Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.10
B. Shore, M. Perry, J. Britten, R. Boyd, M. Feit, H. Nguyen, R. Chow, G. Loomis, Lifeng Li
We discuss examples of designs for all-dielectric high-efficiency reflection gratings that tolerate high intensity laser pulses and are, in theory, capable of placing 99% of the incident light into a single diffraction order. The designs are based on placing a dielectric transmission grating atop a high-reflectivity multilayer dielectric stack. We comment on the connection between transmission gratings and reflection gratings and note that many combinations of gratings and multilayer stacks offer high efficiency. Thus it is possible to attain secondary objectives in the design. We describe examples of such designs aimed toward improving fabrication and lowering the susceptibility to laser-induced damage.
{"title":"High Efficiency Dielectric Reflection Gratings","authors":"B. Shore, M. Perry, J. Britten, R. Boyd, M. Feit, H. Nguyen, R. Chow, G. Loomis, Lifeng Li","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.10","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss examples of designs for all-dielectric high-efficiency reflection gratings that tolerate high intensity laser pulses and are, in theory, capable of placing 99% of the incident light into a single diffraction order. The designs are based on placing a dielectric transmission grating atop a high-reflectivity multilayer dielectric stack. We comment on the connection between transmission gratings and reflection gratings and note that many combinations of gratings and multilayer stacks offer high efficiency. Thus it is possible to attain secondary objectives in the design. We describe examples of such designs aimed toward improving fabrication and lowering the susceptibility to laser-induced damage.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130539969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.5e
Y. Ishii, T. Kubota
Stratified volume holograms (SVHs) have been studied1,2 in the layered structures of holograms that are useful for several applications in optical communication such as an optical wavelength-selective filter. The hitherto investigation was performed by using the beam propagation method (BPM) to emulate the SVH with thin (Raman-Nath) gratings, taking into no account the reflection at the boundaries. Here we develop a rigorous coupled-wave model to analyze the TE-polarized diffraction properties of stratified volume photopolymer holograms. The numerical and experimental angular selectivities of stratified holograms are shown.
{"title":"Rigorous coupled-wave diffraction analysis of stratified volume photopolymer holograms","authors":"Y. Ishii, T. Kubota","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.5e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.5e","url":null,"abstract":"Stratified volume holograms (SVHs) have been studied1,2 in the layered structures of holograms that are useful for several applications in optical communication such as an optical wavelength-selective filter. The hitherto investigation was performed by using the beam propagation method (BPM) to emulate the SVH with thin (Raman-Nath) gratings, taking into no account the reflection at the boundaries. Here we develop a rigorous coupled-wave model to analyze the TE-polarized diffraction properties of stratified volume photopolymer holograms. The numerical and experimental angular selectivities of stratified holograms are shown.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125848009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.18
Y. Sheng, D. Feng
Diffractive lenses for laser diode beam focusing collimating and coupling have wide applications. Large numerical aperture and high light efficiency are important issues for the coupling lenses. Numerical aperture of a typical laser diode beam can be as large as NA ~ 0.5. To capture the highly divergent beam the lens must have a low F-number of F/1 ~ F/2. Coupling the laser beam into an optic fiber with an acceptance angle of NA ~ 0.1 - 0.2 needs even larger numerical aperture of the lens.
{"title":"High efficiency fast diffractive lens for beam coupling","authors":"Y. Sheng, D. Feng","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.18","url":null,"abstract":"Diffractive lenses for laser diode beam focusing collimating and coupling have wide applications. Large numerical aperture and high light efficiency are important issues for the coupling lenses. Numerical aperture of a typical laser diode beam can be as large as NA ~ 0.5. To capture the highly divergent beam the lens must have a low F-number of F/1 ~ F/2. Coupling the laser beam into an optic fiber with an acceptance angle of NA ~ 0.1 - 0.2 needs even larger numerical aperture of the lens.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127724527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1998.dtub.2
F. Nikolajeff, C. Heine
Subwavelength structured surfaces can be used as very efficient antireflection (AR) coatings, narrowband filters or polarizing elements [1]. In industry, AR coatings and filters are typically produced by using thin-film techniques. Sub wavelength structures can avoid many of the problems encountered in thin-film approaches, and be replicated at low cost. Subwavelength structures also have the potential to be combined with micro-optical elements such as lenses, gratings or kinoforms. However, previous studies have either been focused on the analysis of pure subwavelength gratings [2] or micro-optical elements coated with thin films [3].
