Line Båserud, C. Lussana, T. Nipen, I. Seierstad, L. Oram, T. Aspelien
Abstract. In science, poor quality input data will invariably lead to faulty conclusions, as in the spirit of the saying “garbage in, garbage out”. Atmospheric sciences make no exception and correct data is crucial to obtain a useful representation of the real world in meteorological, climatological and hydrological applications. Titan is a computer program for the automatic quality control of meteorological data that has been designed to serve real-time operational applications that process massive amounts of observations measured by networks of automatic weather stations. The need to quality control third-party data, such as citizen observations, within a station network that is constantly changing was an important motivation that led to the development of Titan. The quality control strategy adopted is a sequence of tests, where several of them utilize the expected spatial consistency between nearby observations. The spatial continuity can also be evaluated against independent data sources, such as numerical model output and remote sensing measurements. Examples of applications of Titan for the quality control of near-surface hourly temperature and precipitation over Scandinavia are presented. In the case of temperature, this specific application has been integrated into the operational production chain of automatic weather forecasts at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MET Norway). Titan is an open source project and it is made freely available for public download. One of the objectives of the Titan project is to establish a community working on common tools for automatic quality control, and the Titan program represents a first step in that direction for MET Norway. Further developments are necessary to achieve a solution that satisfies more users, for this reason we are currently working on transforming Titan into a more flexible library of functions.
{"title":"TITAN automatic spatial quality control of meteorological in-situ observations","authors":"Line Båserud, C. Lussana, T. Nipen, I. Seierstad, L. Oram, T. Aspelien","doi":"10.5194/asr-17-153-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-153-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In science, poor quality input data will invariably lead to faulty conclusions, as in the spirit of the saying “garbage in, garbage out”.\u0000Atmospheric sciences make no exception and correct data is crucial to obtain a useful representation of the real world in meteorological, climatological and hydrological applications. Titan is a computer program for the automatic quality control of meteorological data that has been designed to serve real-time operational applications that process massive amounts of observations measured by networks of automatic weather stations.\u0000The need to quality control third-party data, such as citizen observations, within a station network that is constantly changing was an important motivation that led to the development of Titan. The quality control strategy adopted is a sequence of tests, where several of them utilize the expected spatial consistency between nearby observations. The spatial continuity can also be evaluated against independent data sources, such as numerical model output and remote sensing measurements. Examples of applications of Titan for the quality control of near-surface hourly temperature and precipitation over Scandinavia are presented. In the case of temperature, this specific application has been integrated into the operational production chain of automatic weather forecasts at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MET Norway). Titan is an open source project and it is made freely available for public download. One of the objectives of the Titan project is to establish a community working on common tools for automatic quality control, and the Titan program represents a first step in that direction for MET Norway. Further developments are necessary to achieve a solution that satisfies more users, for this reason we are currently working on transforming Titan into a more flexible library of functions.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"153-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91151383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Marchand, Y. Saint-Drenan, L. Saboret, E. Wey, L. Wald
Abstract. The present work deals with the spatial consistency of two well-known databases of solar radiation received at ground level: the CAMS Radiation Service database version 3.2, abbreviated as CAMS-Rad and the HelioClim-3 database version 5, abbreviated as HC3v5. Both databases are derived from satellite images. They are validated against 10 min means of irradiance for the period 2010–2018 recorded in a network of 26 ground stations in Germany operated by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). For the CAMS-Rad database, the correlation coefficient between ground measurements and estimates ranges between 0.83 and 0.92 for all sky conditions. The bias ranges from −41 and 32 W m −2 ( −11 % and 10 % of the mean irradiance). The standard deviation ranges between 89 and 129 W m −2 (25 % and 39 %). For the HC3v5 database, the correlation coefficient ranges between 0.90 and 0.95. The bias and the standard deviation are comprised between −22 and 16 W m −2 ( −6 % and 5 %), and between respectively 70 and 104 W m −2 (20 % and 31 %). For the CAMS Rad database, overestimation is observed in the South, and underestimation in the North with a faint tendency of the bias to increase from East to West. For the HC3v5 database, the bias is fairly homogeneous across Germany. For both databases, there is no noticeable spatial trend in the standard deviation.
