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The Human Right to a Fair Trial in Competition Law Enforcement Procedures: A Rising Issue in Indonesian Experiences 竞争执法程序中公平审判的人权:印尼经验中一个日益突出的问题
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.3390/laws12030055
S. Anisah, Sahid Hadi
The Indonesian Competition Supervisory Commission (ICSC) has the authority to investigate, prosecute, adjudicate, decide, and impose sanctions on business actors for violating Indonesian competition law. It also has the authority to establish procedural laws for the competition law enforcement procedures within its institution. This single role raises various issues in the current context, including the right to a fair trial and checks and balances. This article seeks to define the position of human rights, particularly the right to a fair trial, in competition law enforcement procedures. The result is that competition law enforcement procedures are subordinate to human rights, so they must be exercised in compliance with human rights standards, particularly the right to a fair trial. Based on the experience in Indonesia, this study finds that the ICSC’s single role is incompatible with human rights commitments in fair competition law enforcement procedures. As an alternative solution, this article encourages a modification and adjustment based on human rights commitments and checks and balances mechanism by limiting one of the ICSC’s authorities and broadening the interference of the Supreme Court in enforcing Indonesian competition law at the ICSC level.
印度尼西亚竞争监督委员会(ICSC)有权对违反印度尼西亚竞争法的商业行为者进行调查、起诉、裁决、决定和制裁。它还有权为其机构内的竞争执法程序制定程序法。在当前背景下,这一单一角色引发了各种问题,包括公平审判和制衡的权利。本文试图界定人权,特别是公平审判权在竞争法执行程序中的地位。其结果是,竞争法的执法程序从属于人权,因此必须按照人权标准,特别是公平审判的权利来行使这些程序。根据印度尼西亚的经验,本研究发现公务员制度委员会的单一作用与公平竞争执法程序中的人权承诺不相容。作为另一种解决办法,该条鼓励根据人权承诺和制衡机制进行修改和调整,限制公务员制度委员会的一项权力,扩大最高法院在公务员制度委员会一级执行印度尼西亚竞争法的干预。
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引用次数: 0
The U.S. Experience in Drafting Guidelines for Judicial Interviews of Children and Its Translation to Hague Abduction Convention Return Proceedings Globally 美国制定儿童司法面谈准则的经验及其在海牙诱拐公约中的翻译
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.3390/laws12030054
Melissa A. Kucinski
This article will focus on judicial interviews of children, in chambers, including in Hague Abduction Convention cases; the potential promise and pitfalls of conducting such interviews; and how the U.S. experience provides an excellent template for future discussions and work on creating a soft law instrument on this important information-gathering tool.
本文将集中讨论在分庭对儿童的司法面谈,包括在《海牙绑架公约》案件中;进行此类访谈的潜在希望和陷阱;以及美国的经验如何为今后关于这一重要信息收集工具的讨论和制定软法律文书的工作提供了一个极好的模板。
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引用次数: 0
Milestones and Current Dilemmas: Evaluation of Sentencing Standardization for Illegal Possession of Drugs in China 里程碑与困境:我国非法持有毒品量刑规范化评价
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.3390/laws12030053
Jia Wu, Yang Xia, Apei Song
It has been more than ten years since the nationwide sentencing standardization reform was implemented in China to solve the widespread problem of uneven sentencing in criminal justice. A statistical analysis of 1595 written judgments of illegal possession of drugs showed that the reform of sentencing for the standardization amount-based crimes has achieved remarkable results, and judges’ discretion has been highly normative and consistent. Under the same criminal circumstances, the degree of consistency between the amount involved in the crime and imprisonment has significantly increased, which is more in line with the standards of formal justice. However, the effect of the sentencing standardization reform declined as the amount involved in the crime increased. This exposes the shortcomings of the standardized sentencing model when considering multiple crimes; these include confusion between the amount and circumstances of a crime, the imbalance between crime and punishment, and the application of discretionary circumstances in sentencing depending on the amount involved in the crime. Therefore, it is necessary to attach more importance to the evaluation of the legitimacy of the sentencing range established by criminal law in subsequent sentencing reforms and to further refine and perfect the standardized sentencing mode, with a shift from formal justice to justice in form and substance.
