Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1998.dtub.2
F. Nikolajeff, C. Heine
Subwavelength structured surfaces can be used as very efficient antireflection (AR) coatings, narrowband filters or polarizing elements [1]. In industry, AR coatings and filters are typically produced by using thin-film techniques. Sub wavelength structures can avoid many of the problems encountered in thin-film approaches, and be replicated at low cost. Subwavelength structures also have the potential to be combined with micro-optical elements such as lenses, gratings or kinoforms. However, previous studies have either been focused on the analysis of pure subwavelength gratings [2] or micro-optical elements coated with thin films [3].
{"title":"Fabrication and Simulation of Blazed Gratings with Inherent Antireflection Structured Surfaces","authors":"F. Nikolajeff, C. Heine","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dtub.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dtub.2","url":null,"abstract":"Subwavelength structured surfaces can be used as very efficient antireflection (AR) coatings, narrowband filters or polarizing elements [1]. In industry, AR coatings and filters are typically produced by using thin-film techniques. Sub wavelength structures can avoid many of the problems encountered in thin-film approaches, and be replicated at low cost. Subwavelength structures also have the potential to be combined with micro-optical elements such as lenses, gratings or kinoforms. However, previous studies have either been focused on the analysis of pure subwavelength gratings [2] or micro-optical elements coated with thin films [3].","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"227 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114089058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1998.dmd.4d
S. Ura, Takayoshi Fujii, T. Suhara, H. Nishihara
A grating coupler [1,2] is useful for exciting a guided wave or taking out a guided wave into the air, and is one of the key components in constructing integrated optic devices [3]. A grating coupler utilizing higher-order diffraction has much longer grating period than that of a 1st-order grating coupler, and is attractive from a view point of fabrication and design flexibility especially for a case using a short wavelength or a high guided-mode index. However, a coupling efficiency of the usual higher-order diffraction is too low to be utilized in practical applications. We reported [4] a proposal and design consideration of a high-efficiency 3rd-order grating coupler for application to a GaAs/AlGaAs waveguide. In this report, an efficiency enhancement technique for 3rd-order grating coupler is demonstrated experimentally for the first time. Wavelength of 0.82μm and a glass waveguide are used for the demonstration.
{"title":"Grating Coupler utilizing third-order Diffraction","authors":"S. Ura, Takayoshi Fujii, T. Suhara, H. Nishihara","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dmd.4d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dmd.4d","url":null,"abstract":"A grating coupler [1,2] is useful for exciting a guided wave or taking out a guided wave into the air, and is one of the key components in constructing integrated optic devices [3]. A grating coupler utilizing higher-order diffraction has much longer grating period than that of a 1st-order grating coupler, and is attractive from a view point of fabrication and design flexibility especially for a case using a short wavelength or a high guided-mode index. However, a coupling efficiency of the usual higher-order diffraction is too low to be utilized in practical applications. We reported [4] a proposal and design consideration of a high-efficiency 3rd-order grating coupler for application to a GaAs/AlGaAs waveguide. In this report, an efficiency enhancement technique for 3rd-order grating coupler is demonstrated experimentally for the first time. Wavelength of 0.82μm and a glass waveguide are used for the demonstration.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114478166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Submicron gratings show increasing potential in applied optics, often presenting attractive alternatives to thin film technology solutions. Gratings on light-weight plastic materials can replace heavy and expensive glass devices. Embossing techniques can be used for cheap mass production. The coating of gratings with thin films leads to additional degrees of freedom for component design. For practical applications, it is important not only to investigate the possibilities of such structures, but also the limiting factors such as fabrication considerations and stability properties.
{"title":"Submicron gratings with dielectric overcoat: performance and stability","authors":"C. Heine, R. Morf, M. T. Gale","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.dwc.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.dwc.5","url":null,"abstract":"Submicron gratings show increasing potential in applied optics, often presenting attractive alternatives to thin film technology solutions. Gratings on light-weight plastic materials can replace heavy and expensive glass devices. Embossing techniques can be used for cheap mass production. The coating of gratings with thin films leads to additional degrees of freedom for component design. For practical applications, it is important not only to investigate the possibilities of such structures, but also the limiting factors such as fabrication considerations and stability properties.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124788985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Salmio, J. Saarinen, H. Saarikoski, J. Turunen, A. Tervonen
Diffractive phase elements, which only modulate the phase of an incident wavefront, provide high diffraction efficiencies. Such elements can be fabricated in the form of surface-relief profiles by a variety of methods including selective etching or material deposition, and diamond turning. Binary surface-relief elements have diffraction efficiencies of the order of 30–75% depending on the symmetries of the signal, while efficiencies even in excess of 90% are only possible if one employs continuous surface profiles fabricated, e.g., by direct-write laser beam or electron-beam lithography. Then, however, accurate exposure control is needed. Continuous surface profiles can be approximated by multilevel profiles, which may be fabricated by successive lithography steps, where careful mask alignment is then required.