摘要目前的工作涉及两个著名的地面接收太阳辐射数据库的空间一致性:CAMS RadiationService数据库版本3.2，简称CAMS- rad和helioclim -3数据库版本5，简称HC3v5。这两个数据库都来自卫星图像。它们是根据德国气象局(DWD)运营的德国26个地面站网络记录的2010-2018年10分钟辐照度进行验证的。对于CAMS-Rad数据库，在所有天空条件下，地面测量值和估计值之间的相关系数在0.83到0.92之间。偏倚范围为- 41和32 W m - 2(平均辐照度的- 11%和10%)。标准偏差范围在89和129w m−2之间(25%和39%)。对于HC3v5数据库，相关系数在0.90 ~ 0.95之间。偏差和标准差分别在- 22 ~ 16 W m−2之间(- 6%和5%)，70 ~ 104 W m−2之间(20%和31%)。对于CAMS Rad数据库，在南部观测到高估，在北部观测到低估，并且从东到西的偏差有微弱的增加趋势。对于hc3v5数据库，整个德国的偏见相当一致。两个数据库的标准差均没有明显的空间变化趋势。
{"title":"Performance of CAMS Radiation Service and HelioClim-3 databases of solar radiation at surface: evaluating the spatial variation in Germany","authors":"M. Marchand, Y. Saint-Drenan, L. Saboret, E. Wey, L. Wald","doi":"10.5194/asr-17-143-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-143-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The present work deals with the spatial consistency of two well-known\u0000databases of solar radiation received at ground level: the CAMS Radiation\u0000Service database version 3.2, abbreviated as CAMS-Rad and the HelioClim-3\u0000database version 5, abbreviated as HC3v5. Both databases are derived from\u0000satellite images. They are validated against 10 min means of irradiance for\u0000the period 2010–2018 recorded in a network of 26 ground stations in Germany\u0000operated by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). For the CAMS-Rad database, the\u0000correlation coefficient between ground measurements and estimates ranges\u0000between 0.83 and 0.92 for all sky conditions. The bias ranges from −41 \u0000and 32 W m −2 ( −11 % and 10 % of the mean irradiance). The\u0000standard deviation ranges between 89 and 129 W m −2 (25 % and\u000039 %). For the HC3v5 database, the correlation coefficient ranges between\u00000.90 and 0.95. The bias and the standard deviation are comprised between\u0000 −22 and 16 W m −2 ( −6 % and 5 %), and between respectively\u000070 and 104 W m −2 (20 % and 31 %). For the CAMS Rad database,\u0000overestimation is observed in the South, and underestimation in the North\u0000with a faint tendency of the bias to increase from East to West. For the\u0000HC3v5 database, the bias is fairly homogeneous across Germany. For both\u0000databases, there is no noticeable spatial trend in the standard deviation.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"85 1","pages":"143-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90723474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Rogers, Linda Anderson-Berry, A. Bogdanova, Gerald Fleming, H. Gitay, S. Kahandawa, H. Kootval, M. Staudinger, M. Suwa, V. Tsirkunov, Weibing Wang
Abstract. Having a common framework for early action to cope with complex disasters can make it easier for authorities and other stakeholders, including populations at risk, to understand the full spectrum of secondary and tertiary effects and thus where to focus preparedness efforts, and how best to provide more targeted warnings and response services. Meteorological and hydrological services world-wide have developed and implemented Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEWS) for weather and climate related hazards that are now being expanded and transitioned towards Multi-Hazard Impact-based Early Warning Systems (MHIEWS). While it is still early days it is becoming clear that there are useful lessons from this approach in the COVID-19 global pandemic, and some valuable insight to be gained in risk communication, risk analysis and monitoring methodologies and approaches. The ability to understand and respond effectively to warnings through appropriate behaviours and actions is central to resilient societies and communities. By avoiding physical, societal and economic harm to the greatest extent possible, recovery from a hazard is likely to be faster, less costly and more complete. MHIEWS can be a common approach for all hazards and therefore more likely to become a trusted tool that everyone can understand and use as a basic element of their national disaster risk management system. The interconnectedness of hazards and their impacts is a strong motivator for a common approach. One of the lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic and extreme weather events is the need to understand the vulnerability of individuals, communities and societies so as to provide reliable, targeted guidance and warnings and the willingness and capacity to prepare for a reasonable worst-case scenario based on informed long-term planning. Meteorology and hydrology are making good progress in this direction and the process can be readily applied to health and other sectors.
