Yurany A. Villada-Villada, Angelina Hormaza-Anaguano, Natalia Casis
This work shows the use of rice husk in the removal of cationic dye methylene blue on continuous system. A factorial design 23 with center points and random distribution was implemented to evaluate the correlation of the experimental factors in the adsorption process. The considered variables were pH, particle size, salt presence, flow rate, dye initial concentration, and bed depth. The samples were analyzed in defined time intervals. The amount of removed dye was quantified by UV spectroscopy - Visible. Adams-Bohart, Thomas and BDST (Bed-depht/service time analysis) models were used to predict the breakthrough curves using non-linear regression and establish the characteristic parameters of the process. It was found that the transference of dye toward the adsorbent is favored by a basic pH, a small particle size, low flow rate and dye concentration, and high bed depth. The design of experiments established that the initial dye concentration and the bed depth were the most significant factors. Regarding the models, the Thomas provided the best fit to describe the breakthrough curves in experimental conditions and Adams-Bohart was found suitable for dynamic behavior limited to the initial part. Finally, BDST model exhibited a good correlation and allowed to establish that bed depth is a determinant factor for scaling process.
{"title":"Uso de la cascarilla de arroz para la remoción de azul de metileno en columnas de lecho empacado","authors":"Yurany A. Villada-Villada, Angelina Hormaza-Anaguano, Natalia Casis","doi":"10.22430/22565337.545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.545","url":null,"abstract":"This work shows the use of rice husk in the removal of cationic dye methylene blue on continuous system. A factorial design 23 with center points and random distribution was implemented to evaluate the correlation of the experimental factors in the adsorption process. The considered variables were pH, particle size, salt presence, flow rate, dye initial concentration, and bed depth. The samples were analyzed in defined time intervals. The amount of removed dye was quantified by UV spectroscopy - Visible. Adams-Bohart, Thomas and BDST (Bed-depht/service time analysis) models were used to predict the breakthrough curves using non-linear regression and establish the characteristic parameters of the process. It was found that the transference of dye toward the adsorbent is favored by a basic pH, a small particle size, low flow rate and dye concentration, and high bed depth. The design of experiments established that the initial dye concentration and the bed depth were the most significant factors. Regarding the models, the Thomas provided the best fit to describe the breakthrough curves in experimental conditions and Adams-Bohart was found suitable for dynamic behavior limited to the initial part. Finally, BDST model exhibited a good correlation and allowed to establish that bed depth is a determinant factor for scaling process.","PeriodicalId":30469,"journal":{"name":"TecnoLogicas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68493982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José G. Hoyos-Gutiérrez, Carlos A. Peña-Solórzano, Claudia Lorena Garzón-Castro, F. A. Prieto-Ortiz, Jorge G. Ayala-Garzón
Programming by demonstration is a technique where, contrary to detailed programming, the robot learns from one or several demonstrations of the execution of the task by a human or another robot. A technique which allows a humanoid robot, take a tool to the head of a screw, following a similar trajectory than demonstrated trajectory by a human being, is presented. The technique also allows variations in location and orientation in the screw head. This is achieved thanks to the use of machine vision techniques and probabilistic models estimated from the demonstrated trajectories. Image processing consists of color space segmentation, and interest point’s selection in the screw head to calculate its position and orientation. The required trajectory in the presence of variations is generated using parameterized Gaussian mixture models in the task. With the above, the new required trajectories are generated in accordance to the variations. The system operation is presented through the illustration of the new trajectories, and pictures of the robot following these trajectories. Despite some limitations of the robotic platform used, acceptable results were achieved.
