Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904128
Zarrar Haider, M. M. Zohaib, H. H. Mahmood, M. Pirzada
In recent unmanned air vehicle technologies, flapping wing ornithopter have become interest of commercial companies and researchers of many top ranked firms working on robotics due to agility, propulsive efficiency and capability of flying at low speed with low noise at high speed. Flapping wing air vehicles, due to their key utilization in military, commercial purposes like spying, surveillance, smart search operations and scaring the birds away from the airports, are being explored and advancement is being done in many research firms and control systems lab. In this paper, control system mathematical model. which includes the height, yaw, roll and pitch equations has been developed. Nonlinear equations, linearization and control system matrix formation has been included in the research. In order to apply the control system algorithm practically on the ornithopter, test benches were manufactured and controller were applied for stabilization of the flapping wing unmanned air vehicle. Algorithms and hardware controlling the flapping wing air vehicle are encompassed in this research with high end ground control station developed in LabVIEW software.
{"title":"Control System Mathematical Model Design of Ornithopter Flapping Wing Unmanned Air Vehicle for Agile Performance","authors":"Zarrar Haider, M. M. Zohaib, H. H. Mahmood, M. Pirzada","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904128","url":null,"abstract":"In recent unmanned air vehicle technologies, flapping wing ornithopter have become interest of commercial companies and researchers of many top ranked firms working on robotics due to agility, propulsive efficiency and capability of flying at low speed with low noise at high speed. Flapping wing air vehicles, due to their key utilization in military, commercial purposes like spying, surveillance, smart search operations and scaring the birds away from the airports, are being explored and advancement is being done in many research firms and control systems lab. In this paper, control system mathematical model. which includes the height, yaw, roll and pitch equations has been developed. Nonlinear equations, linearization and control system matrix formation has been included in the research. In order to apply the control system algorithm practically on the ornithopter, test benches were manufactured and controller were applied for stabilization of the flapping wing unmanned air vehicle. Algorithms and hardware controlling the flapping wing air vehicle are encompassed in this research with high end ground control station developed in LabVIEW software.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121273388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904217
Syeda Saleha Fatim Ali, Mohammad Sohail, E. Fatima, Anees Ahmad, R. Khan
The quality of groundwater is significant to be appraised in Pakistan as it is the predominant drinking water source in most of the areas. Unfortunately, increased population and unplanned urbanization have made water quality a severe health risk, especially for Lahore metropolitan. Therefore, continuous monitoring of groundwater quality is required to make informed decisions. Hence, this paper aims to determine water quality index for Lahore using data from 512 wells and application of spatial interpolation techniques. These water quality index maps were then compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines to determine at-risk areas. The results indicate that the risk of being affected by hazardous concentrations of physical and chemical parameters (pH, turbidity, TDS, Ca, Mg, Fe, Alkalinity, NO2, CO3, HCO3, E. coli) has increased over the past years. It also shows that several groundwater samples are not suitable for drinking purposes, particularly southwestern Lahore has more contamination due to the higher urbanization rate. Despite the data from 512 wells, there are numerous groundwater wells to be tested in order to determine the magnitude of the problem. Studies like this are important for policy making related to sustainable water management and urban planning.
{"title":"Geospatial Application of Groundwater Quality Index for Lahore Metropolitan, Pakistan: A Retrospective Approach","authors":"Syeda Saleha Fatim Ali, Mohammad Sohail, E. Fatima, Anees Ahmad, R. Khan","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904217","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of groundwater is significant to be appraised in Pakistan as it is the predominant drinking water source in most of the areas. Unfortunately, increased population and unplanned urbanization have made water quality a severe health risk, especially for Lahore metropolitan. Therefore, continuous monitoring of groundwater quality is required to make informed decisions. Hence, this paper aims to determine water quality index for Lahore using data from 512 wells and application of spatial interpolation techniques. These water quality index maps were then compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines to determine at-risk areas. The results indicate that the risk of being affected by hazardous concentrations of physical and chemical parameters (pH, turbidity, TDS, Ca, Mg, Fe, Alkalinity, NO2, CO3, HCO3, E. coli) has increased over the past years. It also shows that several groundwater samples are not suitable for drinking purposes, particularly southwestern Lahore has more contamination due to the higher urbanization rate. Despite the data from 512 wells, there are numerous groundwater wells to be tested in order to determine the magnitude of the problem. Studies like this are important for policy making related to sustainable water management and urban planning.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129077418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904082
Khadeejah Motiwala, S. Sajjad
Relativistic outflows in Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are collimated into jets with narrow angles due to the beaming effect. In simple kinetic models, these jets are composed of relativistic, emitting shells with spherical geometry causing a propagation effect: emission that abruptly stops results in the observed flux decaying with time, rather than immediately ceasing. We study the propagation effect in isolation by generating random, uniform emission from the surface of a static shell. We consider two types of emission profiles: a single pulse of emission and emission that varies sinusoidally with time. The observed profile is seen to be delayed by a time scale that is consistent with the angular spreading time scale found in literature. In particular, we find that the presence of flux variations in the observed profile depends on the size of the emission region relative to the time scale of pulses in the emission profile.