{"title":"COVID-19 and lessons from multi-hazard early warning systems","authors":"D. Rogers, Linda Anderson-Berry, A. Bogdanova, Gerald Fleming, H. Gitay, S. Kahandawa, H. Kootval, M. Staudinger, M. Suwa, V. Tsirkunov, Weibing Wang","doi":"10.5194/asr-17-129-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-129-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Having a common framework for early action to cope with\u0000complex disasters can make it easier for authorities and other stakeholders,\u0000including populations at risk, to understand the full spectrum of secondary\u0000and tertiary effects and thus where to focus preparedness efforts, and how\u0000best to provide more targeted warnings and response services. Meteorological\u0000and hydrological services world-wide have developed and implemented\u0000Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEWS) for weather and climate related\u0000hazards that are now being expanded and transitioned towards Multi-Hazard\u0000Impact-based Early Warning Systems (MHIEWS). While it is still early days it\u0000is becoming clear that there are useful lessons from this approach in the\u0000COVID-19 global pandemic, and some valuable insight to be gained in risk\u0000communication, risk analysis and monitoring methodologies and approaches.\u0000The ability to understand and respond effectively to warnings through\u0000appropriate behaviours and actions is central to resilient societies and\u0000communities. By avoiding physical, societal and economic harm to the\u0000greatest extent possible, recovery from a hazard is likely to be faster,\u0000less costly and more complete. MHIEWS can be a common approach for all hazards and therefore more likely to\u0000become a trusted tool that everyone can understand and use as a basic\u0000element of their national disaster risk management system. The\u0000interconnectedness of hazards and their impacts is a strong motivator for a\u0000common approach. One of the lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic and extreme\u0000weather events is the need to understand the vulnerability of individuals,\u0000communities and societies so as to provide reliable, targeted guidance and\u0000warnings and the willingness and capacity to prepare for a reasonable\u0000worst-case scenario based on informed long-term planning. Meteorology and\u0000hydrology are making good progress in this direction and the process can be\u0000readily applied to health and other sectors.\u0000","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85181657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Kaspar, Deborah Niermann, M. Borsche, S. Fiedler, J. Keller, R. Potthast, T. Rösch, T. Spangehl, B. Tinz
Abstract. Based on the numerical weather prediction model COSMO of Germany's national meteorological service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD), regional reanalysis datasets have been developed with grid spacing of up to 2 km. This development started as a fundamental research activity within the Hans-Ertel-Centre for Weather Research (HErZ) at the University of Bonn and the University of Cologne. Today, COSMO reanalyses are an established product of the DWD and have been widely used in applications on European and national German level. Successful applications of COSMO reanalyses include renewable energy assessments as well as meteorological risk estimates. The COSMO reanalysis datasets are now publicly available and provide spatio-temporal consistent data of atmospheric parameters covering both near-surface conditions and vertical profiles. This article reviews the status of the COSMO reanalyses, including evaluation results and applications. In many studies, evaluation of the COSMO reanalyses point to an overall good quality and often an added value compared to different contemporary global reanalysis datasets. We further outline current plans for the further development and application of regional reanalyses in the HErZ research group Cologne/Bonn in collaboration with the DWD.