{"title":"Hacia el manejo de una herramienta por un robot NAO usando programación por demostración","authors":"José G. Hoyos-Gutiérrez, Carlos A. Peña-Solórzano, Claudia Lorena Garzón-Castro, F. A. Prieto-Ortiz, Jorge G. Ayala-Garzón","doi":"10.22430/22565337.555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.555","url":null,"abstract":"Programming by demonstration is a technique where, contrary to detailed programming, the robot learns from one or several demonstrations of the execution of the task by a human or another robot. A technique which allows a humanoid robot, take a tool to the head of a screw, following a similar trajectory than demonstrated trajectory by a human being, is presented. The technique also allows variations in location and orientation in the screw head. This is achieved thanks to the use of machine vision techniques and probabilistic models estimated from the demonstrated trajectories. Image processing consists of color space segmentation, and interest point’s selection in the screw head to calculate its position and orientation. The required trajectory in the presence of variations is generated using parameterized Gaussian mixture models in the task. With the above, the new required trajectories are generated in accordance to the variations. The system operation is presented through the illustration of the new trajectories, and pictures of the robot following these trajectories. Despite some limitations of the robotic platform used, acceptable results were achieved.","PeriodicalId":30469,"journal":{"name":"TecnoLogicas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68494004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oscar D. Velasco-Delgado, María F. Pérez-Sandoval, J. F. F. Marulanda
Este articulo presenta el diseno, construccion y caracterizacion de un sistema automatizado de clasificacion de producto en transportador de banda con vision de maquina que integra tecnologia Free and Open Source Software y equipos comerciales Allen Bradley. Se definen requerimientos que determinan caracteristicas: mecanicas de la estacion de manufactura, de una aplicacion clasificadora de productos con vision de maquina y de automatizacion del sistema. Para la aplicacion de vision de maquina se usa la libreria de procesamiento optico digital de imagenes Open CV, para el diseno mecanico de la estacion de manufactura se usa la herramienta CAD Solid Edge y para el diseno e implementacion de la automatizacion se usan normas ISA junto a una metodologia de proyectos de ingenieria en automatizacion integrando un PLC, un inversor, un Panel View y una Red DeviceNet. Se presentan pruebas de funcionamiento clasificando botellas y piezas de PVC en cuatro tipos establecidos, se comprueba el funcionamiento del sistema integrado y la eficiencia de la misma. El tiempo de procesamiento en vision de maquina es 0,290 s en promedio para una pieza de PVC, una capacidad de 206 accesorios x minuto, para botellas se logro un tiempo de procesamiento de 0,267 s, una capacidad de 224 botellas x minuto. Se obtiene un rendimiento mecanico maximo de 32 productos por minuto (1920 productos hora) con el transportador a 22 cm/s y con 40 cm de distancia entre productos obteniendo un error promedio de 0,8%.
{"title":"Diseño y construcción de una estación de clasificación automática con visión de máquina","authors":"Oscar D. Velasco-Delgado, María F. Pérez-Sandoval, J. F. F. Marulanda","doi":"10.22430/22565337.200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.200","url":null,"abstract":"Este articulo presenta el diseno, construccion y caracterizacion de un sistema automatizado de clasificacion de producto en transportador de banda con vision de maquina que integra tecnologia Free and Open Source Software y equipos comerciales Allen Bradley. Se definen requerimientos que determinan caracteristicas: mecanicas de la estacion de manufactura, de una aplicacion clasificadora de productos con vision de maquina y de automatizacion del sistema. Para la aplicacion de vision de maquina se usa la libreria de procesamiento optico digital de imagenes Open CV, para el diseno mecanico de la estacion de manufactura se usa la herramienta CAD Solid Edge y para el diseno e implementacion de la automatizacion se usan normas ISA junto a una metodologia de proyectos de ingenieria en automatizacion integrando un PLC, un inversor, un Panel View y una Red DeviceNet. Se presentan pruebas de funcionamiento clasificando botellas y piezas de PVC en cuatro tipos establecidos, se comprueba el funcionamiento del sistema integrado y la eficiencia de la misma. El tiempo de procesamiento en vision de maquina es 0,290 s en promedio para una pieza de PVC, una capacidad de 206 accesorios x minuto, para botellas se logro un tiempo de procesamiento de 0,267 s, una capacidad de 224 botellas x minuto. Se obtiene un rendimiento mecanico maximo de 32 productos por minuto (1920 productos hora) con el transportador a 22 cm/s y con 40 cm de distancia entre productos obteniendo un error promedio de 0,8%.","PeriodicalId":30469,"journal":{"name":"TecnoLogicas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68484731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. D. Montoya-Giraldo, Luis F. Grisales-Noreña, Víctor D. Correa-Ramírez, Didier Giraldo-Buitrago
This paper presents the design and simulation of a global controller for the Reaction Wheel Pendulum system using energy regulation and extended linearization methods for the state feedback. The proposed energy regulation is based on the gradual reduction of the energy of the system to reach the unstable equilibrium point. The signal input for this task is obtained from the Lyapunov stability theory. The extended state feedback controller design is used to get a smooth nonlinear function that extends the region of operation to a bigger range, in contrast with the static linear state feedback obtained through the method of approximate linearization around an operating point. The general designed controller operates with a switching between the two control signals depending upon the region of operation; perturbations are applied in the control signal and the (simulated) measured variables to verify the robustness and efficiency of the controller. Finally, simulations and tests using the model of the reaction wheel pendulum system, allow to observe the versatility and functionality of the proposed controller in the entire operation region of the pendulum.
