Oman are consistently affected by storm surges. Although Arabian Sea is potential region for cyclones, but the frequency of cyclones is occasional and mostly during the monsoon and post monsoon season. A number of tropical cyclones dating back to 100 years have struck Pakistan’s coastal areas in the years 1895, 1902, 1907, 1948, 1964, 1985, 1999, 2001, 2007, and 2010. In view of rapid recurrences of cyclones in past few years this study aims to carry out probabilistic assessment of tropical cyclone hazard to estimate the return periods for surge heights for the province of Sindh. The CAPRA ERN-Hurricane model simulate surge heights along the shoreline for provided historic cyclone tracks from IBTrACS v04r00 and employing topography, bathymetry, wind exposure and soil roughness as other input parameters for the model. Furthermore, the frequency analysis by Gumbel method has been adopted in the study to estimate surge heights for 25, 100 and 500 years return periods. ERN Hurricane model estimates highest surge value of 0.6385 m for tropical cyclone 02A 1999. Second highest surge value in historic cyclone is 0.6067 m, which corresponds to tropical cyclone Phet 2010. While frequency analysis estimates maximum surge value of 0.5905 m, 0.7352 m, 0.9041 m for 25, 100 and 500 year return periods respectively. Storm surge hazard data is utilized in making hazard maps illustrating the intensities and inundation of cyclone over return periods. The data and maps from this study can contribute in planning and developing suitable strategies to mitigate loss for areas at potential risk.
{"title":"Probabilistic Assessment of Storm Surge Hazard along Coastal Regions of Sindh Province, Pakistan","authors":"H. Khan, Aamir Ali, Yusha Anis","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904047","url":null,"abstract":"A phenomenon that brings about abnormal rise in the sea level is referred as storm surge generated as a result of tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclone are low pressure systems which are often very powerful and intense causing serious damages by producing destructive winds, surges and heavy rainfall. Over the past decades, North Indian Ocean has been subjected to the catastrophe of tropical cyclones leading to massive economic and human losses. The coastal zones of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Oman are consistently affected by storm surges. Although Arabian Sea is potential region for cyclones, but the frequency of cyclones is occasional and mostly during the monsoon and post monsoon season. A number of tropical cyclones dating back to 100 years have struck Pakistan’s coastal areas in the years 1895, 1902, 1907, 1948, 1964, 1985, 1999, 2001, 2007, and 2010. In view of rapid recurrences of cyclones in past few years this study aims to carry out probabilistic assessment of tropical cyclone hazard to estimate the return periods for surge heights for the province of Sindh. The CAPRA ERN-Hurricane model simulate surge heights along the shoreline for provided historic cyclone tracks from IBTrACS v04r00 and employing topography, bathymetry, wind exposure and soil roughness as other input parameters for the model. Furthermore, the frequency analysis by Gumbel method has been adopted in the study to estimate surge heights for 25, 100 and 500 years return periods. ERN Hurricane model estimates highest surge value of 0.6385 m for tropical cyclone 02A 1999. Second highest surge value in historic cyclone is 0.6067 m, which corresponds to tropical cyclone Phet 2010. While frequency analysis estimates maximum surge value of 0.5905 m, 0.7352 m, 0.9041 m for 25, 100 and 500 year return periods respectively. Storm surge hazard data is utilized in making hazard maps illustrating the intensities and inundation of cyclone over return periods. The data and maps from this study can contribute in planning and developing suitable strategies to mitigate loss for areas at potential risk.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130325830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904142
Jabir Shabbir Malik
A comprehensive analysis is performed for the estimation of zenith troposphere delay (ZTD) and zenith wet delay (ZWD) from combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning (PPP) method. For this purpose, experiment is conducted from the dataset collected during winter and summer seasons from International GNSS service (IGS) stations at low, equator and high latitude areas. Results demonstrate that ZWD for the stations at higher latitude during winter and summer season is within 0.05 – 0.08 m and 0.14 – 0.17 m, respectively. While, estimates of ZWD for the stations at low region is within 0.12 – 0.15 m and 0.06 – 0.09 m for the winter and summer seasons, respectively. Furthermore, central regions have relative similar ZWD estimates during two different seasons. Additionally, ZTD estimates compare with respect to the corresponding IGS tropospheric delay ground values. Results demonstrate that estimates of ZTD at the equator has quiet similar trend during two seasons. While, at very high and very low latitude, large variation of ZTD is obtained.
