Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.dtha.2
M. T. Gale, T. Hessler, R. Kunz, H. Teichmann
Laser writing technology for the fabrication of continuous-relief micro-optical elements is being developed at a number of institutes worldwide [1,2]. It represents a very powerful and flexible fabrication technique and fits well to replication technology in which the resist surface-relief microstructure can be electroformed and replicated into plastic material. Fig. 1 illustrates the essential production steps involved.
{"title":"Fabrication of continuous-relief micro-optics: progress in laser writing and replication technology","authors":"M. T. Gale, T. Hessler, R. Kunz, H. Teichmann","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.dtha.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.dtha.2","url":null,"abstract":"Laser writing technology for the fabrication of continuous-relief micro-optical elements is being developed at a number of institutes worldwide [1,2]. It represents a very powerful and flexible fabrication technique and fits well to replication technology in which the resist surface-relief microstructure can be electroformed and replicated into plastic material. Fig. 1 illustrates the essential production steps involved.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"316 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132546375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.10
T. Hamano, M. Izutsu
Photonic band gap (PBG) structures have been studied due to interests in the control of spontaneous emission as well as due to their applications in optical devices. Some applications of PBG structures have been proposed, such as reflectors [1], cavities [2], waveguides [3] etc. In order to utilize them in these applications, 2-dimensional (2D) PBG structures are required to producing ‘complete’ band gaps. Thus, their necessary band gaps must be wide in any direction on plane and must operate in two orthogonal polarization states which are parallel and perpendicular to the pillars (or holes) of the structures.
{"title":"Novel Polarizers Using 2D Photonic Band Gap Structures","authors":"T. Hamano, M. Izutsu","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.10","url":null,"abstract":"Photonic band gap (PBG) structures have been studied due to interests in the control of spontaneous emission as well as due to their applications in optical devices. Some applications of PBG structures have been proposed, such as reflectors [1], cavities [2], waveguides [3] etc. In order to utilize them in these applications, 2-dimensional (2D) PBG structures are required to producing ‘complete’ band gaps. Thus, their necessary band gaps must be wide in any direction on plane and must operate in two orthogonal polarization states which are parallel and perpendicular to the pillars (or holes) of the structures.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"52 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134570275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.12
J. Amako, T. Sonehara
Various approaches for flattop beam generation have been reported.1-4) Here we focus on a grating approach in which a phase grating is used to modulate a beam wavefront and shape its Fourier spectrum. We designed a grating-type beam shaper in an iterative manner, where an optimal grating phase is sought under the constraints of amplitude and phase both in the grating and Fourier planes.
{"title":"Flattop Beam Generation Using An Iteratively-Designed Binary Phase Grating","authors":"J. Amako, T. Sonehara","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.12","url":null,"abstract":"Various approaches for flattop beam generation have been reported.1-4) Here we focus on a grating approach in which a phase grating is used to modulate a beam wavefront and shape its Fourier spectrum. We designed a grating-type beam shaper in an iterative manner, where an optimal grating phase is sought under the constraints of amplitude and phase both in the grating and Fourier planes.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131564154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within the last 2 years Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) have emerged from the research laboratory into the commercial marketplace as the component of choice for numerous applications, supplanting both LED and edge-emitting sources. The enormous success of VCSELs is attributed, in part, to their premium performance, producibility, and packaging perks. Namely, significantly lower operating currents and power dissipation at Gb/s data rates; wafer-level batch fabrication, testing, and utilization of the existing LED and III-V manufacturing infrastructure; more efficient coupling into fibers and simplified drive electronics.1 These attributes result directly from the laser’s inherent vertical geometry. This vertical cavity is essentially a zero-order thin-film Fabiy-Perot transmission filter, utilizing integral quarter-wave high-reflectance (> 99%) interference stacks referred to as distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). On a parallel front, it has recently been suggested that high reflectivity possible from guided-mode grating resonant filters (GMGRFs)2–4 may likewise serve to construct the high-Finesse vertical cavity, requiring minimal layers. These "resonant reflectors" may be designed to provide ultra-narrow bandwidth filters for a selected center wavelength and polarization with ≅100% in-band reflectance and ~30dB sideband suppression. These are very attractive properties for VCSELs and offer the potential as an enabling tool for modal engineering.
