Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.36004/nier.es.2022.2-07
E. Deleu
The article explores the features of the Moldovan migrant's children integration in Italy and the dynamics and particularities of the second-generation formation. The study is based on statistical data analysis on the Moldovan communities of immigrants in Italy and the integration of migrant children into educational institutions. The risk factors of social adaptation of children of Moldovan migrants based on the sociological quantitative and qualitative research conducted in 2015-2019 are analyzed. The study results show that the children of Moldovan migrants face difficulties integrating into Italian society, even though they have more opportunities than their parents. There are specific differences in children's integration depending on the age of arrival in Italy, the success in learning the Italian language, the type of family (full or single parent, mixed family), and the intensity of social contacts. Children of migrants born in Italy do not experience significant difficulties in social integration, primarily thanks to their knowledge of the Italian language. Children from mixed families where one of the parents is an Italian citizen also do not have a problem. The most significant difficulties are encountered by young people who arrived in Italy as teenagers and have lived in Moldova for a long time with other relatives since their parents moved abroad for work. The need to reunite with the family after 5-10 years of separation from parents, sometimes with a new mixt family, creates additional psychological and sociocultural barriers in the process of integrating children in Italy.
{"title":"Social integration of Moldovan migrant’s children in Italy","authors":"E. Deleu","doi":"10.36004/nier.es.2022.2-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.2-07","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores the features of the Moldovan migrant's children integration in Italy and the dynamics and particularities of the second-generation formation. The study is based on statistical data analysis on the Moldovan communities of immigrants in Italy and the integration of migrant children into educational institutions. The risk factors of social adaptation of children of Moldovan migrants based on the sociological quantitative and qualitative research conducted in 2015-2019 are analyzed. The study results show that the children of Moldovan migrants face difficulties integrating into Italian society, even though they have more opportunities than their parents. There are specific differences in children's integration depending on the age of arrival in Italy, the success in learning the Italian language, the type of family (full or single parent, mixed family), and the intensity of social contacts. Children of migrants born in Italy do not experience significant difficulties in social integration, primarily thanks to their knowledge of the Italian language. Children from mixed families where one of the parents is an Italian citizen also do not have a problem. The most significant difficulties are encountered by young people who arrived in Italy as teenagers and have lived in Moldova for a long time with other relatives since their parents moved abroad for work. The need to reunite with the family after 5-10 years of separation from parents, sometimes with a new mixt family, creates additional psychological and sociocultural barriers in the process of integrating children in Italy.","PeriodicalId":30515,"journal":{"name":"Economy and Sociology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85281259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-09
Ecaterina Grigoras, Olga Gagauz
In Moldova like in other countries of Eastern Europe, a fertility transition is taking place from the traditional model to the modern one which is associated with the decrease of juncture-related fertility indicators. Although the fertility indicators are higher compared to those of other states, the factors determining this level and the possible future trends are an important question to be asked. We assume, some of the socio-demographic characteristics of women, particularities of the socio-economic and cultural context have an impact on the reproductive behavior and determine either to keep the traditional model or switch to the modern one. To answer this questions, a research was conducted to highlight the differences in women’s reproductive behavior in Moldova as well as the socio-demographic characteristics which make the difference between the fertility level and the number of children born during the reproductive age (living environment, education level, first sexual intercourse, mean age of first marriage, mean age of mothers at first birth, first-birth and interbirth intervals). The research is based on the data of the demographic study Generation and Sex conducted in Moldova in 2020 where a subsample of 1546 women aged 20-49 was selected. A special typology was elaborated through a hierarchical cluster analysis and the women were divided in 4 groups according to characteristics of the reproductive behavior. It was found that the traditional model of reproductive behavior prevails in Moldova, two subgroups being emphasized: “traditional with large family” and “traditional with maximum two children”. A middle group is represented by women displaying “transitory to modern” reproductive behavior model. The least numerous group is made up of women characterized by “modern” behavior.