{"title":"Regional atmospheric reanalysis activities at Deutscher Wetterdienst: review of evaluation results and application examples with a focus on renewable energy","authors":"F. Kaspar, Deborah Niermann, M. Borsche, S. Fiedler, J. Keller, R. Potthast, T. Rösch, T. Spangehl, B. Tinz","doi":"10.5194/asr-17-115-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-115-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Based on the numerical weather prediction model COSMO of Germany's national\u0000meteorological service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD), regional reanalysis\u0000datasets have been developed with grid spacing of up to 2 km. This\u0000development started as a fundamental research activity within the\u0000Hans-Ertel-Centre for Weather Research (HErZ) at the University of Bonn and\u0000the University of Cologne. Today, COSMO reanalyses are an established\u0000product of the DWD and have been widely used in applications on European and\u0000national German level. Successful applications of COSMO reanalyses include\u0000renewable energy assessments as well as meteorological risk estimates. The\u0000COSMO reanalysis datasets are now publicly available and provide\u0000spatio-temporal consistent data of atmospheric parameters covering both\u0000near-surface conditions and vertical profiles. This article reviews the\u0000status of the COSMO reanalyses, including evaluation results and\u0000applications. In many studies, evaluation of the COSMO reanalyses point to\u0000an overall good quality and often an added value compared to different\u0000contemporary global reanalysis datasets. We further outline current plans\u0000for the further development and application of regional reanalyses in the\u0000HErZ research group Cologne/Bonn in collaboration with the DWD.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"70 1 1","pages":"115-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77936686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Forty percent of the world's population live within 100 km of the coastal line. Coastal zones are changing because of the interaction between the oceans and the land as well as human activities. The processes in coastal Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) have being continuously studied as they are important for the ecosystems, recreational activities, fishery, economics and renewable energy resources. Remote sensing (RS) measurements of the ABL have being performed with sodar at Ahtopol synoptic station (Southeast Bulgaria) since 2008. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) criteria for “rare” events have been applied to the period August 2008–October 2016 of the RS measurements and a reference extreme wind speed profile has been obtained. In this study, we test the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with Mellor-Yamada-Janjic ABL scheme to simulate extreme wind events, followed by sea breeze. As a measure of the ability of the used model configuration to reproduce the spatial and temporal structure of these complex weather situations some basic statistical metrics has been used. The results have shown relatively good agreement between measured and modeled wind speed but the sea breeze development has not been reproduced by the model.
{"title":"WRF simulations against sodar measurements of extreme winds and local breeze circulations serial events","authors":"D. Barantiev, H. Kirova, Orlin Gueorguiev","doi":"10.5194/asr-17-109-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-109-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Forty percent of the world's population live within 100 km of the coastal line. Coastal zones are changing because of the interaction between the oceans and the land as well as human activities. The processes in coastal Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) have being continuously studied as they are important for the ecosystems, recreational activities, fishery, economics and renewable energy resources. Remote sensing (RS) measurements of the ABL have being performed with sodar at Ahtopol synoptic station (Southeast Bulgaria) since 2008. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) criteria for “rare” events have been applied to the period August 2008–October 2016 of the RS measurements and a reference extreme wind speed profile has been obtained. In this study, we test the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with Mellor-Yamada-Janjic ABL scheme to simulate extreme wind events, followed by sea breeze. As a measure of the ability of the used model configuration to reproduce the spatial and temporal structure of these complex weather situations some basic statistical metrics has been used. The results have shown relatively good agreement between measured and modeled wind speed but the sea breeze development has not been reproduced by the model.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"539 1","pages":"109-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78883527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-24DOI: 10.11648/j.sr.20200803.13
Tesfu Shegaw
The study was conducted in selected districts of kafa, sheka and Benchi maji zones of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region of Ethiopia with an intention to identify the agroecological distribution level of cr. chiarinii ant. The study was under taken through collection of survey data from respondent beekeepers and conducting transect views. According to the survey result, of the total transect views covering 167 kms distances with 50 meters horizontal width and observation covered altitudes ranging from 800 to 2400 m.as.l. Nearly equivalent transect distances were considered for each agro ecologies (High land, mid land and low lands containing 60, 50 and 57 kilometers respectively). A total of 497 nests were counted during the transect. Of which 387 (77%) were counted in mid lands (1500-1900 m.a.s.l.); 60 (12%) of the nests counted in low lands ( 1900 to 2400 m.a.s.l.). The Proportions of respondents using Cr. chiarinii as biological protection means against D. quadratus varied from 19.17% in Benchi Maji zone to 43.33% in Sheka zone whith an overall mean of 27.78%. There is no significant varriation between male and females (at p<0.05) in using Cr. chiarinii as a potential biological pest prevention mechanism (28.4% versus 20.69%). In the curent study, the distribution of the ant was higher in mid lands (1500-1900m.a.s.l) and declining as we go up over 1900 m.a.s.l and lower than 1500 m.a.s.l. Particularly, in areas of extreme low altitudes the ant was noted to be very selective to areas with better moisture contents and is highly selective to areas with old trees and better vegetation cover is found. However, it is not selective to plant types and its distribution gets declining in areas with less forest coverage and intenssive cultivation is under taken.