{"title":"Analysis and Estimation of Zenith Wet Delay and Zenith Tropospheric Total Delay at Earth’s different Geographical Areas","authors":"Jabir Shabbir Malik","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904142","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive analysis is performed for the estimation of zenith troposphere delay (ZTD) and zenith wet delay (ZWD) from combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning (PPP) method. For this purpose, experiment is conducted from the dataset collected during winter and summer seasons from International GNSS service (IGS) stations at low, equator and high latitude areas. Results demonstrate that ZWD for the stations at higher latitude during winter and summer season is within 0.05 – 0.08 m and 0.14 – 0.17 m, respectively. While, estimates of ZWD for the stations at low region is within 0.12 – 0.15 m and 0.06 – 0.09 m for the winter and summer seasons, respectively. Furthermore, central regions have relative similar ZWD estimates during two different seasons. Additionally, ZTD estimates compare with respect to the corresponding IGS tropospheric delay ground values. Results demonstrate that estimates of ZTD at the equator has quiet similar trend during two seasons. While, at very high and very low latitude, large variation of ZTD is obtained.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128064300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904209
Asim Mehmood, Gohar Majeed, K. Mehmood, Muhammad Adeel Khan
Among the major components for any Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) landing gear is of significant importance, as it performs the function of supporting weight, shock-absorbing structure, taxiing, and providing stable ground support during the nonoperational period, Takeoff and at the most critical phase of Landing. This study presents the Conceptual Design, Preliminary Structure Design, Sizing and Stress Analysis, Finite Element Analysis for Medium Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (MALE UCAV) adhering to the C-23 Certificate Specification. The MALE UCAV design was carried out by different groups and this study is a part of that program. The conceptual design was carried out by fulfilling the preset constraints of Main Landing Gear weight, its height, and location. Tri-cycle layout configuration was selected and geometric parameters such as Wheel track and Wheel base and other parameters were worked out. A detailed study of all the possible loading conditions was conducted and the most critical and maximum loads were selected for sizing and stress analysis. Two candidate materials were selected and based on the Normal stress and Shear stress criteria, simultaneously sizing and stress analysis was carried out leading to the desirable design of the Main Landing Gear strut. Finite Element Analysis was performed on the designed Landing Gear for three models and the design fulfilling our requirements was selected.
{"title":"Main Landing Gear Conceptual Design and Analysis for M.A.L.E U.C.A.V","authors":"Asim Mehmood, Gohar Majeed, K. Mehmood, Muhammad Adeel Khan","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904209","url":null,"abstract":"Among the major components for any Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) landing gear is of significant importance, as it performs the function of supporting weight, shock-absorbing structure, taxiing, and providing stable ground support during the nonoperational period, Takeoff and at the most critical phase of Landing. This study presents the Conceptual Design, Preliminary Structure Design, Sizing and Stress Analysis, Finite Element Analysis for Medium Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (MALE UCAV) adhering to the C-23 Certificate Specification. The MALE UCAV design was carried out by different groups and this study is a part of that program. The conceptual design was carried out by fulfilling the preset constraints of Main Landing Gear weight, its height, and location. Tri-cycle layout configuration was selected and geometric parameters such as Wheel track and Wheel base and other parameters were worked out. A detailed study of all the possible loading conditions was conducted and the most critical and maximum loads were selected for sizing and stress analysis. Two candidate materials were selected and based on the Normal stress and Shear stress criteria, simultaneously sizing and stress analysis was carried out leading to the desirable design of the Main Landing Gear strut. Finite Element Analysis was performed on the designed Landing Gear for three models and the design fulfilling our requirements was selected.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121361950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904210
Atta Ullah, Sami Ullah, Faisal Khalid, Munawar Zeb
Estimating and detecting changes in forest coverage and land-use land-cover (LULC) change due to human and natural sources is critical for long-term management. In the assessment, planning, and monitoring of forest resources, geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) play a critical role. This study used multi - temporal Landsat satellite images to assess changes in forests and other LULC along the Indus River’s Bindi Dheraja Sukkar in southern Pakistan. Forest and other LULC were classified using multitemporal Landsat data obtained during the years 2008, 2012, 2014, and 2017. In addition, from the classed maps of 2008 and 2017, forest cover and other LULC change detection maps were created. Ground sample locations and high-resolution Google Earth images were used to verify the final maps. According to the findings, forest area reduced by 17.18 percent with a yearly decline rate of 1.72 percent from 2008 to 2017, whereas agriculture land rose by 26.4 percent with a yearly growth rate of 2.6 percent. With a yearly drop rate of 0.48 percent, the area of water bodies and barren land declined by 4.85 percent and 4.81 percent, respectively. These findings will help with long-term planning and monitoring of the region’s forest resources, and they may be used by local, regional, and national forest authorities in the context of riverine forest management.