{"title":"Applications of Guided-mode resonant filters to VCSELs","authors":"R. Morgan, J. Cox, Robert Wilke, C. Ford","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dmb.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dmb.1","url":null,"abstract":"Within the last 2 years Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) have emerged from the research laboratory into the commercial marketplace as the component of choice for numerous applications, supplanting both LED and edge-emitting sources. The enormous success of VCSELs is attributed, in part, to their premium performance, producibility, and packaging perks. Namely, significantly lower operating currents and power dissipation at Gb/s data rates; wafer-level batch fabrication, testing, and utilization of the existing LED and III-V manufacturing infrastructure; more efficient coupling into fibers and simplified drive electronics.1 These attributes result directly from the laser’s inherent vertical geometry. This vertical cavity is essentially a zero-order thin-film Fabiy-Perot transmission filter, utilizing integral quarter-wave high-reflectance (> 99%) interference stacks referred to as distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). On a parallel front, it has recently been suggested that high reflectivity possible from guided-mode grating resonant filters (GMGRFs)2–4 may likewise serve to construct the high-Finesse vertical cavity, requiring minimal layers. These \"resonant reflectors\" may be designed to provide ultra-narrow bandwidth filters for a selected center wavelength and polarization with ≅100% in-band reflectance and ~30dB sideband suppression. These are very attractive properties for VCSELs and offer the potential as an enabling tool for modal engineering.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"295 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133104470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Salmio, J. Saarinen, H. Saarikoski, J. Turunen, A. Tervonen
Diffractive phase elements, which only modulate the phase of an incident wavefront, provide high diffraction efficiencies. Such elements can be fabricated in the form of surface-relief profiles by a variety of methods including selective etching or material deposition, and diamond turning. Binary surface-relief elements have diffraction efficiencies of the order of 30–75% depending on the symmetries of the signal, while efficiencies even in excess of 90% are only possible if one employs continuous surface profiles fabricated, e.g., by direct-write laser beam or electron-beam lithography. Then, however, accurate exposure control is needed. Continuous surface profiles can be approximated by multilevel profiles, which may be fabricated by successive lithography steps, where careful mask alignment is then required.
{"title":"Ion Exchange in Glass for the Fabrication of Continuous-Phase Diffractive Optical Elements","authors":"R. Salmio, J. Saarinen, H. Saarikoski, J. Turunen, A. Tervonen","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.dmb.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.dmb.5","url":null,"abstract":"Diffractive phase elements, which only modulate the phase of an incident wavefront, provide high diffraction efficiencies. Such elements can be fabricated in the form of surface-relief profiles by a variety of methods including selective etching or material deposition, and diamond turning. Binary surface-relief elements have diffraction efficiencies of the order of 30–75% depending on the symmetries of the signal, while efficiencies even in excess of 90% are only possible if one employs continuous surface profiles fabricated, e.g., by direct-write laser beam or electron-beam lithography. Then, however, accurate exposure control is needed. Continuous surface profiles can be approximated by multilevel profiles, which may be fabricated by successive lithography steps, where careful mask alignment is then required.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123512923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1998.dthc.4
X. Huang, Michael R. Wang
A compact beam shaper is required to efficiently convert coherent Gaussian beam into a flat-top beam for applications such as optical processing, laser radar, laser microfabrication, and laser scanning. A number of techniques for laser beam shaping have been developed so far [1-3]. Directly truncating the Gaussian beam with an aperture and weighting the Gaussian beam with a neutral density filter of proper amplitude transmittance profile have very poor energy efficiency. Binary shaper based on interlaced diffraction gratings suffers from its limited diffraction efficiency. Diffractive optics beam shaper fabricated by computer-generated hologram technique, by only changing the propagation phase patterns prior to diffraction focusing, is an effective beam shaper method.
{"title":"One-Step fabrication of a high-efficiency flat-top beam shaper","authors":"X. Huang, Michael R. Wang","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dthc.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dthc.4","url":null,"abstract":"A compact beam shaper is required to efficiently convert coherent Gaussian beam into a flat-top beam for applications such as optical processing, laser radar, laser microfabrication, and laser scanning. A number of techniques for laser beam shaping have been developed so far [1-3]. Directly truncating the Gaussian beam with an aperture and weighting the Gaussian beam with a neutral density filter of proper amplitude transmittance profile have very poor energy efficiency. Binary shaper based on interlaced diffraction gratings suffers from its limited diffraction efficiency. Diffractive optics beam shaper fabricated by computer-generated hologram technique, by only changing the propagation phase patterns prior to diffraction focusing, is an effective beam shaper method.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124153308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Submicron gratings show increasing potential in applied optics, often presenting attractive alternatives to thin film technology solutions. Gratings on light-weight plastic materials can replace heavy and expensive glass devices. Embossing techniques can be used for cheap mass production. The coating of gratings with thin films leads to additional degrees of freedom for component design. For practical applications, it is important not only to investigate the possibilities of such structures, but also the limiting factors such as fabrication considerations and stability properties.