{"title":"FERTILITY TRANSITION FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN MODEL IN MOLDOVA: EXPLORATION IN BASE ON THE GENERATION AND GENDER SURVEY","authors":"Ecaterina Grigoras, Olga Gagauz","doi":"10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-09","url":null,"abstract":"In Moldova like in other countries of Eastern Europe, a fertility transition is taking place from the traditional model to the modern one which is associated with the decrease of juncture-related fertility indicators. Although the fertility indicators are higher compared to those of other states, the factors determining this level and the possible future trends are an important question to be asked. We assume, some of the socio-demographic characteristics of women, particularities of the socio-economic and cultural context have an impact on the reproductive behavior and determine either to keep the traditional model or switch to the modern one. To answer this questions, a research was conducted to highlight the differences in women’s reproductive behavior in Moldova as well as the socio-demographic characteristics which make the difference between the fertility level and the number of children born during the reproductive age (living environment, education level, first sexual intercourse, mean age of first marriage, mean age of mothers at first birth, first-birth and interbirth intervals). The research is based on the data of the demographic study Generation and Sex conducted in Moldova in 2020 where a subsample of 1546 women aged 20-49 was selected. A special typology was elaborated through a hierarchical cluster analysis and the women were divided in 4 groups according to characteristics of the reproductive behavior. It was found that the traditional model of reproductive behavior prevails in Moldova, two subgroups being emphasized: “traditional with large family” and “traditional with maximum two children”. A middle group is represented by women displaying “transitory to modern” reproductive behavior model. The least numerous group is made up of women characterized by “modern” behavior.","PeriodicalId":30515,"journal":{"name":"Economy and Sociology","volume":"184 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77781177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-02
Apostolos Papaphilippou
The paper discusses the properties of Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models and proceeds to estimate a model for the monthly evolution of the annual inflation rate in Moldova from January 2013 to October 2021. The aim of the paper is to develop a model relying exclusively upon the historical evolution of inflation as an additional instrument for forecasting purposes. The estimated model explains close to 97 % of the monthly variation of the inflation rate over the model’s estimation period and is used to generate forecasts of the monthly evolution of the annual inflation rate in short to medium term. The ARIMA-generated forecasts suggest that the acceleration of inflation which characterised the monthly evolution of the annual inflation rate in 2021 up to October 2021 will continue in the next four months, with the inflation rate peaking at 12 % in February 2022 and slowly decelerating from that point onwards towards the 5 % inflation target in the longer term. The paper concludes by suggesting areas for further work and briefly discussing the inflation outlook for the Moldovan economy, considering current international and domestic economic conditions. Natural areas for further work would be to regularly update the econometric estimates and forecasts of the estimated ARIMA model as the economy evolves through time. With regard to the inflation outlook, the analysis contained in the concluding section of the paper suggests that the future evolution of inflation is likely to be more pessimistic than the ARIMA-based generated forecast.