{"title":"Gamma-ray Burst High-latitude Emission: Simulating the Propagation Effect","authors":"Khadeejah Motiwala, S. Sajjad","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904082","url":null,"abstract":"Relativistic outflows in Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are collimated into jets with narrow angles due to the beaming effect. In simple kinetic models, these jets are composed of relativistic, emitting shells with spherical geometry causing a propagation effect: emission that abruptly stops results in the observed flux decaying with time, rather than immediately ceasing. We study the propagation effect in isolation by generating random, uniform emission from the surface of a static shell. We consider two types of emission profiles: a single pulse of emission and emission that varies sinusoidally with time. The observed profile is seen to be delayed by a time scale that is consistent with the angular spreading time scale found in literature. In particular, we find that the presence of flux variations in the observed profile depends on the size of the emission region relative to the time scale of pulses in the emission profile.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115531392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904062
S. Saddam ul Hassan, Q. Zaheer, S. Salamat
In this research work, the aim is to characterize the aero-acoustic signature of multi-copter Unmanned Air Vehicle based on the FW-H acoustic analogy. Characterization of single propeller sound signature and quad-copter’s sound signature has been done, so that the two sound signatures can be compared and generalized characterization for every multi-copter UAV configuration can be formalized. An unstructured grid has been used. The flow is being simulated by using Large Eddy Simulation, and FW-H acoustic analogy is being utilized in the ANSYS Fluent® environment to estimate the acoustics levels at the specified receiver locations. An aero-acoustic signature pattern is recognizable based on a tonal frequency which is a function of Blade Passing Frequency (BPF) and the number of propellers being used on the respective configuration of the multi-copter UAV. Sound pressure varies logarithmically in every direction with distance and shows asymmetrical behavior on a radial plane downstream of the quad-copter, however, the behavior is nearly symmetric for a single propeller
{"title":"Generalised Modelling of Sound Signatures for Characterization of Multi-copter Unmanned Air Vehicles based on Aero-acoustics Measurements and CFD Analysis","authors":"S. Saddam ul Hassan, Q. Zaheer, S. Salamat","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904062","url":null,"abstract":"In this research work, the aim is to characterize the aero-acoustic signature of multi-copter Unmanned Air Vehicle based on the FW-H acoustic analogy. Characterization of single propeller sound signature and quad-copter’s sound signature has been done, so that the two sound signatures can be compared and generalized characterization for every multi-copter UAV configuration can be formalized. An unstructured grid has been used. The flow is being simulated by using Large Eddy Simulation, and FW-H acoustic analogy is being utilized in the ANSYS Fluent® environment to estimate the acoustics levels at the specified receiver locations. An aero-acoustic signature pattern is recognizable based on a tonal frequency which is a function of Blade Passing Frequency (BPF) and the number of propellers being used on the respective configuration of the multi-copter UAV. Sound pressure varies logarithmically in every direction with distance and shows asymmetrical behavior on a radial plane downstream of the quad-copter, however, the behavior is nearly symmetric for a single propeller","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115578489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904139
Sheher Bano, Umbreen Tariq, Syed Wajid Ali Shah
Nowadays, with various technological developments, the energy consumption to production ratio is becoming a severe challenge. Though scientists have already made great strides in this area, using both renewable and nonrenewable sources, the latter has a limitation, of not being enough to fulfill the requirements of existing world needs and also has a significant contribution to Global Warming. For that reason, during the past few years the focus has shifted toward renewable sources. Solar energy is primary source of renewable resources. There is a need for developing methods for utilizing solar energy more effectively and productively, by increasing the absorption amount of solar energy. For this purpose, in this research, a dual-axis solar tracking system accompanied by a sensor; that is capable to follow Sun’s trajectory by automatically changing its orientation has been designed. An Automatic control system that precisely positions the photovoltaic cell panel according to sun orientation for maximizing the efficiency of the system has been designed and implemented. Solar tracking cells produce energy during the daytime in excess amount than required, so in our design, we modulate a system for storing this additional energy for later use. This system is critically important during the night, and under cloudy conditions or storms, where the sun is not producing the required amount of energy. Our main approach is to develop a cost-effective design of a solar tracking system that will efficiently increase the performance of the system with additional benefit of a tracking system requiring low maintenance cost. Another focus is to develop a design, as simple as possible, because complexities in design may ultimately result in reduced life of the system. In the end, efficiency analysis has been done to check whether a solar tracking system with all its complexities is worth it or not. Detailed analysis of tracking system components i.e sensors and actuators is presented, which is to help the selection of the most effective design.