{"title":"Assessment on Ecological Distribution of ‘Crematogaster chiarinii’ ant in South-western Ethiopia","authors":"Tesfu Shegaw","doi":"10.11648/j.sr.20200803.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20200803.13","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted in selected districts of kafa, sheka and Benchi maji zones of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region of Ethiopia with an intention to identify the agroecological distribution level of cr. chiarinii ant. The study was under taken through collection of survey data from respondent beekeepers and conducting transect views. According to the survey result, of the total transect views covering 167 kms distances with 50 meters horizontal width and observation covered altitudes ranging from 800 to 2400 m.as.l. Nearly equivalent transect distances were considered for each agro ecologies (High land, mid land and low lands containing 60, 50 and 57 kilometers respectively). A total of 497 nests were counted during the transect. Of which 387 (77%) were counted in mid lands (1500-1900 m.a.s.l.); 60 (12%) of the nests counted in low lands ( 1900 to 2400 m.a.s.l.). The Proportions of respondents using Cr. chiarinii as biological protection means against D. quadratus varied from 19.17% in Benchi Maji zone to 43.33% in Sheka zone whith an overall mean of 27.78%. There is no significant varriation between male and females (at p<0.05) in using Cr. chiarinii as a potential biological pest prevention mechanism (28.4% versus 20.69%). In the curent study, the distribution of the ant was higher in mid lands (1500-1900m.a.s.l) and declining as we go up over 1900 m.a.s.l and lower than 1500 m.a.s.l. Particularly, in areas of extreme low altitudes the ant was noted to be very selective to areas with better moisture contents and is highly selective to areas with old trees and better vegetation cover is found. However, it is not selective to plant types and its distribution gets declining in areas with less forest coverage and intenssive cultivation is under taken.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"2020 1","pages":"84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76166753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The electric power that can be transmitted via high-voltage transmission lines is limited by the Joule heating of the conductors. In the case of coastal wind farms, the wind that produces power simultaneously contributes to the cooling of high-voltage overhead conductors. Ideally this would allow for increased power transmission or decreased dimensions and cost of the conductor wires. In this study we investigate how well the wind speed in coastal wind farms is correlated with wind along a 75 km long 330 kW power line towards inland. It is found that correlations between wind speed in coastal wind farms at turbine height and conductor-level (10 m) are remarkably lower ( R=0.39 –0.64) than between wind farms at distances up to 100 km from each other ( R=0.76 –0.97). Dense mixed forest surrounding the power line reduces both local wind speed and the correlations with coastal higher-level wind, thus making the cooling effect less reliable.
{"title":"Wind: generating power and cooling the power lines","authors":"M. Kaasik, S. Mirme","doi":"10.5194/asr-17-105-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-105-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The electric power that can be transmitted via high-voltage transmission lines is limited by the Joule heating of the conductors. In the case of coastal wind farms, the wind that produces power simultaneously contributes to the cooling of high-voltage overhead conductors. Ideally this would allow for increased power transmission or decreased dimensions and cost of the conductor wires. In this study we investigate how well the wind speed in coastal wind farms is correlated with wind along a 75 km long 330 kW power line towards inland. It is found that correlations between wind speed in coastal wind farms at turbine height and conductor-level (10 m) are remarkably lower ( R=0.39 –0.64) than between wind farms at distances up to 100 km from each other ( R=0.76 –0.97). Dense mixed forest surrounding the power line reduces both local wind speed and the correlations with coastal higher-level wind, thus making the cooling effect less reliable.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"57 1","pages":"105-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81649655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Olsson, A. Luomaranta, K. Jylhä, Julia Jeworrek, T. Perttula, C. Dieterich, Lichuan Wu, A. Rutgersson, A. Mäkelä
Abstract. The formation of convective sea-effect snowfall (i.e., snow bands) is triggered by cold air outbreaks over a relatively warm and open sea. Snow bands can produce intense snowfall which can last for several days over the sea and potentially move towards the coast depending on wind direction. We defined the meteorological conditions which statistically favor the formation of snow bands over the north-eastern Baltic Sea of the Finnish coastline and investigated the spatio-temporal characteristics of these snow bands. A set of criteria, which have been previously shown to be able to detect the days favoring sea-effect snowfall for Swedish coastal area, were refined for Finland based on four case study simulations, utilizing a convection-permitting numerical weather prediction (NWP) model (HARMONIE-AROME). The main modification of the detection criteria concerned the threshold for 10 m wind speed: the generally assumed threshold value of 10 m s −1 was decreased to 7 m s −1 . The refined criteria were then applied to regional climate model (RCA4) data, for an 11-year time period (2000–2010). When only considering cases in Finland with onshore wind direction, we found on average 3 d yr −1 with favorable conditions for coastal sea-effect snowfall. The heaviest convective snowfall events were detected most frequently over the southern coastline. Statistics of the favorable days indicated that the lower 10 m wind speed threshold improved the representation of the frequency of snow bands. For most of the favorable snow band days, the location and order of magnitude of precipitation were closely captured, when compared to gridded observational data for land areas and weather radar reflectivity images. Lightning were observed during one third of the favorable days over the Baltic Sea area.