{"title":"AN AUTO-REGRESSIVE INTEGRATED MOVING AVERAGE MODEL OF INFLATION IN MOLDOVA WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFLATION OUTLOOK","authors":"Apostolos Papaphilippou","doi":"10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-02","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the properties of Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models and proceeds to estimate a model for the monthly evolution of the annual inflation rate in Moldova from January 2013 to October 2021. The aim of the paper is to develop a model relying exclusively upon the historical evolution of inflation as an additional instrument for forecasting purposes. The estimated model explains close to 97 % of the monthly variation of the inflation rate over the model’s estimation period and is used to generate forecasts of the monthly evolution of the annual inflation rate in short to medium term. The ARIMA-generated forecasts suggest that the acceleration of inflation which characterised the monthly evolution of the annual inflation rate in 2021 up to October 2021 will continue in the next four months, with the inflation rate peaking at 12 % in February 2022 and slowly decelerating from that point onwards towards the 5 % inflation target in the longer term. The paper concludes by suggesting areas for further work and briefly discussing the inflation outlook for the Moldovan economy, considering current international and domestic economic conditions. Natural areas for further work would be to regularly update the econometric estimates and forecasts of the estimated ARIMA model as the economy evolves through time. With regard to the inflation outlook, the analysis contained in the concluding section of the paper suggests that the future evolution of inflation is likely to be more pessimistic than the ARIMA-based generated forecast.","PeriodicalId":30515,"journal":{"name":"Economy and Sociology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88893218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-01
A. Stratan, T. Gutium
The non-observed economy is an integral part of the modern economic system. It is a threat to economic security in conditions of slow stagnation. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the identification of factors influencing the non-observed economy makes it possible to develop proposals to combat this phenomenon. Also, this paper describes the problems that researchers in the Republic of Moldova face when econometrically modeling the dependence of the non-observed economy on socio-economic indicators. The novelty and purpose of the study is the construction of models with one equation, where the endogenous variable is the level of the non-observed economy in value terms and the share of the non-observed economy in Gross Domestic Product. The main research methods are regression analysis and economic and mathematical modeling. At the first step of the study, the identified main factors of influence that determine the size of the shadow economy in twenty-eight countries were systematized. In the next step, the authors established the available series of statistical data published by the National Bureau of Statistics and determined exogenous variables. The authors used the program for econometric analysis EViews 9 in constructing the models. The single equation models were tested inclusively for first and second-order autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. The constructed models showed that the non-observed economy is positively affected by the growth of the main sectors of the national economy and by an increase in the unemployment rate. While the rise in foreign trade turnover, namely imports, negatively affects the endogenous variable. There is an identical (negative) relationship between the freight turnover and the level of the non-observed economy.
{"title":"ECONOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC INDICATORS ON THE NON-OBSERVED ECONOMY OF MOLDOVA","authors":"A. Stratan, T. Gutium","doi":"10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-01","url":null,"abstract":"The non-observed economy is an integral part of the modern economic system. It is a threat to economic security in conditions of slow stagnation. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the identification of factors influencing the non-observed economy makes it possible to develop proposals to combat this phenomenon. Also, this paper describes the problems that researchers in the Republic of Moldova face when econometrically modeling the dependence of the non-observed economy on socio-economic indicators. The novelty and purpose of the study is the construction of models with one equation, where the endogenous variable is the level of the non-observed economy in value terms and the share of the non-observed economy in Gross Domestic Product. The main research methods are regression analysis and economic and mathematical modeling. At the first step of the study, the identified main factors of influence that determine the size of the shadow economy in twenty-eight countries were systematized. In the next step, the authors established the available series of statistical data published by the National Bureau of Statistics and determined exogenous variables. The authors used the program for econometric analysis EViews 9 in constructing the models. The single equation models were tested inclusively for first and second-order autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. The constructed models showed that the non-observed economy is positively affected by the growth of the main sectors of the national economy and by an increase in the unemployment rate. While the rise in foreign trade turnover, namely imports, negatively affects the endogenous variable. There is an identical (negative) relationship between the freight turnover and the level of the non-observed economy.","PeriodicalId":30515,"journal":{"name":"Economy and Sociology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78531834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-04
T. Tsetsiarynets
The article substantiates the identification of agrarian human capital as a specific form of human capital and provides its author's interpretation. In determining its quantitative value, the advantages of using the income assessment method rather than the cost (investment) approach are proven. The latter circumstance is the basis for the development of methods to assess the effectiveness of its functioning in the agrarian sphere, based on the acme technology. The use of the acmeological approach is conditioned by the necessity of a comprehensive analysis of the process of human capital formation in the agricultural sector of Belarus. This approach considers the individual's creative and purposeful possibilities and achievements. A system of interrelated indicators, which allows determining the effectiveness of the use of agrarian human capital, is proposed. The main aim of the research is to develop a methodical approach to evaluate the efficiency of the functioning of agrarian human capital. The article was prepared with the use of general scientific research methods and private approaches to solving problems. In particular, the methodology of analysis, synthesis, graphic and tabular methods were used. Practical testing of the proposed assessment methodology shows a decrease in the efficiency of agrarian human capital’s functioning. This is due to the prevailing dynamics of growth of quantitative indicators compared to those of qualitative parameters. The proposed methodological approach to assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of agrarian human capital can be used by the representatives of management bodies, scientists and researchers to develop program documents to form state agrarian and regional policy.