{"title":"Control global del péndulo con rueda de reacción mediante regulación de energía y linealización extendida de las variables de estado","authors":"O. D. Montoya-Giraldo, Luis F. Grisales-Noreña, Víctor D. Correa-Ramírez, Didier Giraldo-Buitrago","doi":"10.22430/22565337.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.199","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and simulation of a global controller for the Reaction Wheel Pendulum system using energy regulation and extended linearization methods for the state feedback. The proposed energy regulation is based on the gradual reduction of the energy of the system to reach the unstable equilibrium point. The signal input for this task is obtained from the Lyapunov stability theory. The extended state feedback controller design is used to get a smooth nonlinear function that extends the region of operation to a bigger range, in contrast with the static linear state feedback obtained through the method of approximate linearization around an operating point. The general designed controller operates with a switching between the two control signals depending upon the region of operation; perturbations are applied in the control signal and the (simulated) measured variables to verify the robustness and efficiency of the controller. Finally, simulations and tests using the model of the reaction wheel pendulum system, allow to observe the versatility and functionality of the proposed controller in the entire operation region of the pendulum.","PeriodicalId":30469,"journal":{"name":"TecnoLogicas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68484913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miguel L. Murcia-Sarmiento, Oscar G. Calderón-Montoya, Jaime E. Díaz-Ortiz
Due to the increasing demand for food produced by the increase in population, water as an indispensable element in the growth cycle of plants every day becomes a fundamental aspect of production. The demand for the use of this resource is necessary to search for alternatives that should be evaluated to avoid potential negative impacts. In this paper, the changes in some physical properties of soil irrigated with synthetic gray water were evaluated. The experimental design involved: one factor: home water and two treatments; without treated water (T1) and treated water (T2). The variables to consider in the soil were: electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), average weighted diameter (MWD) and soil moisture retention (RHS). The water used in drip irrigation high frequency was monitored by tensiometer for producing a bean crop (Phaseolous vulgaris L). As filtration system used was employed a unit composed of a sand filter (FLA) and a subsurface flow wetland artificial (HFSS). The treatments showed significant differences in the PSI and the RHS. The FLA+HFSS system is an alternative to the gray water treatment due to increased sodium retention.