摘要对流海洋效应降雪(即雪带)的形成是由相对温暖和开阔的海面上的冷空气爆发引发的。雪带可以在海上产生持续数天的强降雪，并可能根据风向向海岸移动。我们定义了统计上有利于芬兰海岸线波罗的海东北部雪带形成的气象条件，并调查了这些雪带的时空特征。一套先前已被证明能够检测瑞典沿海地区有利于海洋效应降雪的天数的标准，是基于四个案例研究模拟，利用允许对流的数值天气预报(NWP)模式(HARMONIE-AROME)为芬兰改进的。检测准则的主要修改涉及10m风速的阈值，将通常假设的10m s−1的阈值降低为7m s−1。然后将改进后的标准应用于区域气候模式(RCA4)的11年(2000-2010年)数据。当仅考虑芬兰的陆上风向时，我们发现平均3 d yr−1具有有利的沿海海效应降雪条件。最大的对流降雪量在南部海岸线最为频繁。有利日数统计表明，10 m风速阈值越低，雪带出现频率的表征越好。与陆地区域的网格化观测数据和气象雷达反射率图像相比，在大多数有利雪带日，降水的位置和量级被紧密捕获。波罗的海地区在三分之一的有利天气中观测到闪电。
{"title":"Statistics of sea-effect snowfall along the Finnish coastline based on regional climate model data","authors":"T. Olsson, A. Luomaranta, K. Jylhä, Julia Jeworrek, T. Perttula, C. Dieterich, Lichuan Wu, A. Rutgersson, A. Mäkelä","doi":"10.5194/asr-17-87-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-87-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The formation of convective sea-effect snowfall (i.e., snow bands) is triggered by cold air outbreaks over a relatively warm and open sea. Snow bands can produce intense snowfall which can last for several days over the sea and potentially move towards the coast depending on wind direction. We defined the meteorological conditions which statistically favor the formation of snow bands over the north-eastern Baltic Sea of the Finnish\u0000coastline and investigated the spatio-temporal characteristics of these snow\u0000bands. A set of criteria, which have been previously shown to be able to\u0000detect the days favoring sea-effect snowfall for Swedish coastal area, were\u0000refined for Finland based on four case study simulations, utilizing a\u0000convection-permitting numerical weather prediction (NWP) model (HARMONIE-AROME). The main modification of the detection criteria concerned the threshold for 10 m wind speed: the generally assumed threshold value of 10 m s −1 was decreased to 7 m s −1 . The refined criteria were then applied to regional climate model (RCA4) data, for an 11-year time period (2000–2010). When only considering cases in Finland with onshore wind direction, we found on average 3 d yr −1 with favorable conditions for coastal sea-effect snowfall. The heaviest convective snowfall events were detected most frequently over the southern coastline. Statistics of the favorable days indicated that the lower 10 m wind speed threshold improved the representation of the frequency of snow bands. For most of the favorable snow band days, the location and order of magnitude of precipitation were closely captured, when compared to gridded observational data for land areas and weather radar reflectivity images. Lightning were observed during one third of the favorable days over the Baltic Sea area.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"87-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80885983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-18DOI: 10.11648/j.sr.20200803.12
Nuredin Teshome, G. Tsidu, Bisrat Kifle
Satellite images give a synoptic view of target areas, measure target surface changes and provide the information needed for hydrological studies, river or Lake Basin management, water disaster prevention, and water management. Lake Tana is located at an altitude of 1830 m and latitude longitude of 11.27°N and 37.10°E. The lake is the source of the Blue Nile River and it is the largest lake in Ethiopia with a surface area of 3,150 km2, a maximum length and width of 78 and 68 km respectively. In the past, several studies have been published on Lake Tana and its basin in a scattered manner. This necessitates state of the art review that highlights achievements, models, algorithms, and identify gaps in knowledge. Different types of hydrological models have been applied. The majority of the recent studies utilized simple conceptual and statistical approaches for trend analysis and water balance estimations, mainly using rainfall, temperature and evapo-transpiration data. To a greater extent, recent studies have used advanced semi-physically or physically based distributed hydrological models driven by high resolution temporal and spatial data for diverse applications. A review of the methods used and the role of satellite remote sensing in this regard to understand the hydrology of Lake Tana and its basin are presented.