{"title":"Fabrication and Simulation of Blazed Gratings with Inherent Antireflection Structured Surfaces","authors":"F. Nikolajeff, C. Heine","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dtub.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dtub.2","url":null,"abstract":"Subwavelength structured surfaces can be used as very efficient antireflection (AR) coatings, narrowband filters or polarizing elements [1]. In industry, AR coatings and filters are typically produced by using thin-film techniques. Sub wavelength structures can avoid many of the problems encountered in thin-film approaches, and be replicated at low cost. Subwavelength structures also have the potential to be combined with micro-optical elements such as lenses, gratings or kinoforms. However, previous studies have either been focused on the analysis of pure subwavelength gratings [2] or micro-optical elements coated with thin films [3].","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"227 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114089058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.11
Guo-zhen Yang, Zhi–Yuan Li, B. Dong, B. Gu, Guoqing Zhang
As integrated circuit (IC) technology continues to push further into the submicrometer regime, considerable effort has been devoted to finding new approaches for extending the resolution limits of optical lithographic systems. The idea of using phase–shifting masks in optical lithography is one of such resolution–enhancing techniques and is commonly attributed to Levenson.1 The problem of the design of phase–shifting mask is how to determine the phase of the mask that produces a predesignated image. There are several approaches to deal with this problem such as simulated annealing algorithm2 and optimal coherent approximations.3 In this paper we present an approach of the design of the phase–shifting mask for the enhancement of optical resolution in lithography based on general theory of amplitude–phase retrieval in optical system and an iteration algorithm. For several model objects the numerical investigating results are given.
{"title":"Design of phase–shifting masks for enhanced–resolution optical lithography","authors":"Guo-zhen Yang, Zhi–Yuan Li, B. Dong, B. Gu, Guoqing Zhang","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.11","url":null,"abstract":"As integrated circuit (IC) technology continues to push further into the submicrometer regime, considerable effort has been devoted to finding new approaches for extending the resolution limits of optical lithographic systems. The idea of using phase–shifting masks in optical lithography is one of such resolution–enhancing techniques and is commonly attributed to Levenson.1 The problem of the design of phase–shifting mask is how to determine the phase of the mask that produces a predesignated image. There are several approaches to deal with this problem such as simulated annealing algorithm2 and optimal coherent approximations.3 In this paper we present an approach of the design of the phase–shifting mask for the enhancement of optical resolution in lithography based on general theory of amplitude–phase retrieval in optical system and an iteration algorithm. For several model objects the numerical investigating results are given.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114356479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.2
M. Testorf, J. Jahns, N. Khilo, A. M. Goncharenko
Recently, planar optics was introduced as a concept for the micro integration of free space optics1. For the planar optics approach passive optical elements are arranged on the surface of a thick transparent substrate. The light signal travels within the substrate along a folded zigzag path, reflected at the surfaces of the substrate. Since planar optics was first proposed, various applications were successfully demonstrated, like integrated split and shift modules2 or integrated optical imaging systems3.