{"title":"EFFICIENCY OF OPERATION OF AGRARIAN HUMAN CAPITAL","authors":"T. Tsetsiarynets","doi":"10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-04","url":null,"abstract":"The article substantiates the identification of agrarian human capital as a specific form of human capital and provides its author's interpretation. In determining its quantitative value, the advantages of using the income assessment method rather than the cost (investment) approach are proven. The latter circumstance is the basis for the development of methods to assess the effectiveness of its functioning in the agrarian sphere, based on the acme technology. The use of the acmeological approach is conditioned by the necessity of a comprehensive analysis of the process of human capital formation in the agricultural sector of Belarus. This approach considers the individual's creative and purposeful possibilities and achievements. A system of interrelated indicators, which allows determining the effectiveness of the use of agrarian human capital, is proposed. The main aim of the research is to develop a methodical approach to evaluate the efficiency of the functioning of agrarian human capital. The article was prepared with the use of general scientific research methods and private approaches to solving problems. In particular, the methodology of analysis, synthesis, graphic and tabular methods were used. Practical testing of the proposed assessment methodology shows a decrease in the efficiency of agrarian human capital’s functioning. This is due to the prevailing dynamics of growth of quantitative indicators compared to those of qualitative parameters. The proposed methodological approach to assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of agrarian human capital can be used by the representatives of management bodies, scientists and researchers to develop program documents to form state agrarian and regional policy.","PeriodicalId":30515,"journal":{"name":"Economy and Sociology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85278282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-03
Sergey Stupachev
The article considers the financial assistance of international financial institutions (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) to the Republic of Moldova in their partnership process. The relevance of the study is determined by the objective need to use this financial assistance to solve urgent financial and economic problems and implement an effective economic policy of Moldova. The purpose of the article is to analyze the financial assistance of International Financial Institutions to Moldova, to assess the current state and prospects for developing their financial relations. The information base of the research consists of theoretical and methodological scientific studies of foreign and Moldovan economists devoted to the subject under consideration; information materials of official websites of financial organizations. It is shown that for the entire period of financial support of Moldova by the International Monetary Fund, almost all special credit mechanisms have been implemented. Since 1993, the World Bank has been implementing and financing 118 different projects (90 completed, 18 active and 7 under development). Agriculture accounts for the largest number of projects financed by the bank. It is revealed that the country's debt and overdue obligations to International Financial Institutions have an upward trend, which is due to the crises and financial instability of 2008 and 2019. The continuation of such a trend in the future may lead to certain financial and economic problems if the financial assistance received does not lead to significant development of the Moldovan economy.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS OF MOLDOVA","authors":"Sergey Stupachev","doi":"10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-03","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the financial assistance of international financial institutions (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) to the Republic of Moldova in their partnership process. The relevance of the study is determined by the objective need to use this financial assistance to solve urgent financial and economic problems and implement an effective economic policy of Moldova. The purpose of the article is to analyze the financial assistance of International Financial Institutions to Moldova, to assess the current state and prospects for developing their financial relations. The information base of the research consists of theoretical and methodological scientific studies of foreign and Moldovan economists devoted to the subject under consideration; information materials of official websites of financial organizations. It is shown that for the entire period of financial support of Moldova by the International Monetary Fund, almost all special credit mechanisms have been implemented. Since 1993, the World Bank has been implementing and financing 118 different projects (90 completed, 18 active and 7 under development). Agriculture accounts for the largest number of projects financed by the bank. It is revealed that the country's debt and overdue obligations to International Financial Institutions have an upward trend, which is due to the crises and financial instability of 2008 and 2019. The continuation of such a trend in the future may lead to certain financial and economic problems if the financial assistance received does not lead to significant development of the Moldovan economy.","PeriodicalId":30515,"journal":{"name":"Economy and Sociology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88597031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-10
Olga Poalelungi