{"title":"Design and Implementation of Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System for Maximizing the Efficiency of Solar Cells","authors":"Sheher Bano, Umbreen Tariq, Syed Wajid Ali Shah","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904139","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, with various technological developments, the energy consumption to production ratio is becoming a severe challenge. Though scientists have already made great strides in this area, using both renewable and nonrenewable sources, the latter has a limitation, of not being enough to fulfill the requirements of existing world needs and also has a significant contribution to Global Warming. For that reason, during the past few years the focus has shifted toward renewable sources. Solar energy is primary source of renewable resources. There is a need for developing methods for utilizing solar energy more effectively and productively, by increasing the absorption amount of solar energy. For this purpose, in this research, a dual-axis solar tracking system accompanied by a sensor; that is capable to follow Sun’s trajectory by automatically changing its orientation has been designed. An Automatic control system that precisely positions the photovoltaic cell panel according to sun orientation for maximizing the efficiency of the system has been designed and implemented. Solar tracking cells produce energy during the daytime in excess amount than required, so in our design, we modulate a system for storing this additional energy for later use. This system is critically important during the night, and under cloudy conditions or storms, where the sun is not producing the required amount of energy. Our main approach is to develop a cost-effective design of a solar tracking system that will efficiently increase the performance of the system with additional benefit of a tracking system requiring low maintenance cost. Another focus is to develop a design, as simple as possible, because complexities in design may ultimately result in reduced life of the system. In the end, efficiency analysis has been done to check whether a solar tracking system with all its complexities is worth it or not. Detailed analysis of tracking system components i.e sensors and actuators is presented, which is to help the selection of the most effective design.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128234675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904243
Hoor Bano, Bisma Sajid
Attitude estimation of satellites using Kalman Filters has been in practice for many years. The optimal attitude control in the presence of noise can be achieved by using the optimal controller and the optimal estimator, simultaneously. In this paper, the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) has been implemented in conjunction with the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) on a CubeSat model. Full quaternion-based model (dynamics & kinematics) of the CubeSat is employed for the design of LQR. Furthermore, an extended Kalman filter is designed using the reduced quaternion model. The filter is then implemented in the closed loop with the LQR, and the simulations are conducted. The data generation using the full quaternion model and the filter implementation using the reduced model, provide the benefit of computational ease all the while catering for any singularities in the model. The simulation results show adequate attitude control, estimation and noise filtration within a reasonable time and optimum control effort.
{"title":"Attitude Estimation & Control of a CubeSat Using Linear Quadratic Gaussian Approach","authors":"Hoor Bano, Bisma Sajid","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904243","url":null,"abstract":"Attitude estimation of satellites using Kalman Filters has been in practice for many years. The optimal attitude control in the presence of noise can be achieved by using the optimal controller and the optimal estimator, simultaneously. In this paper, the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) has been implemented in conjunction with the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) on a CubeSat model. Full quaternion-based model (dynamics & kinematics) of the CubeSat is employed for the design of LQR. Furthermore, an extended Kalman filter is designed using the reduced quaternion model. The filter is then implemented in the closed loop with the LQR, and the simulations are conducted. The data generation using the full quaternion model and the filter implementation using the reduced model, provide the benefit of computational ease all the while catering for any singularities in the model. The simulation results show adequate attitude control, estimation and noise filtration within a reasonable time and optimum control effort.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134425138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904095
M. Arshad, Rehan Mehmood, H. Khan
During a rocket launch, satellites withstand large random dynamic forces due to vibrations that are transmitted from the launch vehicle. The deployer plays a critical role as the interface between the launch vehicle and CubeSat. The deployer minimizes potential interactions with the primary payload(s) on a launch vehicle by physically enclosing the CubeSat, and requiring that they be launched in a dormant “off” state. Apart from protecting the CubeSat from dynamic forces during launch, deployer also facilitates in deploying the satellite in an orbit. Finite element analysis is an important tool to analyze and check the structural integrity of the structural subsystem and its mechanical interfaces. In this study, the deployer for a 3U ICUBE-N is modelled and the finite element analysis has been done to assess the dynamic and static loading on iPOD structure, mainly manufactured of aluminum alloys. The frame of iPOD is inspected for stress concentration areas and modal frequencies, and the improvements in model are suggested, such as to ensure that deployer does not fail during mission.