为解决刑事司法中普遍存在的量刑不均问题,我国在全国范围内推行量刑规范化改革已有十多年。对1595份非法持有毒品的判决书进行统计分析表明,规范数量型犯罪量刑改革成效显著,法官自由裁量权具有高度规范性和一致性。在同样的犯罪情节下,犯罪金额与监禁的一致程度显著提高,更符合正式司法的标准。然而,量刑规范化改革的效果随着犯罪金额的增加而下降。这暴露了标准化量刑模式在考虑多项犯罪时的不足;其中包括犯罪数额与情节的混淆,罪与罚的不平衡,以及根据犯罪数额在量刑时适用酌定情节。因此,在随后的量刑改革中,有必要更加重视对刑法确立的量刑幅度合法性的评估,并进一步细化和完善规范的量刑模式,从形式正义转向形式正义和实质正义。
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引用次数: 0
From Canada to Scotland: The Incorporation of Ethical Wildlife Control Principles: A Review 从加拿大到苏格兰:伦理野生动物控制原则的纳入:综述
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/laws12030052
Hannah Louise Moneagle
In 2015, 20 experts from academia, industry, and non-governmental organisations on 5 continents agreed to a set of seven international principles for ethical decision making (“the principles”) in managing human–wildlife conflict. The principles have since been recognised in wildlife management policy and standards in parts of British Columbia, Canada. In 2022, the principles were introduced to the Scottish Parliament by means of a formal Motion lodged by Colin Smyth MSP. Smyth expressed the view that opportunities existed to integrate the principles into the Scottish Government’s strategic approach to wildlife management and its species licensing review. The (now former) Minister for Environment, Biodiversity and Land Reform at the Scottish Government, Mairi McAllan, stated in the Motion debate that followed that she was committed to working to understand how the principles could sit alongside the Scottish Government’s ambitious programme to protect animals and wildlife. The Hunting with Dogs (Scotland) Bill was introduced to the Scottish Parliament prior (February 2022) to the Motion debate but passed on 24 January 2023, following various debate and amendment stages. It offered parliamentarians the first opportunity to align wildlife-specific legislation with the principles. The Bill received Royal Assent on 7 March 2023 and is now the Hunting with Dogs (Scotland) Act 2023 (“The Act”). A review of The Bill (and subsequent Act) can assist in identifying where it could have aligned more closely with the principles to assist decision makers in understanding how to usefully incorporate the principles into future wildlife legislation and policy.
2015年,来自五大洲学术界、工业界和非政府组织的20名专家就管理人类与野生动物冲突的伦理决策(“原则”)达成了一套七项国际原则。此后,这些原则在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省部分地区的野生动物管理政策和标准中得到了认可。2022年,苏格兰议会议员Colin Smyth通过正式动议向苏格兰议会提出了这些原则。Smyth认为,有机会将这些原则纳入苏格兰政府的野生动物管理战略方法及其物种许可审查。苏格兰政府环境、生物多样性和土地改革部长(现任前)Mairi McAllan在随后的动议辩论中表示,她致力于了解这些原则如何与苏格兰政府保护动物和野生动物的雄心勃勃的计划相结合。《带狗狩猎(苏格兰)法案》在动议辩论之前(2022年2月)提交给了苏格兰议会,但在经过不同的辩论和修正阶段后,于2023年1月24日获得通过。它为议员们提供了第一次机会,使针对野生动物的立法与原则保持一致。该法案于2023年3月7日获得皇家批准,现在是《2023年犬只狩猎(苏格兰)法案》(“该法案”)。对该法案(以及随后的法案)的审查可以帮助确定该法案在哪些方面可以与原则更紧密地一致,以帮助决策者了解如何将这些原则有效地纳入未来的野生动物立法和政策中。
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引用次数: 0
Transformative Justice for Elimination of Barriers to Access to Justice for Persons with Psychosocial or Intellectual Disabilities 变革司法:消除社会心理或智力残疾者诉诸司法的障碍