The mass emigration of the youth from Moldova including educational emigration, usually without a subsequent return home, has negatively impacted both the demographic situation as a whole and the number of students in the higher education institutions of Moldova. However, immigration issues are not given the proper attention as a possible factor partially compensating the demographic or economic migration losses. The country’s geographical position and the possibility of free movement in EU countries contribute to the increase of the country’s attractiveness for foreign citizens. The internalization of the higher education system allows the Republic of Moldova to involve itself more actively in the educational migration, namely attract foreign students to the higher education institutions of the Republic of Moldova, use the educational immigration as an investment potential for the development of higher education institutions. This article displays the results of an investigation of the situation on attracting foreign students to Moldova’s higher education institutions. The work is founded on the analysis of the national legislation in education and migration fields as well as the results of a qualitative research carried out in 2022 by interviewing specialists of higher education institutions responsible for the work with foreign students. The aim of the research is to find out possibilities to increase the universities’ potential in attracting foreign students, existing possibilities and main impediments in this process. The research results have shown that to attract foreign students to Moldovan higher education institutions, it is necessary to determine more exactly the institutions or faculties of highest priority which could be attractive for foreign prospective students, to adopt a systematic approach to the elaboration and promotion of the educational migration, taking into account the specifics of the countries in the region and to consider the possibility to amend the migration legislation.
{"title":"EDUCATIONAL IMMIGRATION TO MOLDOVA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR PARTICIPATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES","authors":"Olga Poalelungi","doi":"10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-10","url":null,"abstract":"The mass emigration of the youth from Moldova including educational emigration, usually without a subsequent return home, has negatively impacted both the demographic situation as a whole and the number of students in the higher education institutions of Moldova. However, immigration issues are not given the proper attention as a possible factor partially compensating the demographic or economic migration losses. The country’s geographical position and the possibility of free movement in EU countries contribute to the increase of the country’s attractiveness for foreign citizens. The internalization of the higher education system allows the Republic of Moldova to involve itself more actively in the educational migration, namely attract foreign students to the higher education institutions of the Republic of Moldova, use the educational immigration as an investment potential for the development of higher education institutions. This article displays the results of an investigation of the situation on attracting foreign students to Moldova’s higher education institutions. The work is founded on the analysis of the national legislation in education and migration fields as well as the results of a qualitative research carried out in 2022 by interviewing specialists of higher education institutions responsible for the work with foreign students. The aim of the research is to find out possibilities to increase the universities’ potential in attracting foreign students, existing possibilities and main impediments in this process. The research results have shown that to attract foreign students to Moldovan higher education institutions, it is necessary to determine more exactly the institutions or faculties of highest priority which could be attractive for foreign prospective students, to adopt a systematic approach to the elaboration and promotion of the educational migration, taking into account the specifics of the countries in the region and to consider the possibility to amend the migration legislation.","PeriodicalId":30515,"journal":{"name":"Economy and Sociology","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72707715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-06
I. Kurylo
The ambivalence of mortality and life expectancy dynamics in Ukraine is a significant and complex demographic problem. Our aim is to examine the last tendencies of mortality and life expectancy, analyse the level and dynamics of mortality by major causes of death before the Russian military invasion of Ukraine. This analysis constitutes a base for the further comparative estimation of demographic losses due to the war. Trends of sex- and age-specific mortality are considered. Specific characteristics of mortality in urban and rural settlements are analysed. We use the following methods: demographic rates, standardized death rates (European standard population), life tables, decomposition method, descriptive statistics, graphic method. Our findings suggest that following a period of growth in life expectancy (2009-2013) a period of fluctuation and stagnation (2014-2019) has started in Ukraine under the influence of political-military and economic factors. Beginning with 2020, life expectancy was additionally influenced by COVID-19. Noncommunicable diseases are among significant contributors to premature adult mortality in Ukraine. However, the excessive share of deaths (especially among men) is also related to external causes. The dynamics of mortality from cardiovascular diseases show a general trend of decline over the past fifteen years, however with fluctuations in the latest years. A deterioration has already taken place in 2020. There is a slight decrease in cancer mortality over the past fifteen years. The reduction in death rate from external causes in Ukraine over this period was significant. The standardized death rate from digestive diseases has increased with COVID-19 having played a leading role in the unfavorable changes of life expectancy over the past two years.