{"title":"Impacto de aguas grises en propiedades físicas del suelo","authors":"Miguel L. Murcia-Sarmiento, Oscar G. Calderón-Montoya, Jaime E. Díaz-Ortiz","doi":"10.22430/22565337.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.204","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the increasing demand for food produced by the increase in population, water as an indispensable element in the growth cycle of plants every day becomes a fundamental aspect of production. The demand for the use of this resource is necessary to search for alternatives that should be evaluated to avoid potential negative impacts. In this paper, the changes in some physical properties of soil irrigated with synthetic gray water were evaluated. The experimental design involved: one factor: home water and two treatments; without treated water (T1) and treated water (T2). The variables to consider in the soil were: electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), average weighted diameter (MWD) and soil moisture retention (RHS). The water used in drip irrigation high frequency was monitored by tensiometer for producing a bean crop (Phaseolous vulgaris L). As filtration system used was employed a unit composed of a sand filter (FLA) and a subsurface flow wetland artificial (HFSS). The treatments showed significant differences in the PSI and the RHS. The FLA+HFSS system is an alternative to the gray water treatment due to increased sodium retention.","PeriodicalId":30469,"journal":{"name":"TecnoLogicas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68485813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José T. Buitrago-Molina, Juan S. Carvajal-Guerrero, Camilo A. Zapata-Castillo
This paper presents the design and implementation of a virtual platform that allows simulation and local and remote command and control of the SCARA robot arm called UV-CERMA, which is installed at the Robotics Laboratory of the Escuela de Ingenieria Electrica y Electronica, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad del Valle. The robot has been underutilized for some years due to the obsolete control system. The platform, focused on the engineering education methodology, consists of two applications which simulate the robot and permit its remote and local command and control. One of the applications was implemented on LabVIEW software of National Instruments and the other application was programmed on free software using the open source language Java. Both applications implement forward kinematics and inverse kinematics, have a module for trajectories planning and operation, a module for monitoring the values of the variables and a three dimensional model of the robot. To manipulate the robot, an interface with a joystick was developed, enhancing the versatility of the platform. The applications communicate with the real robot using the National Instruments data acquisition card NI USB-6211, and for the remote connection they have a client-server architecture using TCP/IP sockets.
本文介绍了一个虚拟平台的设计和实现，该平台允许对SCARA机器人手臂进行模拟和本地和远程命令和控制，称为UV-CERMA，该平台安装在Valle大学工程学院Escuela de Ingenieria electricyelectronica机器人实验室。由于陈旧的控制系统，这种机器人多年来一直没有得到充分利用。该平台专注于工程教育方法，由两个应用程序组成，模拟机器人并允许其远程和本地命令和控制。其中一个应用程序是在美国国家仪器公司的LabVIEW软件上实现的，另一个应用程序是在自由软件上使用开源语言Java编写的。这两个应用程序都实现了正运动学和逆运动学，有一个用于轨迹规划和操作的模块，一个用于监测变量值的模块和机器人的三维模型。为了操纵机器人，开发了一个带有操纵杆的界面，增强了平台的通用性。应用程序使用美国国家仪器公司的数据采集卡NI USB-6211与真正的机器人进行通信，对于远程连接，它们采用使用TCP/IP套接字的客户机-服务器体系结构。
{"title":"Plataforma virtual para el mando local y remoto de un brazo robótico de apoyo para la educación en ingeniería","authors":"José T. Buitrago-Molina, Juan S. Carvajal-Guerrero, Camilo A. Zapata-Castillo","doi":"10.22430/22565337.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.206","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and implementation of a virtual platform that allows simulation and local and remote command and control of the SCARA robot arm called UV-CERMA, which is installed at the Robotics Laboratory of the Escuela de Ingenieria Electrica y Electronica, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad del Valle. The robot has been underutilized for some years due to the obsolete control system. The platform, focused on the engineering education methodology, consists of two applications which simulate the robot and permit its remote and local command and control. One of the applications was implemented on LabVIEW software of National Instruments and the other application was programmed on free software using the open source language Java. Both applications implement forward kinematics and inverse kinematics, have a module for trajectories planning and operation, a module for monitoring the values of the variables and a three dimensional model of the robot. To manipulate the robot, an interface with a joystick was developed, enhancing the versatility of the platform. The applications communicate with the real robot using the National Instruments data acquisition card NI USB-6211, and for the remote connection they have a client-server architecture using TCP/IP sockets.","PeriodicalId":30469,"journal":{"name":"TecnoLogicas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68486415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viviana M. Ospina-Guarín, Robison Buitrago-Sierra, Diana P. López-López
Biomass residues have been used to produce activated carbons. On this process, the activation method and the raw composition determine the properties as porosity and surface area of the charcoal. After the extraction of castor oil, there is a solid byproduct (cake) of low added value, which was used in the production of activated carbon to add value to this waste. For this purpose two traditional methods were used, first, physical activation using as activating agents steam, CO2 and mixture of both, and additionally chemical activation using K2CO3 as the activating agent. Some activated carbons were characterized using N2 adsorption isotherms, BET surface areas varied between 255.98 (m2/g) and 1218.43 (m2/g). By SEM and EDS analysis was possible to observe that materials obtained by the two types of activation are principally amorphous and morphological characteristics of the carbon obtained by physical activation are very different from those obtained by chemical activation. Finally, through impregnation of inorganic phases of Ni and Mo was revealed that the high dispersion characteristics, these carbonaceous materials will have potential to be used as catalyst support.