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/laws12030051
Jonas Ruškus
By adopting the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (the CRPD) in New York, the United Nations heralded a new epoch on how disability-related matters ought to be comprehended and addressed across the globe. The aim of this article is to argue the role and substance of the CRPD, under which each State Party has a responsibility and duty to protect, promote and implement access to justice for all persons with disabilities on equal bases with others. Systemic and structural barriers to access to justice that are faced by persons with psychosocial or intellectual disabilities are highlighted, and the determinants of them are identified including boundaries of the principle of formal equality. The human-rights-based response within the framework of obligations of the States Parties of the CRPD to ensure access to justice for persons with psychosocial or intellectual disabilities is argued, with specific consideration of the principle of transformative equality. The analysis is based on the CRPD Committee’s jurisprudence, including Concluding observations for the States Parties, General Comments, statements and guidelines.
通过在纽约通过《残疾人权利公约》,联合国宣布了一个新的时代,即如何在全球范围内理解和处理与残疾有关的问题。本条的目的是论证《残疾人权利公约》的作用和实质,根据该公约,每个缔约国有责任和义务在与他人平等的基础上保护、促进和落实所有残疾人诉诸司法的机会。强调了心理残疾或智力残疾者在诉诸司法方面面临的系统性和结构性障碍,并确定了这些障碍的决定因素,包括形式平等原则的界限。有人认为,在《残疾人权利公约》缔约国确保心理残疾或智力残疾者诉诸司法的义务框架内,基于人权的应对措施,特别考虑到变革性平等原则。该分析基于《残疾人权利公约》委员会的判例,包括缔约国的结论性意见、一般性意见、声明和准则。
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引用次数: 1
Disability-Specific Sporting Competitions and the UN CRPD: Segregation as Inclusion? 残疾人体育比赛与联合国残疾人权利公约:隔离即包容?
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/laws12030050
Rinke Beekman, Frea De Keyzer, T. Opgenhaffen
Since the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) was created, segregation of persons with disabilities is no longer allowed. Separate schools, sheltered workshops, and isolated social care homes impede inclusion and must be banned. Sport is a remarkable exception to this general principle. The CRPD explicitly states that persons with disabilities should have the opportunity to organize, develop, and participate in disability-specific sporting activities. This contribution—focusing on the Paralympics and Special Olympics—examines why the CRPD allows and encourages disability-specific sporting competitions, despite (or perhaps due to) its radical choice for inclusion. Beyond that, this contribution asks the obvious follow-up question: if disability-specific competitions are allowed, how can the criteria for participation be determined in a manner consistent with the CRPD? The CRPD opposes a medical approach to disability, yet that approach is often used in selection criteria. Although this contribution primarily focuses on sports, the impact is wider: it raises questions on inclusion and how to assess disability.