{"title":"Off-axis Talbot effect and array generation in planar optics","authors":"M. Testorf, J. Jahns, N. Khilo, A. M. Goncharenko","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.2","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, planar optics was introduced as a concept for the micro integration of free space optics1. For the planar optics approach passive optical elements are arranged on the surface of a thick transparent substrate. The light signal travels within the substrate along a folded zigzag path, reflected at the surfaces of the substrate. Since planar optics was first proposed, various applications were successfully demonstrated, like integrated split and shift modules2 or integrated optical imaging systems3.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121429105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.25
V. Baukens, A. Goulet, H. Thienpont, I. Veretennicoff, W. Cox, C. Guan
There has recently been significant progress in the development of arrays of fast and sensitive optoelectronic emitters, detectors and transceiver devices. If arrays of these devices are to be successfully incorporated into switching fabrics, data communication or information processing systems, then highly efficient optical systems must be developed to interconnect them. It is indeed important to minimise transmission losses, because the bandwidth of such data channels strongly depend on the amount of optical power impinging on the receivers. The highly divergent nature of some of these sources, such as Lambertian emitters and microcavity LEDs, does not facilitate this task, because of the high insertion losses at the input of the optical system. Moreover we want these systems to be compact, low cost, robust and easily assembled. In this paper we present a novel, hybrid and compact optical system, based on large diameter radial gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses and microlenses that fulfills these requirements. We also model this system with raytracing software and evaluate its performances experimentally.
{"title":"GRIN-lens based optical interconnection systems for planes of micro emitters and detectors: Microlens arrays improve transmission efficiency","authors":"V. Baukens, A. Goulet, H. Thienpont, I. Veretennicoff, W. Cox, C. Guan","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dtud.25","url":null,"abstract":"There has recently been significant progress in the development of arrays of fast and sensitive optoelectronic emitters, detectors and transceiver devices. If arrays of these devices are to be successfully incorporated into switching fabrics, data communication or information processing systems, then highly efficient optical systems must be developed to interconnect them. It is indeed important to minimise transmission losses, because the bandwidth of such data channels strongly depend on the amount of optical power impinging on the receivers. The highly divergent nature of some of these sources, such as Lambertian emitters and microcavity LEDs, does not facilitate this task, because of the high insertion losses at the input of the optical system. Moreover we want these systems to be compact, low cost, robust and easily assembled. In this paper we present a novel, hybrid and compact optical system, based on large diameter radial gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses and microlenses that fulfills these requirements. We also model this system with raytracing software and evaluate its performances experimentally.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126002548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on the application of genetic algorithms to the study and design of reflection and transmission filters based on the guided-mode resonance (GMR) effect in waveguide gratings.1–3 As genetic algorithms are well suited for problems with multidimensional, large search spaces4, they may be used effectively for optical filter design involving multiple periodic and homogeneous layers. In this work, the genetic algorithm library PGAPACK5 is combined with a forward code based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis6 in a new computer program that optimizes the merit function of a multilayer diffractive optical structure. Thus, a GMR-filter response with a given central wavelength, linewidth and sideband levels can be specified with a corresponding diffractive structure yielding approximately the specified response provided by the program. The net effect of this approach is that the inverse problem of finding a structure (i. e., layer thicknesses, refractive indices, fill factors, grating period) that yields a given filter response can be solved. In addition to providing useful filter designs, this approach may aid in the discovery of diffractive structures with profiles that may differ significantly from those ordinarily treated.
{"title":"Guided-mode resonance filters generated with genetic algorithms","authors":"S. Tibuleac, D. Shin, R. Magnusson, C. Zuffada","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dmb.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dmb.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the application of genetic algorithms to the study and design of reflection and transmission filters based on the guided-mode resonance (GMR) effect in waveguide gratings.1–3 As genetic algorithms are well suited for problems with multidimensional, large search spaces4, they may be used effectively for optical filter design involving multiple periodic and homogeneous layers. In this work, the genetic algorithm library PGAPACK5 is combined with a forward code based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis6 in a new computer program that optimizes the merit function of a multilayer diffractive optical structure. Thus, a GMR-filter response with a given central wavelength, linewidth and sideband levels can be specified with a corresponding diffractive structure yielding approximately the specified response provided by the program. The net effect of this approach is that the inverse problem of finding a structure (i. e., layer thicknesses, refractive indices, fill factors, grating period) that yields a given filter response can be solved. In addition to providing useful filter designs, this approach may aid in the discovery of diffractive structures with profiles that may differ significantly from those ordinarily treated.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124549189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1998.dtub.3
J. Mait, D. Prather, M. Mirotznik
Recent research1–9 has shown that if a binary-phase diffractive optical element (DOE) has features that are on the order of the illuminating wavelength, the performance limits set by scalar-based diffraction theory can be overcome. In fact, diffraction efficiencies in excess of 90% have been predicted for binary gratings that have subwavelength features.1,4,5 Due primarily to the availability of tools for modeling, the analysis and design of subwavelength DOEs (SWDOEs) has concentrated primarily on gratings.1-7,10 To overcome this limitation, we have developed numerical routines that use a boundary element method (BEM) to analyze diffraction from finite extent, aperiodic DOEs.11 In this paper we consider diffractive design, in particular, the design of diffractive lenses, subject to the constraints of fabrication.