{"title":"Ion Exchange in Glass for the Fabrication of Continuous-Phase Diffractive Optical Elements","authors":"R. Salmio, J. Saarinen, H. Saarikoski, J. Turunen, A. Tervonen","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.dmb.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.dmb.5","url":null,"abstract":"Diffractive phase elements, which only modulate the phase of an incident wavefront, provide high diffraction efficiencies. Such elements can be fabricated in the form of surface-relief profiles by a variety of methods including selective etching or material deposition, and diamond turning. Binary surface-relief elements have diffraction efficiencies of the order of 30–75% depending on the symmetries of the signal, while efficiencies even in excess of 90% are only possible if one employs continuous surface profiles fabricated, e.g., by direct-write laser beam or electron-beam lithography. Then, however, accurate exposure control is needed. Continuous surface profiles can be approximated by multilevel profiles, which may be fabricated by successive lithography steps, where careful mask alignment is then required.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123512923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.19
P. Lalanne
Recent experimental and theoretical investigations have shown that periodic subwavelength structured surfaces with periods small compared to the illumination wavelength behave as homogeneous medium, and have suggested interesting applications, such as fabrication of anti-reflection coatings1,2,3, quarter wave plates4, polarizers5, and graded-phase diffractive elements6. The replacement of the periodic structure by a homogeneous medium is often referred as homogenization or effective medium theory (EMT). EMT can be applied to a large variety of physical material properties, such as diffusion constant, magnetic permeability, thermal conductivity, etc. To facilitate the design and fabrication of artificial dielectric elements, one must be able to relate the effective index of the subwavelength structured surface in a simple way.
{"title":"Effective medium theory of symmetric two-dimensional subwavelength periodic structures","authors":"P. Lalanne","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.19","url":null,"abstract":"Recent experimental and theoretical investigations have shown that periodic subwavelength structured surfaces with periods small compared to the illumination wavelength behave as homogeneous medium, and have suggested interesting applications, such as fabrication of anti-reflection coatings1,2,3, quarter wave plates4, polarizers5, and graded-phase diffractive elements6. The replacement of the periodic structure by a homogeneous medium is often referred as homogenization or effective medium theory (EMT). EMT can be applied to a large variety of physical material properties, such as diffusion constant, magnetic permeability, thermal conductivity, etc. To facilitate the design and fabrication of artificial dielectric elements, one must be able to relate the effective index of the subwavelength structured surface in a simple way.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121909184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.2
M. Testorf, J. Jahns, N. Khilo, A. M. Goncharenko
Recently, planar optics was introduced as a concept for the micro integration of free space optics1. For the planar optics approach passive optical elements are arranged on the surface of a thick transparent substrate. The light signal travels within the substrate along a folded zigzag path, reflected at the surfaces of the substrate. Since planar optics was first proposed, various applications were successfully demonstrated, like integrated split and shift modules2 or integrated optical imaging systems3.
{"title":"Off-axis Talbot effect and array generation in planar optics","authors":"M. Testorf, J. Jahns, N. Khilo, A. M. Goncharenko","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.2","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, planar optics was introduced as a concept for the micro integration of free space optics1. For the planar optics approach passive optical elements are arranged on the surface of a thick transparent substrate. The light signal travels within the substrate along a folded zigzag path, reflected at the surfaces of the substrate. Since planar optics was first proposed, various applications were successfully demonstrated, like integrated split and shift modules2 or integrated optical imaging systems3.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121429105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.10
B. Shore, M. Perry, J. Britten, R. Boyd, M. Feit, H. Nguyen, R. Chow, G. Loomis, Lifeng Li
We discuss examples of designs for all-dielectric high-efficiency reflection gratings that tolerate high intensity laser pulses and are, in theory, capable of placing 99% of the incident light into a single diffraction order. The designs are based on placing a dielectric transmission grating atop a high-reflectivity multilayer dielectric stack. We comment on the connection between transmission gratings and reflection gratings and note that many combinations of gratings and multilayer stacks offer high efficiency. Thus it is possible to attain secondary objectives in the design. We describe examples of such designs aimed toward improving fabrication and lowering the susceptibility to laser-induced damage.