{"title":"TENDENCIES OF MORTALITY AND LIFE EXPECTANCY IN UKRAINE BEFORE THE RUSSIAN FULL SCALE MILITARY INVASION","authors":"I. Kurylo","doi":"10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-06","url":null,"abstract":"The ambivalence of mortality and life expectancy dynamics in Ukraine is a significant and complex demographic problem. Our aim is to examine the last tendencies of mortality and life expectancy, analyse the level and dynamics of mortality by major causes of death before the Russian military invasion of Ukraine. This analysis constitutes a base for the further comparative estimation of demographic losses due to the war. Trends of sex- and age-specific mortality are considered. Specific characteristics of mortality in urban and rural settlements are analysed. We use the following methods: demographic rates, standardized death rates (European standard population), life tables, decomposition method, descriptive statistics, graphic method. Our findings suggest that following a period of growth in life expectancy (2009-2013) a period of fluctuation and stagnation (2014-2019) has started in Ukraine under the influence of political-military and economic factors. Beginning with 2020, life expectancy was additionally influenced by COVID-19. Noncommunicable diseases are among significant contributors to premature adult mortality in Ukraine. However, the excessive share of deaths (especially among men) is also related to external causes. The dynamics of mortality from cardiovascular diseases show a general trend of decline over the past fifteen years, however with fluctuations in the latest years. A deterioration has already taken place in 2020. There is a slight decrease in cancer mortality over the past fifteen years. The reduction in death rate from external causes in Ukraine over this period was significant. The standardized death rate from digestive diseases has increased with COVID-19 having played a leading role in the unfavorable changes of life expectancy over the past two years.","PeriodicalId":30515,"journal":{"name":"Economy and Sociology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80424020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-05
Alina Ianioglo
In current conditions of digital transformation and difficulties in accessing traditional financing, alternative sources of finance acquire particular importance. At the same time, the knowledge regarding the alternative finance market in developing countries is yet in its infancy, with little evidence of the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the alternative finance market in the Republic of Moldova. Therefore, the article aims to explore financing alternatives for enterprises in the Republic of Moldova and determine the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the alternative finance market. Additionally, there were analysed data from other reference countries. In order to achieve the objective of the study, a mixed research approach, based on both primary and secondary data, was used: analysis of statistical data, international rankings, comparison, synthesis, deduction, as well as a questionnaire-based survey designed for small and medium-sized enterprises. SMEs have proven to be vulnerable to crises. The alternative finance market in the Republic of Moldova was analysed, showing that despite a rise in recent years, alternative sources of financing are still poorly developed. The study shows that enterprises face the biggest problems in accessing venture capital, financing on the securities market and use of electronic platforms to attract funding (crowdfunding, cryptocurrencies, etc.). At the same time, there was registered an improvement in accessing crowdfunding since the beginning of the pandemic. Generally, obtained results are essential for further research, practitioners and in determining measures to facilitate access to finance.