{"title":"Scalar-Based Design of Binary Subwavelength Diffractive Lenses","authors":"J. Mait, D. Prather, M. Mirotznik","doi":"10.1364/domo.1998.dtub.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.dtub.3","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research1–9 has shown that if a binary-phase diffractive optical element (DOE) has features that are on the order of the illuminating wavelength, the performance limits set by scalar-based diffraction theory can be overcome. In fact, diffraction efficiencies in excess of 90% have been predicted for binary gratings that have subwavelength features.1,4,5 Due primarily to the availability of tools for modeling, the analysis and design of subwavelength DOEs (SWDOEs) has concentrated primarily on gratings.1-7,10 To overcome this limitation, we have developed numerical routines that use a boundary element method (BEM) to analyze diffraction from finite extent, aperiodic DOEs.11 In this paper we consider diffractive design, in particular, the design of diffractive lenses, subject to the constraints of fabrication.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117078293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.25
B. Bakker
An existing analytical concept based on spectral decomposition has been developed more than hundred years ago, and is presently close to its limits in terms of performance and reliability, in particular, for complex samples. For molecules, a spectrum is a very complex pattern of sharp lines and continuous bands. So, in a classical spectrometer, detection is pruned to overlapping errors when two or more components of a sample have overlapping lines, and their separation is, generally, a non-unique problem. Indeed, a line can be assigned to, at least, two different transitions (in the same or different atom/molecules in a sample). Such an assignment based on line positions and transitions has limitations, and may not work at all for complex samples. As samples are getting more and more complex, the problem becomes increasingly intractable. In particular, algorithms and data processing to analyze complex spectra become very complex, require sophisticated peak analysis, etc. A mathematical "inversion" procedure for assignment and identification of components (species) also becomes unstable. That is, the current situation has all signs of a critical bottleneck, and requires an innovative approach. Meanwhile, selectivity is the first priority for many industries and applications. For instance, in the field of air toxics detection, the US EPA requires 189 components to be detected and regulated, and it is highly doubtful that any existing spectrometer is able to analyze reliably such a complex gaseous medium.
{"title":"A Computational Model for Holographic Sensing","authors":"B. Bakker","doi":"10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/domo.1996.jtub.25","url":null,"abstract":"An existing analytical concept based on spectral decomposition has been developed more than hundred years ago, and is presently close to its limits in terms of performance and reliability, in particular, for complex samples. For molecules, a spectrum is a very complex pattern of sharp lines and continuous bands. So, in a classical spectrometer, detection is pruned to overlapping errors when two or more components of a sample have overlapping lines, and their separation is, generally, a non-unique problem. Indeed, a line can be assigned to, at least, two different transitions (in the same or different atom/molecules in a sample). Such an assignment based on line positions and transitions has limitations, and may not work at all for complex samples. As samples are getting more and more complex, the problem becomes increasingly intractable. In particular, algorithms and data processing to analyze complex spectra become very complex, require sophisticated peak analysis, etc. A mathematical \"inversion\" procedure for assignment and identification of components (species) also becomes unstable. That is, the current situation has all signs of a critical bottleneck, and requires an innovative approach. Meanwhile, selectivity is the first priority for many industries and applications. For instance, in the field of air toxics detection, the US EPA requires 189 components to be detected and regulated, and it is highly doubtful that any existing spectrometer is able to analyze reliably such a complex gaseous medium.","PeriodicalId":301804,"journal":{"name":"Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115268530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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