{"title":"High Efficiency Dielectric Reflection Gratings","authors":"B. Shore, M. Perry, J. Britten, R. Boyd, M. Feit, H. Nguyen, R. Chow, G. Loomis, Lifeng Li","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.10","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss examples of designs for all-dielectric high-efficiency reflection gratings that tolerate high intensity laser pulses and are, in theory, capable of placing 99% of the incident light into a single diffraction order. The designs are based on placing a dielectric transmission grating atop a high-reflectivity multilayer dielectric stack. We comment on the connection between transmission gratings and reflection gratings and note that many combinations of gratings and multilayer stacks offer high efficiency. Thus it is possible to attain secondary objectives in the design. We describe examples of such designs aimed toward improving fabrication and lowering the susceptibility to laser-induced damage.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130539969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.dtud.3
M. Rossi, C. Blough, D. Raguin, E. Popov, D. Maystre
Diffractive lenses are key elements in a large variety of optical systems. In hybrid refractive/diffractive optical systems they are used as powerful elements for aberration correction. Other applications, such as fiber coupling and optoelectronic devices, benefit from the fact that diffractive structures are thin and lightweight, enabling very compact systems. In addition, low-cost replication processes with a high profile fidelity make the use of diffractive lenses in prototype systems as well as in volume production very attractive.
{"title":"Diffraction Efficiency of High-NA Continuous-Relief Diffractive Lenses","authors":"M. Rossi, C. Blough, D. Raguin, E. Popov, D. Maystre","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.dtud.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.dtud.3","url":null,"abstract":"Diffractive lenses are key elements in a large variety of optical systems. In hybrid refractive/diffractive optical systems they are used as powerful elements for aberration correction. Other applications, such as fiber coupling and optoelectronic devices, benefit from the fact that diffractive structures are thin and lightweight, enabling very compact systems. In addition, low-cost replication processes with a high profile fidelity make the use of diffractive lenses in prototype systems as well as in volume production very attractive.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129890720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A unique type of narrow-band integrated optical filter is investigated based on embedding a subwavelength resonant grating structure within a planar waveguide. Current integrated narrow-band optical filters are limited by their size, density of devices that can be produced, overall performance, and ability to be actively altered for tuning and modulation purposes. In contrast, the integrated optical filters described in this work can have extremely narrow bandwidths - on the order of a few angstroms. Also, their compact size enables multiple filters to be integrated in a single high density device for signal routing or wavelength discrimination. Manipulating any of the resonant structure’s parameters will tune the output response of the filter, which can be used for modulation or switching applications.
{"title":"Subwavelength Structured Narrow-band Integrated Optical Grating Filters","authors":"E. Grann, D. Holcomb, R. Zuhr, M. Moharam","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dmb.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dmb.5","url":null,"abstract":"A unique type of narrow-band integrated optical filter is investigated based on embedding a subwavelength resonant grating structure within a planar waveguide. Current integrated narrow-band optical filters are limited by their size, density of devices that can be produced, overall performance, and ability to be actively altered for tuning and modulation purposes. In contrast, the integrated optical filters described in this work can have extremely narrow bandwidths - on the order of a few angstroms. Also, their compact size enables multiple filters to be integrated in a single high density device for signal routing or wavelength discrimination. Manipulating any of the resonant structure’s parameters will tune the output response of the filter, which can be used for modulation or switching applications.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122342242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.5e
Y. Ishii, T. Kubota
Stratified volume holograms (SVHs) have been studied1,2 in the layered structures of holograms that are useful for several applications in optical communication such as an optical wavelength-selective filter. The hitherto investigation was performed by using the beam propagation method (BPM) to emulate the SVH with thin (Raman-Nath) gratings, taking into no account the reflection at the boundaries. Here we develop a rigorous coupled-wave model to analyze the TE-polarized diffraction properties of stratified volume photopolymer holograms. The numerical and experimental angular selectivities of stratified holograms are shown.
{"title":"Rigorous coupled-wave diffraction analysis of stratified volume photopolymer holograms","authors":"Y. Ishii, T. Kubota","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.5e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.5e","url":null,"abstract":"Stratified volume holograms (SVHs) have been studied1,2 in the layered structures of holograms that are useful for several applications in optical communication such as an optical wavelength-selective filter. The hitherto investigation was performed by using the beam propagation method (BPM) to emulate the SVH with thin (Raman-Nath) gratings, taking into no account the reflection at the boundaries. Here we develop a rigorous coupled-wave model to analyze the TE-polarized diffraction properties of stratified volume photopolymer holograms. The numerical and experimental angular selectivities of stratified holograms are shown.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125848009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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