Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/1/4/322
F. Lemarchand, A. Sentenac, E. Cambril, H. Giovannini
Studies of anomalies of the reflection and transmission curves of waveguide-gratings have demonstrated unique filtering capabilities of these structures. Vincent and Neviere [1] showed that the excitation of a leaky mode in the system can lead to 100% reflectance at a given wavelength under certain condition of symmetry. A comparative study of guided-mode resonance filters with classical multilayers design shows that the latter requires considerably more layers to yield equivalent narrow-band linewidths [2]. However, contrary to thin-films filters, waveguide-gratings are very sensitive to the angle of the incident wave. Hence, the narrow-band filter suffers significant reduction in the peak reflectance, even if the incident optical beam is wide [3].
{"title":"Study of the resonant behavior of waveguide-gratings Increasing the angular tolerance of guided-mode filters","authors":"F. Lemarchand, A. Sentenac, E. Cambril, H. Giovannini","doi":"10.1088/1464-4258/1/4/322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/1/4/322","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of anomalies of the reflection and transmission curves of waveguide-gratings have demonstrated unique filtering capabilities of these structures. Vincent and Neviere [1] showed that the excitation of a leaky mode in the system can lead to 100% reflectance at a given wavelength under certain condition of symmetry. A comparative study of guided-mode resonance filters with classical multilayers design shows that the latter requires considerably more layers to yield equivalent narrow-band linewidths [2]. However, contrary to thin-films filters, waveguide-gratings are very sensitive to the angle of the incident wave. Hence, the narrow-band filter suffers significant reduction in the peak reflectance, even if the incident optical beam is wide [3].","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115876271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The conceptual advantage of Kirchhoffs approximation1 for the description of optical elements and systems is the intensive use of the Fourier transformation2. Its simple mathematical relations can be used to predict spatially distributed light signals in any plane of an optical system. An analysis in terms of Fourier optics and, more specific, the paraxial approximation is even appropriate if more rigorous calculations are required to achieve a desired accuracy for the design of the system.
{"title":"Perturbation theory - a unified approach to describe diffractive optical elements","authors":"M. Testorf","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.16.001115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.16.001115","url":null,"abstract":"The conceptual advantage of Kirchhoffs approximation1 for the description of optical elements and systems is the intensive use of the Fourier transformation2. Its simple mathematical relations can be used to predict spatially distributed light signals in any plane of an optical system. An analysis in terms of Fourier optics and, more specific, the paraxial approximation is even appropriate if more rigorous calculations are required to achieve a desired accuracy for the design of the system.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132416935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many useful diffractive optical elements (DOEs) contain axial symmetry, e.g. lenses and mode shaping elements. Typically these structures are analyzed using scalar-based diffraction methods. However, when the profile of the DOE has variations on a scale comparable to the illumination wavelength scalar theory is not valid. In these cases a rigorous solution to the electromagnetic boundary value problem must be obtained. Unfortunately, most techniques for the rigorous analysis of such DOEs are only applicable to two-dimensional or periodic profiles. An exception to this is our method of moments (MOM) paper included in the technical digest of this conference. Although we have demonstrated the MOM to be a viable method for the analysis of axially-symmetric DOEs, in this paper we present an alternative technique based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method that is computationally more efficient and has broader application.
{"title":"Electromagnetic Analysis of Axially-Symmetric DOEs Using the FDTD Method","authors":"D. Prather, S. Shi","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dpd.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dpd.1","url":null,"abstract":"Many useful diffractive optical elements (DOEs) contain axial symmetry, e.g. lenses and mode shaping elements. Typically these structures are analyzed using scalar-based diffraction methods. However, when the profile of the DOE has variations on a scale comparable to the illumination wavelength scalar theory is not valid. In these cases a rigorous solution to the electromagnetic boundary value problem must be obtained. Unfortunately, most techniques for the rigorous analysis of such DOEs are only applicable to two-dimensional or periodic profiles. An exception to this is our method of moments (MOM) paper included in the technical digest of this conference. Although we have demonstrated the MOM to be a viable method for the analysis of axially-symmetric DOEs, in this paper we present an alternative technique based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method that is computationally more efficient and has broader application.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127211281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-08DOI: 10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.8
M. D. Watson, M. Abushagur, P. Ashley, H. Cole
Blazed grating features result in a modification to the Bragg which yields only a single output radiation mode (either substrate or cladding). [1]. Since blazing requires a triangular grating line shape, fabrication can be difficult. As a simplification, a discrete step approximation is often used to approximate a blazed structure. However, the discrete approximation requires multiple exposure steps making the fabrication process complex. The fabrication process can greatly simplified by approximating the blazed grating line shape by a periodic rectangular grating with a varying duty cycle [2]. Thus, the process used to fabricate periodic rectangular gratings can be used to fabricate the binary approximation of a blazed grating. Dividing the blazed grating structure into several (I), substructures, results in a substructure (i), each having a different discrete refractive index based on their location along the slope as shown in Figure 1.