{"title":"Preparación y caracterización de carbón activado a partir de torta de higuerilla","authors":"Viviana M. Ospina-Guarín, Robison Buitrago-Sierra, Diana P. López-López","doi":"10.22430/22565337.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.207","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass residues have been used to produce activated carbons. On this process, the activation method and the raw composition determine the properties as porosity and surface area of the charcoal. After the extraction of castor oil, there is a solid byproduct (cake) of low added value, which was used in the production of activated carbon to add value to this waste. For this purpose two traditional methods were used, first, physical activation using as activating agents steam, CO2 and mixture of both, and additionally chemical activation using K2CO3 as the activating agent. Some activated carbons were characterized using N2 adsorption isotherms, BET surface areas varied between 255.98 (m2/g) and 1218.43 (m2/g). By SEM and EDS analysis was possible to observe that materials obtained by the two types of activation are principally amorphous and morphological characteristics of the carbon obtained by physical activation are very different from those obtained by chemical activation. Finally, through impregnation of inorganic phases of Ni and Mo was revealed that the high dispersion characteristics, these carbonaceous materials will have potential to be used as catalyst support.","PeriodicalId":30469,"journal":{"name":"TecnoLogicas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68485971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria A. Dávila-Guzmán, Wilfredo Alfonso-Morales, Eduardo Caicedo-Bravo
Since few years ago, the parallel processing has been embedded in personal computers by including co-processing units as the graphics processing units resulting in a heterogeneous platform. This paper presents the implementation of swarm algorithms on this platform to solve several functions from optimization problems, where they highlight their inherent parallel processing and distributed control features. In the swarm algorithms, each individual and dimension problem are parallelized by the granularity of the processing system which also offer low communication latency between individuals through the embedded processing. To evaluate the potential of swarm algorithms on graphics processing units we have implemented two of them: the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the bacterial foraging optimization algorithm. The algorithms’ performance is measured using the acceleration where they are contrasted between a typical sequential processing platform and the NVIDIA GeForce GTX480 heterogeneous platform; the results show that the particle swarm algorithm obtained up to 36.82x and the bacterial foraging swarm algorithm obtained up to 9.26x. Finally, the effect to increase the size of the population is evaluated where we show both the dispersion and the quality of the solutions are decreased despite of high acceleration performance since the initial distribution of the individuals can converge to local optimal solution.