{"title":"Dynamic Analysis of 3U deployer (iPOD) Structure","authors":"M. Arshad, Rehan Mehmood, H. Khan","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904095","url":null,"abstract":"During a rocket launch, satellites withstand large random dynamic forces due to vibrations that are transmitted from the launch vehicle. The deployer plays a critical role as the interface between the launch vehicle and CubeSat. The deployer minimizes potential interactions with the primary payload(s) on a launch vehicle by physically enclosing the CubeSat, and requiring that they be launched in a dormant “off” state. Apart from protecting the CubeSat from dynamic forces during launch, deployer also facilitates in deploying the satellite in an orbit. Finite element analysis is an important tool to analyze and check the structural integrity of the structural subsystem and its mechanical interfaces. In this study, the deployer for a 3U ICUBE-N is modelled and the finite element analysis has been done to assess the dynamic and static loading on iPOD structure, mainly manufactured of aluminum alloys. The frame of iPOD is inspected for stress concentration areas and modal frequencies, and the improvements in model are suggested, such as to ensure that deployer does not fail during mission.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121906261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904130
Muhammad Asim Mustafa, W. Qazi
Lakes are a chief source of fresh water. Variation in water volume in lakes provide crucial information about climatic changes and water resources for sustainable water management practices. Continuous monitoring of lake water resources is required particularly with regards to the growing challenges for water resource management. For that purpose, satellite based optical remote sensing imagery and radar altimetry data can be combined for the monitoring the volume of inland water bodies. Optical remote sensing provides information about the area extent of inland water bodies, and the variations in water surface height can be extracted from radar altimetry data. The study area for this research study is Manchar Lake, which is one of the largest sources of fresh water in Pakistan. Time series data of Sentinel-2 are analyzed to calculate water surface area extent using Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and in parallel Sentinel-3 altimetry data for measurements of water surface height was used. Through linear interpolation, identical dates were set up for area extent data to the surface height data. Furthermore, regression analysis was used to develop a relationship between water surface height and water surface area. In this way Heron’s formula to calculate the volume of a pyramidal frustum was used by sorting radar altimetry data in ascending order and the corresponding optical remote sensing data to estimate the volume variations of the lake. The analysis of the results shows also the seasonal and yearly variation in area extent of inland water bodies and water level anomaly.
{"title":"Using Optical Remote Sensing and Radar Altimeter Data for Lake Volume Estimation of Manchar Lake, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Asim Mustafa, W. Qazi","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904130","url":null,"abstract":"Lakes are a chief source of fresh water. Variation in water volume in lakes provide crucial information about climatic changes and water resources for sustainable water management practices. Continuous monitoring of lake water resources is required particularly with regards to the growing challenges for water resource management. For that purpose, satellite based optical remote sensing imagery and radar altimetry data can be combined for the monitoring the volume of inland water bodies. Optical remote sensing provides information about the area extent of inland water bodies, and the variations in water surface height can be extracted from radar altimetry data. The study area for this research study is Manchar Lake, which is one of the largest sources of fresh water in Pakistan. Time series data of Sentinel-2 are analyzed to calculate water surface area extent using Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and in parallel Sentinel-3 altimetry data for measurements of water surface height was used. Through linear interpolation, identical dates were set up for area extent data to the surface height data. Furthermore, regression analysis was used to develop a relationship between water surface height and water surface area. In this way Heron’s formula to calculate the volume of a pyramidal frustum was used by sorting radar altimetry data in ascending order and the corresponding optical remote sensing data to estimate the volume variations of the lake. The analysis of the results shows also the seasonal and yearly variation in area extent of inland water bodies and water level anomaly.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115536789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904090
Shahanshah Abbas, M. S. Iqbal
Fresh water is of prime importance for life and plays key role in the water-food-energy nexus. The rapid increase in population is putting pressure on available water resources of the country. The management of these water resources for the future generations is needed. In this study Sutlej River flow has been simulated and analyzed at Islam Headwork’s. The Sutlej River originates from glaciers of western Himalayas in Tibet (China) and is considered as one among prime sources of fresh water supply for Pakistan. After Calibration (1980–1994) and validation (1995–2005), Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to simulate and analyze Sutlej River flow. Results highlighted that mean monthly discharge flow would seem to decrease in summers for the selected future time periods i.e. near (2011–2040), mid (2041–2070) and far (2071–2099) with reference to historical (1976–2005) flows. Whereas average monthly flow during winter and spring seasons were projected to increase relative to reference period flow especially for emission scenario 8.5. This Study can help water managers in describing the impacts changing climate on hydrology of Sutlej River Basin which is highly sensitive and exposed to climate change effects.
