John Pier is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Tours (France), researcher at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (Paris) and a literary scholar of the 19-20th century English literature. He is one of the most active representatives of contemporary postclassical narratology dedicated to interdisciplinary, intertextual, and interactive narrative studies. Pier is one of the founders of the European Narratology Network, in 2013-2015 was its chairman. He is the author of many narratology publications, such as The Dynamics of Narrative Form (2004), Metalepses. Entorses au pacte de la representation (2005), Theorie du recit. L’apport de la recherche allemande (2005), Theorizing Narrativity (2008), Narratologies contemporaines (2010), Handbook of Narratology (2014), Jan Mukařovský: Ecrits 1928-1946 (2017) and Emerging Vectors of Narratology (2017). On May 18-24, 2016 he gave a few lectures to graduate and doctoral students in comparative studies at the Department of Lithuanian and Comparative Literature of Lithuanian University of Educational Studies. He kindly agreed to publishing his notes translated into Lithuanian (translator Dalia Cidzikaitė). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.13
{"title":"Pasakojimas tarp transtekstualumo ir intermedialumo","authors":"John Pier","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2017.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2017.13","url":null,"abstract":"John Pier is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Tours (France), researcher at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (Paris) and a literary scholar of the 19-20th century English literature. He is one of the most active representatives of contemporary postclassical narratology dedicated to interdisciplinary, intertextual, and interactive narrative studies. Pier is one of the founders of the European Narratology Network, in 2013-2015 was its chairman. He is the author of many narratology publications, such as The Dynamics of Narrative Form (2004), Metalepses. Entorses au pacte de la representation (2005), Theorie du recit. L’apport de la recherche allemande (2005), Theorizing Narrativity (2008), Narratologies contemporaines (2010), Handbook of Narratology (2014), Jan Mukařovský: Ecrits 1928-1946 (2017) and Emerging Vectors of Narratology (2017). On May 18-24, 2016 he gave a few lectures to graduate and doctoral students in comparative studies at the Department of Lithuanian and Comparative Literature of Lithuanian University of Educational Studies. He kindly agreed to publishing his notes translated into Lithuanian (translator Dalia Cidzikaitė). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.13","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":"19 1","pages":"100-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67242746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses the problem of “translatability / non-translatability” of Turgenev’s ethnocultural elements of his Rudin translations to Polish by M. Nowinski (1886), S. Kolaczkowski (1948), and J. Dmochowska (1953). It analyzes one of the dominants of Turgenev’s works related with the cultural concept of “Russia” and its component “native man.” The main tool of expressing the “Russianness” as an ethnic trait of Turgenev’s characters is their speech and anthroponyms, i.e. person’s name. The analysis of word combinations carrying the key word “Russian” (or “in Russian”) revealed that in general, Turgenev’s dominant is present in the translations; whereas certain non-translatable culturally and historically conditioned meanings and linguistic elements were compensated by various other means. These include stylistic and expressive resources of the Polish language (such as inversion, repetition, and addition of words), as well as conscious (in many cases, justified) introduction of the “Polish element” (phraseology / proverbs) in the novel. The translations of nomina propria allow to assess the significance of translators’ linguistic decisions in terms of ethnic identity of the characters, author’s irony and a friendly communication distance specific to Russian culture that are reflected in character’s name. The article concludes that the strategies used by Nowinski, Kolaczkowski, and Dmochowska – from clearly visible attempts to Polonize and compromise to undoubted success – were determined by a certain level of development of the 19-20 c. Polish language, cultural and historical situation, as well as the tradition of translation in Poland. Keywords: “Rudin,” М. Nowinski, S. Kolaczkowski, J. Dmochowska, Polish translation, hero, concept of the artistic world, ethno-cultural identity, anthroponyms, classifi cation of anthroponyms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.12