{"title":"Arquitectura heterogénea para el procesamiento de los algoritmos de enjambres","authors":"Maria A. Dávila-Guzmán, Wilfredo Alfonso-Morales, Eduardo Caicedo-Bravo","doi":"10.22430/22565337.197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.197","url":null,"abstract":"Since few years ago, the parallel processing has been embedded in personal computers by including co-processing units as the graphics processing units resulting in a heterogeneous platform. This paper presents the implementation of swarm algorithms on this platform to solve several functions from optimization problems, where they highlight their inherent parallel processing and distributed control features. In the swarm algorithms, each individual and dimension problem are parallelized by the granularity of the processing system which also offer low communication latency between individuals through the embedded processing. To evaluate the potential of swarm algorithms on graphics processing units we have implemented two of them: the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the bacterial foraging optimization algorithm. The algorithms’ performance is measured using the acceleration where they are contrasted between a typical sequential processing platform and the NVIDIA GeForce GTX480 heterogeneous platform; the results show that the particle swarm algorithm obtained up to 36.82x and the bacterial foraging swarm algorithm obtained up to 9.26x. Finally, the effect to increase the size of the population is evaluated where we show both the dispersion and the quality of the solutions are decreased despite of high acceleration performance since the initial distribution of the individuals can converge to local optimal solution.","PeriodicalId":30469,"journal":{"name":"TecnoLogicas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68484770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ARTUR ZARZYCKI, PhD. Eng. Institute of Aviation, Center of Space Technologies, Adaptronics Team Warszawa, Poland Nanotechnology is a broad field of modern science and also engineering, which creates, potentially, endless possibilities. This term is most often defined as the preparation and use of structures in which at least one dimension is expressed in nanometers. Usually, the dimensions of these structures are in the range from 1 to 100 nm (more often up to several hundred nm).The term nano-technology was used first time in 1974 by Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi. He used the term to describe semiconductor processes. His definition of nano-technology was as follows: "Nano-technology mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule" [1]. Taniguchi considered nanotechnology as a technology of precision manufacture with nanometer tolerances. Such an approach implied from Tanguchi’s background – he had studied the developments in machining techniques. The vision of nanotechnology, however, has deeper roots. The first ideas appeared several years earlier. On December 29, 1959, at California Institute of Technology, Feynman gave a lecture titled “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom” [2]. In lecture, he considered the possibility of direct manipulation of individual atoms as a more powerful form of synthetic chemistry than those used at the time. Feynman also suggested that it should be possible, in principle, to make very tiny machines that are able to arrange the atoms the way we want, and do chemical synthesis by mechanical manipulation. At the end of his talk, Feynman announced two challenges and funded price for each one. The first task involved the construction of a very small motor, such small that would fit inside a cube 1/64 inches (0.4 mm) on each side. The second one was much more difficult – to find a way to scale down letters small enough so as to be able to take the information on a page of a book and put it on an area 1/20000 smaller in linear scale. The concepts, as well as tasks presented by Feynman were very abstractive at that time; nevertheless, they gave to researchers a strong motivation to work. In November 1960, to Feynman’s surprising, an electrical engineer William McLellan, presented an electric motor which size met posed assumptions. The motor was pure handcraft engineering. McLellan, to fabricate it, did not use any cut-edge apparatus but typical tools and his experience. Among his tools was a sharpened toothpick which pushed the miniature components into place - appropriately presaging the atom-fine tips of atomic-force microscopes [3]. To meet the second challenge took a little more time. In 1985, Tom Newman, a Stanford graduate student, successfully reduced the first paragraph of A Tale of Two Cities by 1/25,000, and collected the second Feynman prize [3]. The conceptual vision presented by Feynman inspired one of the most famous nowadays propa