{"title":"The Application of Satellite Imagery in Surface Water/Lake Modelling: A Review of Previous Studies on Lake Tana and Its Basin","authors":"Nuredin Teshome, G. Tsidu, Bisrat Kifle","doi":"10.11648/j.sr.20200803.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20200803.12","url":null,"abstract":"Satellite images give a synoptic view of target areas, measure target surface changes and provide the information needed for hydrological studies, river or Lake Basin management, water disaster prevention, and water management. Lake Tana is located at an altitude of 1830 m and latitude longitude of 11.27°N and 37.10°E. The lake is the source of the Blue Nile River and it is the largest lake in Ethiopia with a surface area of 3,150 km2, a maximum length and width of 78 and 68 km respectively. In the past, several studies have been published on Lake Tana and its basin in a scattered manner. This necessitates state of the art review that highlights achievements, models, algorithms, and identify gaps in knowledge. Different types of hydrological models have been applied. The majority of the recent studies utilized simple conceptual and statistical approaches for trend analysis and water balance estimations, mainly using rainfall, temperature and evapo-transpiration data. To a greater extent, recent studies have used advanced semi-physically or physically based distributed hydrological models driven by high resolution temporal and spatial data for diverse applications. A review of the methods used and the role of satellite remote sensing in this regard to understand the hydrology of Lake Tana and its basin are presented.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81908326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. High-resolution precipitation observation based on signal attenuation in a Commercial Microwave Link (CML) network is an emerging technique that is becoming more and more used. Commonly, the raw data – line measurements from successive time steps – are mapped onto a grid to estimate precipitation fields with a full spatio-temporal coverage. Assuming the CML-estimated precipitation to be accurate, the attainable resolutions in time and space are primarily dependent on two factors: (i) the spatial distribution of the link network and (ii) the spatial correlation properties of the precipitation. Here we outline a pragmatic method for estimating the optimal resolution based on variogram analysis. The method is demonstrated using a CML network and a representative variogram in Stockholm, Sweden. Conceivable applications include preliminary investigations in cities considering starting CML-based precipitation observations.
{"title":"Optimal grid resolution for precipitation maps from commercial microwave link networks","authors":"R. van de Beek, J. Olsson, J. Andersson","doi":"10.5194/asr-17-79-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-79-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. High-resolution precipitation observation based on signal attenuation in a Commercial Microwave Link (CML) network is an emerging technique that is becoming more and more used. Commonly, the raw data – line measurements from successive time steps – are mapped onto a grid to estimate precipitation fields with a full spatio-temporal coverage. Assuming the CML-estimated precipitation to be accurate, the attainable resolutions\u0000in time and space are primarily dependent on two factors: (i) the spatial\u0000distribution of the link network and (ii) the spatial correlation properties of the precipitation. Here we outline a pragmatic method for estimating the optimal resolution based on variogram analysis. The method is demonstrated using a CML network and a representative variogram in Stockholm, Sweden. Conceivable applications include preliminary investigations in cities considering starting CML-based precipitation observations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80666098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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