{"title":"Analiza porównawcza realiów etnokulturowych w polskich przekładach powieści Iwana Turgieniewa „Rudin”","authors":"Barbara Dwilewicz, Marina Romanenkowa","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2017.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2017.12","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the problem of “translatability / non-translatability” of Turgenev’s ethnocultural elements of his Rudin translations to Polish by M. Nowinski (1886), S. Kolaczkowski (1948), and J. Dmochowska (1953). It analyzes one of the dominants of Turgenev’s works related with the cultural concept of “Russia” and its component “native man.” The main tool of expressing the “Russianness” as an ethnic trait of Turgenev’s characters is their speech and anthroponyms, i.e. person’s name. The analysis of word combinations carrying the key word “Russian” (or “in Russian”) revealed that in general, Turgenev’s dominant is present in the translations; whereas certain non-translatable culturally and historically conditioned meanings and linguistic elements were compensated by various other means. These include stylistic and expressive resources of the Polish language (such as inversion, repetition, and addition of words), as well as conscious (in many cases, justified) introduction of the “Polish element” (phraseology / proverbs) in the novel. The translations of nomina propria allow to assess the significance of translators’ linguistic decisions in terms of ethnic identity of the characters, author’s irony and a friendly communication distance specific to Russian culture that are reflected in character’s name. The article concludes that the strategies used by Nowinski, Kolaczkowski, and Dmochowska – from clearly visible attempts to Polonize and compromise to undoubted success – were determined by a certain level of development of the 19-20 c. Polish language, cultural and historical situation, as well as the tradition of translation in Poland. Keywords: “Rudin,” М. Nowinski, S. Kolaczkowski, J. Dmochowska, Polish translation, hero, concept of the artistic world, ethno-cultural identity, anthroponyms, classifi cation of anthroponyms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.12","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":"19 1","pages":"65-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49257424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses the novel Sėtono apžavai (Satan’s Spell) (published in Lithuanian in 2002 and in Russian in 2002 and 2007) by Grigorijus Kanovicius, the laureate of the Lithuanian National Prize, depicting the life of the Jews in a fictitious Lithuanian town of Miskiniai during the Soviet and Nazi occupations in 1939-1941. The novel is important because of the depiction of the Holocaust specific to Lithuania. It reveals the little-known biblical subculture of Jewish culture in Lithuania. The problem of the Holocaust is discussed not only in the context of concrete historical time but also of the universal human experience, raising the sensitive issue of the relationship between evil and God and discussing the nature of evil and the possibilities of resisting it from different national, religious, and ideological perspectives. In the article, Kanovicius’s novel is analyzed by linking it with the spiritual tradition of the Jews and Christians (Norman Solomon and Mindaugas Pikūnas), the idea of God who sows evil found in the Books of Esther, Job, Zechariah and Amos, its interpretation in works by Emmanuel Levin and Antanas Maceina. It also examines some more general political and moral aspects of the Holocaust (Hannah Arendt and Robert van Voren), as well as Litvak lifestyle and religious customs. The world of the Jews depicted in the novel is doomed to vanish. The “death” of God, often associated with the Holocaust (“where was God in Auschwitz?”), is based on the totality of evil and people’s indifference to evil, spiritual inertia, and inability to feel amity with others. The analysis of the novel offers a rather unexpected conclusion that the expectations formed by ethical philosophy (Levin’s idea of human being’s transgression while in a state of suffering) can only be a starting point in trying to explain the distinctiveness of the Kanovicius’s world. The author created not a story of resisting evil, but a requiem for the dead. Keywords: Grigorijus Kanovicius, Lithuanian Jews, Holocaust, the Old Testament, ethical philosophy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.11
{"title":"Žmogų išbandantis blogis Grigorijaus Kanovičiaus romane „Šėtono apžavai“","authors":"Rima Kasperionytė","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2017.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2017.11","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the novel Sėtono apžavai (Satan’s Spell) (published in Lithuanian in 2002 and in Russian in 2002 and 2007) by Grigorijus Kanovicius, the laureate of the Lithuanian National Prize, depicting the life of the Jews in a fictitious Lithuanian town of Miskiniai during the Soviet and Nazi occupations in 1939-1941. The novel is important because of the depiction of the Holocaust specific to Lithuania. It reveals the little-known biblical subculture of Jewish culture in Lithuania. The problem of the Holocaust is discussed not only in the context of concrete historical time but also of the universal human experience, raising the sensitive issue of the relationship between evil and God and discussing the nature of evil and the possibilities of resisting it from different national, religious, and ideological perspectives. In the article, Kanovicius’s novel is analyzed by linking it with the spiritual tradition of the Jews and Christians (Norman Solomon and Mindaugas Pikūnas), the idea of God who sows evil found in the Books of Esther, Job, Zechariah and Amos, its interpretation in works by Emmanuel Levin and Antanas Maceina. It also examines some more general political and moral aspects of the Holocaust (Hannah Arendt and Robert van