{"title":"High Efficiency Binary Blazed Grating Waveguide Couplers","authors":"M. D. Watson, M. Abushagur, P. Ashley, H. Cole","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.8","url":null,"abstract":"Blazed grating features result in a modification to the Bragg which yields only a single output radiation mode (either substrate or cladding). [1]. Since blazing requires a triangular grating line shape, fabrication can be difficult. As a simplification, a discrete step approximation is often used to approximate a blazed structure. However, the discrete approximation requires multiple exposure steps making the fabrication process complex. The fabrication process can greatly simplified by approximating the blazed grating line shape by a periodic rectangular grating with a varying duty cycle [2]. Thus, the process used to fabricate periodic rectangular gratings can be used to fabricate the binary approximation of a blazed grating. Dividing the blazed grating structure into several (I), substructures, results in a substructure (i), each having a different discrete refractive index based on their location along the slope as shown in Figure 1.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125438352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advantages of spectrometer forms utilizing concentric surfaces have been recognized for some time.1,2 In order to realize these advantages in practice, a reliable and flexible method of generating gratings on curved substrates is needed. Concave gratings are commonly manufactured using both ruling and holographic techniques. However, it is difficult to produce well-blazed curved gratings.3,4,5 These difficulties are exacerbated in concentric spectrometer designs in which the grating must typically cover an arc that is greater than the blaze angle itself.
{"title":"New Convex Grating Types Manufactured by Electron Beam Lithography","authors":"P. Maker, R. Muller, D. Wilson, P. Mouroulis","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dwd.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dwd.3","url":null,"abstract":"The advantages of spectrometer forms utilizing concentric surfaces have been recognized for some time.1,2 In order to realize these advantages in practice, a reliable and flexible method of generating gratings on curved substrates is needed. Concave gratings are commonly manufactured using both ruling and holographic techniques. However, it is difficult to produce well-blazed curved gratings.3,4,5 These difficulties are exacerbated in concentric spectrometer designs in which the grating must typically cover an arc that is greater than the blaze angle itself.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121545627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-31DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.3
Qiu Yue, Fan Dianyuan, D. Ximing
In inertial confinement fusion(ICF) experimental researches, especially in direct drive ICF experimental researches, energy of the incident high power laser beam must be focused onto the target surface very uniformly. To achieve high illumination uniformity for target, several techniques have been developed, such as random phase plate (PR)[1], induced spatial incoherence (ISI)[2], smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD)[3], lenslet array (LA)[4], etc.. Although these techniques have proven valuable in ICF applications, all of them have some limitations and can't meet all of the requirements of the applications.
{"title":"Diffractive Elements Developed for Uniform Illumination in Inertial Confinement Fusion","authors":"Qiu Yue, Fan Dianyuan, D. Ximing","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.3","url":null,"abstract":"In inertial confinement fusion(ICF) experimental researches, especially in direct drive ICF experimental researches, energy of the incident high power laser beam must be focused onto the target surface very uniformly. To achieve high illumination uniformity for target, several techniques have been developed, such as random phase plate (PR)[1], induced spatial incoherence (ISI)[2], smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD)[3], lenslet array (LA)[4], etc.. Although these techniques have proven valuable in ICF applications, all of them have some limitations and can't meet all of the requirements of the applications.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121819909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are very desirable sources for a variety of optical system applications. In particular, the inherent planarity of arrays of VCSELs makes them ideal for compact 3-dimensional optical interconnect systems1. Despite smaller beam divergence than edge emitting lasers, spreading of the beam emerging perpendicular to the surface of the VCSEL limits the range of free space transmission, reduces the device density in an array and can introduce cross-talk. Although an external optical system using a separate lens array is a possible solution, the idea may be impractical or expensive due to constraints such as space limitations or the additional need for an optomechanical system to position the lenses. An alternative approach is the integration of high efficiency diffractive optics and VCSELs on a single transparent substrate. Such a compact source is also very attractive for miniature optical instrumentation applications. Integrating diffractive optical elements with substratemitting VCSELs provides a method for manipulating the propagation properties of the exiting beams2. With diffractive structures, a broad range of optical elements can be easily designed and fabricated and high diffraction efficiencies can be achieved with current processing technologies.