自《联合国残疾人权利公约》(CRPD)制定以来,不再允许对残疾人进行隔离。单独的学校、庇护车间和孤立的社会护理院阻碍了包容性,必须予以禁止。体育是这一一般原则的一个显著例外。《残疾人权利公约》明确规定,残疾人应有机会组织、发展和参与针对残疾人的体育活动。这篇文章聚焦于残奥会和特奥会,探讨了为什么残疾人权利委员会允许和鼓励针对残疾人的体育比赛,尽管(或者可能是因为)它选择了激进的包容性。除此之外,这一贡献还提出了一个显而易见的后续问题:如果允许针对残疾的比赛,如何以符合《残疾人权利公约》的方式确定参赛标准?《残疾人权利公约》反对对残疾采取医学方法,但这种方法经常被用于选择标准。尽管这一贡献主要集中在体育上,但影响更广泛:它提出了关于包容和如何评估残疾的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Children’s Participation in Care and Protection Decision-Making Matters 儿童参与照料和保护决策事项
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.3390/laws12030049
J. Cashmore, P. Kong, M. Mclaine
Laws and policies in different jurisdictions provide a range of mechanisms that allow children involved in child protection processes and care proceedings to express their views when decisions that affect them are being made. Whether these mechanisms facilitate children’s involvement and whether they result in children’s views being heard and “given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child”, as required by article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, is the focus of this article. The law, policy and practice in New South Wales, Australia, are used to provide a contextual illustration of the wider theoretical and practical issues, drawing on international comparisons and research. It is clear there is still some way to go to satisfy the requirements of article 12 in Australia and other jurisdictions. These mechanisms often do not provide the information children need to understand the process, nor do they consistently encourage meaningful participation through trusted advocates who can accurately convey children’s views to those making the decisions. It is generally unclear how children’s views are heard, interpreted, and weighted in decision-making processes. The research findings from a number of countries, however, are clear and consistent that children often feel ‘unheard’ and that they have had few opportunities to say what is important to them. A number of conclusions and practice suggestions are outlined for how the law could better accommodate children’s views.
不同司法管辖区的法律和政策提供了一系列机制,允许参与儿童保护程序和护理程序的儿童在做出影响他们的决定时表达他们的意见。这些机制是否有助于儿童的参与,是否能按照《联合国儿童权利公约》第12条的要求,听取儿童的意见并“根据儿童的年龄和成熟程度给予应有的重视”,是本条的重点。利用国际比较和研究,澳大利亚新南威尔士州的法律、政策和实践为更广泛的理论和实践问题提供了背景说明。显然,在澳大利亚和其他法域,要满足第12条的要求还有一段路要走。这些机制往往无法提供儿童理解这一过程所需的信息,也无法始终鼓励通过值得信赖的倡导者进行有意义的参与,这些倡导者能够准确地将儿童的观点传达给决策者。通常不清楚在决策过程中如何听取、解释和权衡儿童的观点。然而,来自多个国家的研究结果是明确和一致的,即儿童经常感到“闻所未闻”,他们几乎没有机会说出对他们来说重要的事情。关于法律如何更好地照顾儿童的意见,概述了一些结论和实践建议。
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引用次数: 1
Municipal and Industrial Urban Waste: Legal Aspects of Safe Management 城市和工业垃圾:安全管理的法律问题
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.3390/laws12030048
S. Ivanova, N. Lisina
Competent management of the production and consumption of waste is the foundation for ensuring a favorable environment in cities and comfortable living conditions for the population. Laws and regulations play a key role in this process since they determine measures aimed at creating conditions for safe waste management, an effective management system in the field of environmental protection from waste pollution. In the cities of many developing countries, including Russia, despite the efforts being made, there is an increase in the volume of municipal solid waste. Solving the problems of waste management has been set as a national task. The article analyzes the current condition of solid waste management systems in developed and developing countries and identifies the features and prospects of waste management, including the one in Russia. It is established that the existing set of organizational, sanitary, and legal measures, and legal regulation of relations and law enforcement practices in the field of solid municipal waste management in many developing countries is still in the forming stage. The positive experiences of countries in implementing sustainable systems of safe waste management and the positions of judicial bodies on controversial issues of waste management in cities can be used as the basis for an environmental policy of safe waste management at all levels of public authority, as well as improving legislation in the field of waste management.