{"title":"Time Series Analysis of Bindi Dheraja Riverine Forest of Sukkar, Sindh, Pakistan using Remote Sensing","authors":"Atta Ullah, Sami Ullah, Faisal Khalid, Munawar Zeb","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904210","url":null,"abstract":"Estimating and detecting changes in forest coverage and land-use land-cover (LULC) change due to human and natural sources is critical for long-term management. In the assessment, planning, and monitoring of forest resources, geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) play a critical role. This study used multi - temporal Landsat satellite images to assess changes in forests and other LULC along the Indus River’s Bindi Dheraja Sukkar in southern Pakistan. Forest and other LULC were classified using multitemporal Landsat data obtained during the years 2008, 2012, 2014, and 2017. In addition, from the classed maps of 2008 and 2017, forest cover and other LULC change detection maps were created. Ground sample locations and high-resolution Google Earth images were used to verify the final maps. According to the findings, forest area reduced by 17.18 percent with a yearly decline rate of 1.72 percent from 2008 to 2017, whereas agriculture land rose by 26.4 percent with a yearly growth rate of 2.6 percent. With a yearly drop rate of 0.48 percent, the area of water bodies and barren land declined by 4.85 percent and 4.81 percent, respectively. These findings will help with long-term planning and monitoring of the region’s forest resources, and they may be used by local, regional, and national forest authorities in the context of riverine forest management.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128373253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904256
Abdul Rahim Tajammal, M. Habib
During the recent years, there has been an increase in the potential use of UAVs all engineering domains such as commercial photography, aerial reconnaissance, payload delivery, etc. UAVs/Quadcopters are generally designed to operate in known and stable environmental conditions where environment dynamics are well known or can be easily linearized. But most practical problems contain unknown or non-linear dynamics of the system or the environment. Machine Learning (ML) provides the techniques for using intelligent control systems that can perform desired tasks in such unknown conditions. This paper provides a framework using a Machine Learning algorithm to enable UAV navigation in such environments through the implementation of an intelligent reinforcement learning controller. Research started with detailed mathematical modelling of a quadcopter, based on the Newton-Euler equations of forces and moments, later quadcopter model was employed with PID controller as well as ML controller. A conventional PID controller was used to find the linearized response of the quadcopter. The results obtained by both controllers were then compared using 6 DoF simulations. Furthermore, the quadcopter is made to follow certain trajectories to determine the accuracy of the ML controller.
{"title":"Autonomous Control of a Quadcopter using Machine Learning Algorithm","authors":"Abdul Rahim Tajammal, M. Habib","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904256","url":null,"abstract":"During the recent years, there has been an increase in the potential use of UAVs all engineering domains such as commercial photography, aerial reconnaissance, payload delivery, etc. UAVs/Quadcopters are generally designed to operate in known and stable environmental conditions where environment dynamics are well known or can be easily linearized. But most practical problems contain unknown or non-linear dynamics of the system or the environment. Machine Learning (ML) provides the techniques for using intelligent control systems that can perform desired tasks in such unknown conditions. This paper provides a framework using a Machine Learning algorithm to enable UAV navigation in such environments through the implementation of an intelligent reinforcement learning controller. Research started with detailed mathematical modelling of a quadcopter, based on the Newton-Euler equations of forces and moments, later quadcopter model was employed with PID controller as well as ML controller. A conventional PID controller was used to find the linearized response of the quadcopter. The results obtained by both controllers were then compared using 6 DoF simulations. Furthermore, the quadcopter is made to follow certain trajectories to determine the accuracy of the ML controller.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133887467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904279
Muhammad Ihtisham Babar, Ali Abbas Kapadia, Waseeq Siddiqui
This paper presents a detailed description of a flight stability and control system, along with the original and improved lateral response of large aircraft in crosswind as experienced during landing. A robust state-dependent non-linear dynamic system is designed and used in the proposed approach to improve aircraft stability in crosswind disturbances. Furthermore, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed system, two large aircraft, the Boeing 747 and the Galaxy C-5, are used as a baseline, as both are widely used in the aviation industry. The response of the non-linear Dynamic Inversion is also demonstrated for varying crosswind behavior and magnitudes. Another benefit of the Non-Linear Dynamic Inversion control system is in the creation of an autopilot system which is achieved through non-zero state tracking for an aircraft. It is concluded that by incorporating the designed robust Non-Linear Dynamic Inversion, as a stability and control system for both these aircraft, an improved aircraft response and behavior of control surfaces can be obtained.
{"title":"Robust Non-Linear Dynamic Inversion Control System to Improve Stability of Large Aircraft in Crosswind","authors":"Muhammad Ihtisham Babar, Ali Abbas Kapadia, Waseeq Siddiqui","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904279","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a detailed description of a flight stability and control system, along with the original and improved lateral response of large aircraft in crosswind as experienced during landing. A robust state-dependent non-linear dynamic system is designed and used in the proposed approach to improve aircraft stability in crosswind disturbances. Furthermore, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed system, two large aircraft, the Boeing 747 and the Galaxy C-5, are used as a baseline, as both are widely used in the aviation industry. The response of the non-linear Dynamic Inversion is also demonstrated for varying crosswind behavior and magnitudes. Another benefit of the Non-Linear Dynamic Inversion control system is in the creation of an autopilot system which is achieved through non-zero state tracking for an aircraft. It is concluded that by incorporating the designed robust Non-Linear Dynamic Inversion, as a stability and control system for both these aircraft, an improved aircraft response and behavior of control surfaces can be obtained.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128014175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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