{"title":"Integration of Diffractive Optical Elements with Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers","authors":"M. Warren, T. Du, J. Wendt","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.dmd.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.dmd.2","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are very desirable sources for a variety of optical system applications. In particular, the inherent planarity of arrays of VCSELs makes them ideal for compact 3-dimensional optical interconnect systems1. Despite smaller beam divergence than edge emitting lasers, spreading of the beam emerging perpendicular to the surface of the VCSEL limits the range of free space transmission, reduces the device density in an array and can introduce cross-talk. Although an external optical system using a separate lens array is a possible solution, the idea may be impractical or expensive due to constraints such as space limitations or the additional need for an optomechanical system to position the lenses. An alternative approach is the integration of high efficiency diffractive optics and VCSELs on a single transparent substrate. Such a compact source is also very attractive for miniature optical instrumentation applications. Integrating diffractive optical elements with substratemitting VCSELs provides a method for manipulating the propagation properties of the exiting beams2. With diffractive structures, a broad range of optical elements can be easily designed and fabricated and high diffraction efficiencies can be achieved with current processing technologies.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"127 1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116704728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-31DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.6
B. Shore, Lifeng Li, Feit
The electric field E is the most significant of the several fields of electromagnetic radiation, because it indicates regions of dielectric response. The nodes and antinodes of plane wave structure are clearly visible in plots of the E field, as are regions of localized enhancement near grating surfaces. It is in these enhanced field regions that one expects to find the strongest photoelectric response, or the first damage as the field is increased.
{"title":"Electric Fields and Poynting Vectors in Dielectric Gratings","authors":"B. Shore, Lifeng Li, Feit","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.6","url":null,"abstract":"The electric field E is the most significant of the several fields of electromagnetic radiation, because it indicates regions of dielectric response. The nodes and antinodes of plane wave structure are clearly visible in plots of the E field, as are regions of localized enhancement near grating surfaces. It is in these enhanced field regions that one expects to find the strongest photoelectric response, or the first damage as the field is increased.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"7 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132007234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pseudorandom encoding is a statistically-based, pixel-by-pixel mapping of complex valued modulations onto modulators that do not produce all complex values.1 The resulting far-field diffraction pattern closely approximates that from the desired, but unimplementable, complex modulation. Since the methed is point-oriented, the desired complex modulation can be synthesized and encoded without resorting to time consuming constrained global optimizations e.g. simulated annealing,2 genetic,3 and Gerchberg Saxton4 algorithms. In addition to reducing design time, the resulting diffraction patterns can have reasonably high diffraction efficiencies and low levels of background noise.
{"title":"Pseudorandom Encoding of Fully Complex Modulation to Bi-Amplitude Phase Modulators","authors":"R. Cohn, Wenyao Liu","doi":"10.1117/12.252097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.252097","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudorandom encoding is a statistically-based, pixel-by-pixel mapping of complex valued modulations onto modulators that do not produce all complex values.1 The resulting far-field diffraction pattern closely approximates that from the desired, but unimplementable, complex modulation. Since the methed is point-oriented, the desired complex modulation can be synthesized and encoded without resorting to time consuming constrained global optimizations e.g. simulated annealing,2 genetic,3 and Gerchberg Saxton4 algorithms. In addition to reducing design time, the resulting diffraction patterns can have reasonably high diffraction efficiencies and low levels of background noise.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114990194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-04-26DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.16
M. Rushford, S. Dixit, I. Thomas, M. Perry
In laser driven inertial confinement fusion systems, it is necessary to produce smooth focal plane intensity profiles [1]. The desired intensity distribution consists of a superGaussian envelope with a superimposed speckle on it. The speckle pattern is smoothed either by the plasma or by other temporal smoothing techniques. Binary random phase plates (RPPs) are inadequate for spatial smoothing as they lead to Airy function envelopes in the far-field and are only 84 % efficient. Furthermore RPPs also introduce large intensity modulations in the propagated intensity past the RPP which can potentially damage the optics downstream from the RPPs.
{"title":"Fabrication of large aperture kinoform phase plates in fused silica for smoothing focal plane intensity profiles","authors":"M. Rushford, S. Dixit, I. Thomas, M. Perry","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.16","url":null,"abstract":"In laser driven inertial confinement fusion systems, it is necessary to produce smooth focal plane intensity profiles [1]. The desired intensity distribution consists of a superGaussian envelope with a superimposed speckle on it. The speckle pattern is smoothed either by the plasma or by other temporal smoothing techniques. Binary random phase plates (RPPs) are inadequate for spatial smoothing as they lead to Airy function envelopes in the far-field and are only 84 % efficient. Furthermore RPPs also introduce large intensity modulations in the propagated intensity past the RPP which can potentially damage the optics downstream from the RPPs.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114628160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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