Voren), as well as Litvak lifestyle and religious customs. The world of the Jews depicted in the novel is doomed to vanish. The “death” of God, often associated with the Holocaust (“where was God in Auschwitz?”), is based on the totality of evil and people’s indifference to evil, spiritual inertia, and inability to feel amity with others. The analysis of the novel offers a rather unexpected conclusion that the expectations formed by ethical philosophy (Levin’s idea of human being’s transgression while in a state of suffering) can only be a starting point in trying to explain the distinctiveness of the Kanovicius’s world. The author created not a story of resisting evil, but a requiem for the dead. Keywords: Grigorijus Kanovicius, Lithuanian Jews, Holocaust, the Old Testament, ethical philosophy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.11","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":"19 1","pages":"51-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67242973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The data for the article were collected from Žodrodis (1838) by Simonas Daukantas with additional reference to the data of the headlines of Epitome Historiae Sacrae, hand-written dictionaries and the textbooks Prasmą lotinu kalbos (1837) and Abeciela lijtuwiu-kalnienu ir źiamajtiu kalbos (1842) by S. Daukantas. The aim of the paper is to determine the prevailing orthography principle in the early lexicography of S. Daukantas irrespectively of the results of previous studies. In the article it is determined and specified that the greatest part of the orthography in the early lexicography of S. Daukantas is based on the phonetic orthography principle, which is related to the spelling of the root, although there are some instances of such spelling in inflections as well. The phonetic orthography principle is expressed through complex letters with diacritics and reflects various phonetic processes. The complex letters with diacritics were used to separate the Samogitian and Aukstaitian phonetics and also differentiated the quality of the Aukstaitian phonetics. The orthography was also influenced by the inhomogeneous tradition of spelling compound graphemes taken from the texts of Mikalojus Dauksa and writers of Lithuania Minor, as well as developed by S. Daukantas himself. Keywords: compound graphemes, use of graphemes, orthography of S. Daukantas, principles of writing. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.4
本文的数据收集自Simonas Daukantas的Žodrodis(1838)，并参考了《圣史概要》(Epitome Historiae Sacrae)的标题、手写词典和S. Daukantas的教科书prasmzee lotinu kalbos(1837)和Abeciela lijtuwiu-kalnienu ir źiamajtiu kalbos(1842)的数据。本文的目的是确定流行的正字法原则，在早期词典编纂的s.d akantas不论以往的研究结果。本文确定并指出，在早期的道坎塔斯词典编纂中，大部分的正字法都是基于语音正字法原则，这与词根的拼写有关，尽管也有一些屈折拼写的例子。语音正字法原理是通过带变音符的复杂字母来表达的，反映了不同的语音过程。用带变音符号的复杂字母来区分萨莫吉西亚语和奥克斯坦语的语音，也区分了奥克斯坦语的语音质量。正字法也受到了来自Mikalojus Dauksa和立陶宛小作家的文本中拼写复合字素的不均匀传统的影响，以及S. Daukantas自己的发展。关键词:复合字素，字素的使用，道坎塔斯的正字法，写作原则。DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.4
{"title":"Fonetinio rašybos principo realizacija S. Daukanto ankstyvojoje leksikografijoje","authors":"Birutė Gudelienė","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2017.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2017.4","url":null,"abstract":"The data for the article were collected from Žodrodis (1838) by Simonas Daukantas with additional reference to the data of the headlines of Epitome Historiae Sacrae, hand-written dictionaries and the textbooks Prasmą lotinu kalbos (1837) and Abeciela lijtuwiu-kalnienu ir źiamajtiu kalbos (1842) by S. Daukantas. The aim of the paper is to determine the prevailing orthography principle in the early lexicography of S. Daukantas irrespectively of the results of previous studies. In the article it is determined and specified that the greatest part of the orthography in the early lexicography of S. Daukantas is based on the phonetic orthography principle, which is related to the spelling of the root, although there are some instances of such spelling in inflections as well. The phonetic orthography principle is expressed through complex letters with diacritics and reflects various phonetic processes. The complex letters with diacritics were used to separate the Samogitian and Aukstaitian phonetics and also differentiated the quality of the Aukstaitian phonetics. The orthography was also influenced by the inhomogeneous tradition of spelling compound graphemes taken from the texts of Mikalojus Dauksa and writers of Lithuania Minor, as well as developed by S. Daukantas himself. Keywords: compound graphemes, use of graphemes, orthography of S. Daukantas, principles of writing. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.4","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":"19 1","pages":"50-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67243291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaunimo diskurso tyrimai pastaruoju metu yra labai aktualūs. Tyrėjai dažnai akcentuoja, kad jaunimo tekstuose gausiai vartojami naujieji skoliniai. Siame straipsnyje pristatomas lietuvių jaunimo diskurse vartojamų naujųjų skolinių tyrimas. Atliekama kokybinė jaunimo diskurso skolinių semantikos, kilmės, integracijos į diskursą polinkių analizė, aptariamos skolinių lietuvių jaunimo diskurse skolinimosi priežastys ir vartojimo funkcijos. Esminiai žodžiai: jaunimo diskursas, naujasis skolinys, skolinių funkcijos, reiksmės aiskinamieji metakalbiniai vienetai, vertės aptariamieji metakalbiniai vienetai. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.1