{"title":"At source of nanotechnology","authors":"A. Zarzycki","doi":"10.22430/22565337.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.201","url":null,"abstract":"ARTUR ZARZYCKI, PhD. Eng. Institute of Aviation, Center of Space Technologies, Adaptronics Team Warszawa, Poland Nanotechnology is a broad field of modern science and also engineering, which creates, potentially, endless possibilities. This term is most often defined as the preparation and use of structures in which at least one dimension is expressed in nanometers. Usually, the dimensions of these structures are in the range from 1 to 100 nm (more often up to several hundred nm).The term nano-technology was used first time in 1974 by Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi. He used the term to describe semiconductor processes. His definition of nano-technology was as follows: \"Nano-technology mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule\" [1]. Taniguchi considered nanotechnology as a technology of precision manufacture with nanometer tolerances. Such an approach implied from Tanguchi’s background – he had studied the developments in machining techniques. The vision of nanotechnology, however, has deeper roots. The first ideas appeared several years earlier. On December 29, 1959, at California Institute of Technology, Feynman gave a lecture titled “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom” [2]. In lecture, he considered the possibility of direct manipulation of individual atoms as a more powerful form of synthetic chemistry than those used at the time. Feynman also suggested that it should be possible, in principle, to make very tiny machines that are able to arrange the atoms the way we want, and do chemical synthesis by mechanical manipulation. At the end of his talk, Feynman announced two challenges and funded price for each one. The first task involved the construction of a very small motor, such small that would fit inside a cube 1/64 inches (0.4 mm) on each side. The second one was much more difficult – to find a way to scale down letters small enough so as to be able to take the information on a page of a book and put it on an area 1/20000 smaller in linear scale. The concepts, as well as tasks presented by Feynman were very abstractive at that time; nevertheless, they gave to researchers a strong motivation to work. In November 1960, to Feynman’s surprising, an electrical engineer William McLellan, presented an electric motor which size met posed assumptions. The motor was pure handcraft engineering. McLellan, to fabricate it, did not use any cut-edge apparatus but typical tools and his experience. Among his tools was a sharpened toothpick which pushed the miniature components into place - appropriately presaging the atom-fine tips of atomic-force microscopes [3]. To meet the second challenge took a little more time. In 1985, Tom Newman, a Stanford graduate student, successfully reduced the first paragraph of A Tale of Two Cities by 1/25,000, and collected the second Feynman prize [3]. The conceptual vision presented by Feynman inspired one of the most famous nowadays propa","PeriodicalId":30469,"journal":{"name":"TecnoLogicas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68484800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karen M. Prada-Ávila, Silvia I. Díaz-Rueda, Néstor A. Nova-Arévalo
This research characterized and quantified the effect of the legislative policy, regulations, and trade policies in the level users satisfaction of the mobile phone service in Colombia. For this, we conducted a market and commerce analysis of mobile telephone, as well as legislative, regulatory, quality and satisfaction policies of service users in Colombia, for the period 2000-2012. As a result seven mathematical models were formulated of the level users satisfaction in Colombia and prepaid and postpaid segment of the three operators with greater market share, through three factors like value of importation of mobile phones, quantity of phones approved and market sharing between operators, levels not reported by regulator were estimated for the period 2010-2012 and a consistent trend of about 70% was discovered. We conclude that in the mobile phone market there are regulatory effects additional to the measured and reported by the regulator, which limit the guarantee of a minimum level of quality of service as an operational requirement within the market. The presence of the importation factor in all models reflects the effects of market evolution on the user satisfaction of mobile phone service, given by the implementation of new technologies, new services offers and the participation of new mobile phone operators.
{"title":"Efecto de las políticas de comercio y regulación en el nivel de satisfacción de los usuarios de telefonía móvil en Colombia","authors":"Karen M. Prada-Ávila, Silvia I. Díaz-Rueda, Néstor A. Nova-Arévalo","doi":"10.22430/22565337.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.203","url":null,"abstract":"This research characterized and quantified the effect of the legislative policy, regulations, and trade policies in the level users satisfaction of the mobile phone service in Colombia. For this, we conducted a market and commerce analysis of mobile telephone, as well as legislative, regulatory, quality and satisfaction policies of service users in Colombia, for the period 2000-2012. As a result seven mathematical models were formulated of the level users satisfaction in Colombia and prepaid and postpaid segment of the three operators with greater market share, through three factors like value of importation of mobile phones, quantity of phones approved and market sharing between operators, levels not reported by regulator were estimated for the period 2010-2012 and a consistent trend of about 70% was discovered. We conclude that in the mobile phone market there are regulatory effects additional to the measured and reported by the regulator, which limit the guarantee of a minimum level of quality of service as an operational requirement within the market. The presence of the importation factor in all models reflects the effects of market evolution on the user satisfaction of mobile phone service, given by the implementation of new technologies, new services offers and the participation of new mobile phone operators.","PeriodicalId":30469,"journal":{"name":"TecnoLogicas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68484871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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