{"title":"Climate Change an Emerging Risk: A Case Study of Sutlej River Basin, Pakistan","authors":"Shahanshah Abbas, M. S. Iqbal","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904090","url":null,"abstract":"Fresh water is of prime importance for life and plays key role in the water-food-energy nexus. The rapid increase in population is putting pressure on available water resources of the country. The management of these water resources for the future generations is needed. In this study Sutlej River flow has been simulated and analyzed at Islam Headwork’s. The Sutlej River originates from glaciers of western Himalayas in Tibet (China) and is considered as one among prime sources of fresh water supply for Pakistan. After Calibration (1980–1994) and validation (1995–2005), Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to simulate and analyze Sutlej River flow. Results highlighted that mean monthly discharge flow would seem to decrease in summers for the selected future time periods i.e. near (2011–2040), mid (2041–2070) and far (2071–2099) with reference to historical (1976–2005) flows. Whereas average monthly flow during winter and spring seasons were projected to increase relative to reference period flow especially for emission scenario 8.5. This Study can help water managers in describing the impacts changing climate on hydrology of Sutlej River Basin which is highly sensitive and exposed to climate change effects.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126235233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904081
Fahad Sagheer, M. Aamir, M. Sadiq
Eutectic Tin-Lead solder, commonly 63Sn-37Pb, has been used for times in the electronic industry. However, due to the harmful effects of lead on the environment, many alternatives have been investigated. The Tin-Silver alloys are acknowledged on a large scale as a replacement for traditional Tin-Lead solders due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, to further enhance the properties of Tin-Silver alloys, doping of additional elements is highly acknowledged. In this study, the investigation on the mechanical properties of Sn-3.5Ag solder alloy is carried out after doping 0.5 wt% Lanthanum. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), creep behaviour and hardness are evaluated using tensile tests, creep tests and Brinell hardness measurement, respectively. The composition of alloys is confirmed using energy dispersive spectroscopy, and phase analysis is done by X-ray diffraction. The results showed a significant increase in all mechanical properties after adding Lanthanum into the Tin- Silver alloy.
{"title":"Mechanical properties of Sn-3.5Ag-0.5La lead-free solder alloy for green electronics","authors":"Fahad Sagheer, M. Aamir, M. Sadiq","doi":"10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904081","url":null,"abstract":"Eutectic Tin-Lead solder, commonly 63Sn-37Pb, has been used for times in the electronic industry. However, due to the harmful effects of lead on the environment, many alternatives have been investigated. The Tin-Silver alloys are acknowledged on a large scale as a replacement for traditional Tin-Lead solders due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, to further enhance the properties of Tin-Silver alloys, doping of additional elements is highly acknowledged. In this study, the investigation on the mechanical properties of Sn-3.5Ag solder alloy is carried out after doping 0.5 wt% Lanthanum. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), creep behaviour and hardness are evaluated using tensile tests, creep tests and Brinell hardness measurement, respectively. The composition of alloys is confirmed using energy dispersive spectroscopy, and phase analysis is done by X-ray diffraction. The results showed a significant increase in all mechanical properties after adding Lanthanum into the Tin- Silver alloy.","PeriodicalId":300328,"journal":{"name":"2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124249285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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