{"title":"Naujieji skoliniai lietuvių jaunimo diskurse","authors":"Vida Česnulienė","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2017.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2017.1","url":null,"abstract":"Jaunimo diskurso tyrimai pastaruoju metu yra labai aktualūs. Tyrėjai dažnai akcentuoja, kad jaunimo tekstuose gausiai vartojami naujieji skoliniai. Siame straipsnyje pristatomas lietuvių jaunimo diskurse vartojamų naujųjų skolinių tyrimas. Atliekama kokybinė jaunimo diskurso skolinių semantikos, kilmės, integracijos į diskursą polinkių analizė, aptariamos skolinių lietuvių jaunimo diskurse skolinimosi priežastys ir vartojimo funkcijos. Esminiai žodžiai: jaunimo diskursas, naujasis skolinys, skolinių funkcijos, reiksmės aiskinamieji metakalbiniai vienetai, vertės aptariamieji metakalbiniai vienetai. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.1","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":"19 1","pages":"4-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48014516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article reveals the retrospection on Z. Kuzmickis’ laboratory teaching method in a contemporary lesson of literature. An attempt is made to identify if the above-mentioned teaching method, which targets at stimulating the learner’s thinking and creation through integration of knowledge, as well as understanding and skills of various subjects, is acceptable to school learners, and if such models of literary education may be efficient in a contemporary school. The survey was prepared following the education taxonomies of B. S. Bloom and R. J. Marzano. Having analysed the model of literary education, which embraces elements of history, geography and creative education, the results of school learners’ work with the texts of old chronicles and creative assignments are analysed and generalised. Finally, the conclusions related to contemporary education topicalities are made. Keywords: retrospection on laboratory teaching method, non-traditional lesson of literature, integrated education, experimental pedagogy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.5
{"title":"Z. Kuzmickio laboratorinio dėstymo metodo retrospekcija šiuolaikinėje literatūros pamokoje","authors":"Vitalija Karaciejūtė","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2017.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2017.5","url":null,"abstract":"The article reveals the retrospection on Z. Kuzmickis’ laboratory teaching method in a contemporary lesson of literature. An attempt is made to identify if the above-mentioned teaching method, which targets at stimulating the learner’s thinking and creation through integration of knowledge, as well as understanding and skills of various subjects, is acceptable to school learners, and if such models of literary education may be efficient in a contemporary school. The survey was prepared following the education taxonomies of B. S. Bloom and R. J. Marzano. Having analysed the model of literary education, which embraces elements of history, geography and creative education, the results of school learners’ work with the texts of old chronicles and creative assignments are analysed and generalised. Finally, the conclusions related to contemporary education topicalities are made. Keywords: retrospection on laboratory teaching method, non-traditional lesson of literature, integrated education, experimental pedagogy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.5","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":"19 1","pages":"57-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47315712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the use of new loanwords in the cultural press, i. e. to discuss the expression of loanwords and their functions. New loanwords refer to the words borrowed in the period of the restored independence of Lithuania. The research data embrace over 300 cases of the usage of new loanwords in the cultural press, which were collected from the Electronic Database of New Loanwords and their Equivalents. The database represents miscellaneous public written and electronic usage of new loanwords in 2014–2016. The data were collected during the project “The Research on Functioning of New Neologisms in the Standard Lithuanian Language: 2014–2016” implemented by the Department of Lithuanian Linguistics and Communication of Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences. The project is financed by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language. On the basis of the research data, it can be stated that the new loanwords found in the cultural press may be divided into two distinctive groups from the functional perspective: 1) loanwords that entered the Lithuanian language to name new realities and, thus, perform a referential (i.e. informative) function, and 2) loanwords that are used for stylistic purposes and conduct expressive, social and poetic functions. A tendency is observed to distinguish the loanwords performing expressive, social and poetical functions by such means of graphic expression as inverted commas or italics, as well as to present them unassimilated or to assimilate them only morphologically. This helps to strengthen the stylistic effect, to make the language livelier and to draw the reader’s attention. The loanwords performing the referential function and conveying information usually are not graphically highlighted. There is a tendency to adapt them, i.e. to integrate them into the system of the Lithuanian language (it can be stated that the majority of such loanwords are likely to become terms (or are already considered as terms)). It can be assumed that from the functional perspective, the usage of new loanwords largely depends on the specificity of the analysed texts of the cultural press, which primarily target at an educated addressee with a broad cultural outlook. Keywords: new loanword, function, degree of loanword assimilation, graphic expression of loanwords, cultural press, addressee. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.7
{"title":"Naujųjų skolinių stilistinės išgalės kultūrinėje spaudoje","authors":"Ona Petrėnienė","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2017.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2017.7","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the use of new loanwords in the cultural press, i. e. to discuss the expression of loanwords and their functions. New loanwords refer to the words borrowed in the period of the restored independence of Lithuania. The research data embrace over 300 cases of the usage of new loanwords in the cultural press, which were collected from the Electronic Database of New Loanwords and their Equivalents. The database represents miscellaneous public written and electronic usage of new loanwords in 2014–2016. The data were collected during the project “The Research on Functioning of New Neologisms in the Standard Lithuanian Language: 2014–2016” implemented by the Department of Lithuanian Linguistics and Communication of Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences. The project is financed by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language. On the basis of the research data, it can be stated that the new loanwords found in the cultural press may be divided into two distinctive groups from the functional perspective: 1) loanwords that entered the Lithuanian language to name new realities and, thus, perform a referential (i.e. informative) function, and 2) loanwords that are used for stylistic purposes and conduct expressive, social and poetic functions. A tendency is observed to distinguish the loanwords performing expressive, social and poetical functions by such means of graphic expression as inverted commas or italics, as well as to present them unassimilated or to assimilate them only morphologically. This helps to strengthen the stylistic effect, to make the language livelier and to draw the reader’s attention. The loanwords performing the referential function and conveying information usually are not graphically highlighted. There is a tendency to adapt them, i.e. to integrate them into the system of the Lithuanian language (it can be stated that the majority of such loanwords are likely to become terms (or are already considered as terms)). It can be assumed that from the functional perspective, the usage of new loanwords largely depends on the specificity of the analysed texts of the cultural press, which primarily target at an educated addressee with a broad cultural outlook. Keywords: new loanword, function, degree of loanword assimilation, graphic expression of loanwords, cultural press, addressee. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.7","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":"19 1","pages":"81-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47046195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article analyses the problems and opportunities of developing learners’ vocabulary. It discusses the links between language and thinking, the significance of the socio-cultural context in developing learners’ vocabulary, as well as the opportunities of vocabulary development applying different methods and ways of explaining meanings. The article addresses the following questions: what is the context of the development of learners’ vocabulary, what is the content of the (self-) development of learners’ vocabulary; what are the ways of vocabulary (self-) development; what are the tasks for vocabulary (self-) development? Language and culture are inseparable. National culture is easily understandable for a representative of the nation; he/she can easily handle different socio-cultural situations. Within the nation, we use the mother tongue: it unites people, whereas using other languages we assimilate the cultural values of the world. The perception of structures and images rather than individual facts has a great influence on thinking; information is best understood if it is provided in contextual situations. A particular role is ascribed to language. The speakers of other languages need to learn / understand the phenomena of a new culture that are expressed by new words or are related to new linguistic situations (e.g. etiquette). In other words, the learner’s competence is developed, which enables him/her to feel comfortable in a foreign society. A method has two meanings in foreign language didactics. In its narrower sense, it means a planned and consistent way of teaching and learning seeking for the attainment of a particular goal. In its broader sense, a method is a methodological-didactic conception, upon which educational process of planned and implemented. Keywords: language and thinking; sociocultural competence, sociocultural context, vocabulary development. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.6