{"title":"Submicron gratings with dielectric overcoat: performance and stability","authors":"C. Heine, R. Morf, M. T. Gale","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.dwc.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.dwc.5","url":null,"abstract":"Submicron gratings show increasing potential in applied optics, often presenting attractive alternatives to thin film technology solutions. Gratings on light-weight plastic materials can replace heavy and expensive glass devices. Embossing techniques can be used for cheap mass production. The coating of gratings with thin films leads to additional degrees of freedom for component design. For practical applications, it is important not only to investigate the possibilities of such structures, but also the limiting factors such as fabrication considerations and stability properties.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124788985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.19
P. Lalanne
Recent experimental and theoretical investigations have shown that periodic subwavelength structured surfaces with periods small compared to the illumination wavelength behave as homogeneous medium, and have suggested interesting applications, such as fabrication of anti-reflection coatings1,2,3, quarter wave plates4, polarizers5, and graded-phase diffractive elements6. The replacement of the periodic structure by a homogeneous medium is often referred as homogenization or effective medium theory (EMT). EMT can be applied to a large variety of physical material properties, such as diffusion constant, magnetic permeability, thermal conductivity, etc. To facilitate the design and fabrication of artificial dielectric elements, one must be able to relate the effective index of the subwavelength structured surface in a simple way.
{"title":"Effective medium theory of symmetric two-dimensional subwavelength periodic structures","authors":"P. Lalanne","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.19","url":null,"abstract":"Recent experimental and theoretical investigations have shown that periodic subwavelength structured surfaces with periods small compared to the illumination wavelength behave as homogeneous medium, and have suggested interesting applications, such as fabrication of anti-reflection coatings1,2,3, quarter wave plates4, polarizers5, and graded-phase diffractive elements6. The replacement of the periodic structure by a homogeneous medium is often referred as homogenization or effective medium theory (EMT). EMT can be applied to a large variety of physical material properties, such as diffusion constant, magnetic permeability, thermal conductivity, etc. To facilitate the design and fabrication of artificial dielectric elements, one must be able to relate the effective index of the subwavelength structured surface in a simple way.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121909184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A unique type of narrow-band integrated optical filter is investigated based on embedding a subwavelength resonant grating structure within a planar waveguide. Current integrated narrow-band optical filters are limited by their size, density of devices that can be produced, overall performance, and ability to be actively altered for tuning and modulation purposes. In contrast, the integrated optical filters described in this work can have extremely narrow bandwidths - on the order of a few angstroms. Also, their compact size enables multiple filters to be integrated in a single high density device for signal routing or wavelength discrimination. Manipulating any of the resonant structure’s parameters will tune the output response of the filter, which can be used for modulation or switching applications.
{"title":"Subwavelength Structured Narrow-band Integrated Optical Grating Filters","authors":"E. Grann, D. Holcomb, R. Zuhr, M. Moharam","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dmb.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dmb.5","url":null,"abstract":"A unique type of narrow-band integrated optical filter is investigated based on embedding a subwavelength resonant grating structure within a planar waveguide. Current integrated narrow-band optical filters are limited by their size, density of devices that can be produced, overall performance, and ability to be actively altered for tuning and modulation purposes. In contrast, the integrated optical filters described in this work can have extremely narrow bandwidths - on the order of a few angstroms. Also, their compact size enables multiple filters to be integrated in a single high density device for signal routing or wavelength discrimination. Manipulating any of the resonant structure’s parameters will tune the output response of the filter, which can be used for modulation or switching applications.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122342242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.dtud.3
M. Rossi, C. Blough, D. Raguin, E. Popov, D. Maystre
Diffractive lenses are key elements in a large variety of optical systems. In hybrid refractive/diffractive optical systems they are used as powerful elements for aberration correction. Other applications, such as fiber coupling and optoelectronic devices, benefit from the fact that diffractive structures are thin and lightweight, enabling very compact systems. In addition, low-cost replication processes with a high profile fidelity make the use of diffractive lenses in prototype systems as well as in volume production very attractive.
{"title":"Diffraction Efficiency of High-NA Continuous-Relief Diffractive Lenses","authors":"M. Rossi, C. Blough, D. Raguin, E. Popov, D. Maystre","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.dtud.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.dtud.3","url":null,"abstract":"Diffractive lenses are key elements in a large variety of optical systems. In hybrid refractive/diffractive optical systems they are used as powerful elements for aberration correction. Other applications, such as fiber coupling and optoelectronic devices, benefit from the fact that diffractive structures are thin and lightweight, enabling very compact systems. In addition, low-cost replication processes with a high profile fidelity make the use of diffractive lenses in prototype systems as well as in volume production very attractive.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129890720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：