对废物的生产和消费进行有效的管理是确保城市有良好的环境和人民有舒适的生活条件的基础。法律和条例在这一过程中发挥关键作用,因为它们确定了旨在为安全废物管理创造条件的措施,这是保护环境免受废物污染的有效管理制度。在包括俄罗斯在内的许多发展中国家的城市中,尽管作出了努力,但城市固体废物的数量仍在增加。解决废物管理问题已被定为一项国家任务。本文分析了发达国家和发展中国家固体废物管理系统的现状,确定了包括俄罗斯在内的固体废物管理的特点和前景。可以确定的是,许多发展中国家在城市固体废物管理领域现有的一套组织、卫生和法律措施以及对关系和执法做法的法律规定仍处于形成阶段。各国在执行可持续的安全废物管理制度方面的积极经验和司法机构在城市废物管理有争议问题上的立场可以作为各级公共当局安全废物管理环境政策的基础,并可以作为改进废物管理领域立法的基础。
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引用次数: 1
Should Pharma Companies Waive Their COVID-19 Vaccine Patents? A Legal and Ethical Appraisal 制药公司应该放弃新冠肺炎疫苗专利吗?法律与伦理评价
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-05-23 DOI: 10.3390/laws12030047
T. Cowart, Tsuriel Rashi, G. L. Bock
Pharmaceutical companies, like many other types of companies, are incentivized to create, manufacture, and distribute new products, in part due to the legal protections of patent law. However, the tension between patent rights and the public good has been heightened as pharma companies developed new vaccines to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Wealthy governments paid well for vaccines and received ample supplies, while low- and middle-income countries struggled to obtain access to any vaccines. Some countries called for pharmaceutical companies to waive their patent protections for vaccines in order to facilitate the worldwide manufacture and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. This paper will examine the rationale of patent protection and patent waiver issues, then compare these concepts with ethical constructs and a Jewish perspective.
制药公司和许多其他类型的公司一样,被激励创造、制造和分销新产品,部分原因是专利法的法律保护。然而,随着制药公司开发新疫苗以抗击新冠肺炎疫情,专利权与公共产品之间的紧张关系加剧。富裕国家政府为疫苗支付了高昂的费用,并获得了充足的供应,而中低收入国家则难以获得任何疫苗。一些国家呼吁制药公司放弃对疫苗的专利保护,以促进新冠肺炎疫苗的全球生产和分销。本文将研究专利保护和专利豁免问题的基本原理,然后将这些概念与伦理结构和犹太视角进行比较。
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引用次数: 0
From Fashion Brand to Artwork: Divergent Thinking, Copyright Law, and Branding 从时尚品牌到艺术品:分歧思维、版权法与品牌
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.3390/laws12030046
Marlena Jankowska, Berenika Sorokowska
The purpose of this study is to explore the interaction between copyright, branding, marketing, and heritage protection with regard to a fashion brand. The authors use analytical-critical and legal-dogmatic methods, supplemented with desk research, a case study approach, and a review of the marketing literature. This paper argues that the top-tier fashion brands use the concept of artification in order to build their brands, mesmerize clientele, and increase revenues. Although design and reference to the arts play a major role in the luxurious and premium end of the fashion business, this analysis proves that the top players do not necessarily observe the appropriate laws in these areas. The reader will see examples of the flouting of basic legal constraints by big players, e.g., copyrights or property rights, including the monetisation of the creativity of others with the expectation of no legal challenge. Offenders capitalise on the likelihood that a legal suit is too demanding for smaller players, such as foundations or museums.
本研究旨在探讨时尚品牌的版权、品牌、行销与遗产保护之间的互动关系。作者使用分析-批判和法律-教条式的方法,辅以案头研究,案例研究的方法,并检讨营销文献。本文认为,顶级时尚品牌运用人为的概念来建立品牌,吸引顾客,增加收入。虽然设计和对艺术的借鉴在时尚行业的豪华和高端端发挥着重要作用,但这一分析证明,顶级玩家不一定遵守这些领域的适当法则。读者将看到一些大玩家无视基本法律约束的例子,例如版权或财产权,包括在不面临法律挑战的情况下将他人的创造力货币化。对于基金会或博物馆等规模较小的机构来说,法律诉讼的要求可能太高,违法者利用了这一点。
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引用次数: 0
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