{"title":"ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENTERPRISE FINANCING AND THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC","authors":"Alina Ianioglo","doi":"10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-05","url":null,"abstract":"In current conditions of digital transformation and difficulties in accessing traditional financing, alternative sources of finance acquire particular importance. At the same time, the knowledge regarding the alternative finance market in developing countries is yet in its infancy, with little evidence of the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the alternative finance market in the Republic of Moldova. Therefore, the article aims to explore financing alternatives for enterprises in the Republic of Moldova and determine the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the alternative finance market. Additionally, there were analysed data from other reference countries. In order to achieve the objective of the study, a mixed research approach, based on both primary and secondary data, was used: analysis of statistical data, international rankings, comparison, synthesis, deduction, as well as a questionnaire-based survey designed for small and medium-sized enterprises. SMEs have proven to be vulnerable to crises. The alternative finance market in the Republic of Moldova was analysed, showing that despite a rise in recent years, alternative sources of financing are still poorly developed. The study shows that enterprises face the biggest problems in accessing venture capital, financing on the securities market and use of electronic platforms to attract funding (crowdfunding, cryptocurrencies, etc.). At the same time, there was registered an improvement in accessing crowdfunding since the beginning of the pandemic. Generally, obtained results are essential for further research, practitioners and in determining measures to facilitate access to finance.","PeriodicalId":30515,"journal":{"name":"Economy and Sociology","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87919454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-08
Olga Gagauz, Valeriu Prohnitski
The use of the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology has opened up the possibility of examining gender differences in income and consumption throughout the life cycle. This article presents the results of the study of the gender profile of income and consumption based on the NTA of Moldova for 2019. Moldova is characterized by a low level of employment of the population, low incomes and a high involvement of the population in international labor migration. Women's labor incomes are lower than men's throughout the life cycle, and the life cycle surplus is entirely formed by men, who are net donors to cover the life cycle deficit of other age groups during the working period. More than two-thirds of the economic life cycle deficit is held by women, and the gender gap in economic dependence was 22.7% - an additional share of the total labor income needed to finance women's economic dependence compared to the total labor income needed to finance men's economic dependence. Differences in the age profile of working income are due to the fact that women enter the labor market a little later than men, due to much higher enrollment rates in higher education institutions, as well as due to low participation in the labor market during the period associated with the birth and upbringing of children. The economic dependence of women is a reflection of the “gender contract” characteristic of Moldova, according to which a man and a woman participate in the labor market, but the woman still has most of the household chores.” It can be assumed that the problem of underestimation of income by the population in the household survey could cause an underestimation of the age profile of labor income, which, in turn, influenced the estimation of the size of the economic life cycle deficit.
{"title":"GENDER PROFILE OF INCOME AND CONSUMPTION: EVIDENCE FROM THE NATIONAL TRANSFER ACCOUNTS OF MOLDOVA","authors":"Olga Gagauz, Valeriu Prohnitski","doi":"10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-08","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology has opened up the possibility of examining gender differences in income and consumption throughout the life cycle. This article presents the results of the study of the gender profile of income and consumption based on the NTA of Moldova for 2019. Moldova is characterized by a low level of employment of the population, low incomes and a high involvement of the population in international labor migration. Women's labor incomes are lower than men's throughout the life cycle, and the life cycle surplus is entirely formed by men, who are net donors to cover the life cycle deficit of other age groups during the working period. More than two-thirds of the economic life cycle deficit is held by women, and the gender gap in economic dependence was 22.7% - an additional share of the total labor income needed to finance women's economic dependence compared to the total labor income needed to finance men's economic dependence. Differences in the age profile of working income are due to the fact that women enter the labor market a little later than men, due to much higher enrollment rates in higher education institutions, as well as due to low participation in the labor market during the period associated with the birth and upbringing of children. The economic dependence of women is a reflection of the “gender contract” characteristic of Moldova, according to which a man and a woman participate in the labor market, but the woman still has most of the household chores.” It can be assumed that the problem of underestimation of income by the population in the household survey could cause an underestimation of the age profile of labor income, which, in turn, influenced the estimation of the size of the economic life cycle deficit.","PeriodicalId":30515,"journal":{"name":"Economy and Sociology","volume":"86 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86493375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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