{"title":"Mokinių žodyno ugdymas: mąstymo ir sociokultūrinio konteksto svarba","authors":"Vilma Leonavičienė, Vilija Salienė","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2017.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2017.6","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the problems and opportunities of developing learners’ vocabulary. It discusses the links between language and thinking, the significance of the socio-cultural context in developing learners’ vocabulary, as well as the opportunities of vocabulary development applying different methods and ways of explaining meanings. The article addresses the following questions: what is the context of the development of learners’ vocabulary, what is the content of the (self-) development of learners’ vocabulary; what are the ways of vocabulary (self-) development; what are the tasks for vocabulary (self-) development? Language and culture are inseparable. National culture is easily understandable for a representative of the nation; he/she can easily handle different socio-cultural situations. Within the nation, we use the mother tongue: it unites people, whereas using other languages we assimilate the cultural values of the world. The perception of structures and images rather than individual facts has a great influence on thinking; information is best understood if it is provided in contextual situations. A particular role is ascribed to language. The speakers of other languages need to learn / understand the phenomena of a new culture that are expressed by new words or are related to new linguistic situations (e.g. etiquette). In other words, the learner’s competence is developed, which enables him/her to feel comfortable in a foreign society. A method has two meanings in foreign language didactics. In its narrower sense, it means a planned and consistent way of teaching and learning seeking for the attainment of a particular goal. In its broader sense, a method is a methodological-didactic conception, upon which educational process of planned and implemented. Keywords: language and thinking; sociocultural competence, sociocultural context, vocabulary development. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.6","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":"19 1","pages":"70-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67243409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims at outlining the methods and strategies of learning the Lithuanian language as described in the unique egodocument, written in 1904–1910 by the student Vytautas Civinskis (1887–1910). Born in a wealthy Polish-speaking family, which had an estate in Lithuania, Civinskis made a decision to study the “language of his ancestors”, as he called the Lithuanian language, on his own. He practiced his reading skills successfully, bought textbooks and dictionaries he needed, tried to communicate in this language as much as possible, as well as enrolled in the society of Lithuanian students. The Diary shows that his effort enabled his better knowledge and command of the language. A good evidence of it is that he managed to switch from his local dialect to what can be recognised as the emerging standard language in his writing. The investigation also shows that the egodocuments may be considered highly informative sources for the history of education. Keywords: Lithuanian language, language learning, ego documents, Anyksciai subdialect, standard language. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.3
{"title":"Lietuvių kalbos mokymasis XX a. pradžioje. Liudijimai Vytauto Civinskio Dienoraštyje (1904–1910)","authors":"Veronika Girininkaitė","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2017.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2017.3","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims at outlining the methods and strategies of learning the Lithuanian language as described in the unique egodocument, written in 1904–1910 by the student Vytautas Civinskis (1887–1910). Born in a wealthy Polish-speaking family, which had an estate in Lithuania, Civinskis made a decision to study the “language of his ancestors”, as he called the Lithuanian language, on his own. He practiced his reading skills successfully, bought textbooks and dictionaries he needed, tried to communicate in this language as much as possible, as well as enrolled in the society of Lithuanian students. The Diary shows that his effort enabled his better knowledge and command of the language. A good evidence of it is that he managed to switch from his local dialect to what can be recognised as the emerging standard language in his writing. The investigation also shows that the egodocuments may be considered highly informative sources for the history of education. Keywords: Lithuanian language, language learning, ego documents, Anyksciai subdialect, standard language. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2017.3","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":"19 1","pages":"38-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49572652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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