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Energy Security, Energy Transition, and Foreign Investments: An Evolving Complex Relationship 能源安全、能源转型与外国投资:不断演变的复杂关系
IF 1.3 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.3390/laws13040048
Maria Rosaria Mauro
Energy has historically enticed significant interest from foreign investors. Simultaneously, it has perpetually held a pivotal position in any nation’s framework. Consequently, governments have long regarded energy security as a paramount concern, crucial for ensuring national stability. Energy security, simply put, is defined as “the availability of sufficient supplies at affordable prices”. However, a more contemporary perspective also emphasizes the necessity for long-term sustainability in the supply. This perspective adds a new foundational element—sustainability—to the concept of energy security. Stemming from this premise, two phenomena in the energy sector emerge that could impact international foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. Firstly, the transition from hydrocarbons to renewable sources necessitates substantial investment, wherein foreign investments could play a pivotal role. Secondly, there is an increasing trend of States utilizing FDI for strategic objectives. The acquisition of strategic energy infrastructure by foreign entities is now perceived as a risk to the energy supply security of nations. Consequently, several States have bolstered their FDI screening mechanisms to assess potential impacts on supply security, infrastructure operation, and national security in general. These two aforementioned phenomena may sometimes conflict. This article aims to analyze the intricate relationship between energy security, energy transition, and foreign investments. The author posits that an overly broad interpretation of national security and the misuse of screening mechanisms could serve as instruments for shielding the domestic economy, potentially undermining the foreign investment legal framework. Such an approach in the energy sector could have a “chilling effect,” leading to a reduction in FDI and impeding the energy transition or the attainment of other energy-related objectives. At the same time, a deep reform of the international investment regime is required, which should go through a modification of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) clauses but also through a more environmentally friendly approach by investment arbitration tribunals. It appears extremely difficult to find a balance between international investment law and environmental/climate change law. In this context, the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), which has recently undergone a “modernization process”, is assumed to be a test bench.
能源历来吸引着外国投资者的浓厚兴趣。同时,能源在任何国家的框架中都占据着举足轻重的地位。因此,各国政府长期以来一直将能源安全视为头等大事,是确保国家稳定的关键。简单地说,能源安全的定义是 "以可承受的价格获得充足的供应"。然而,一种更为现代的观点也强调了能源供应长期可持续性的必要性。这一观点为能源安全概念增添了一个新的基本要素--可持续性。基于这一前提,能源领域出现了两种可能影响国际外国直接投资(FDI)流动的现象。首先,从碳氢化合物向可再生能源的过渡需要大量投资,而外国投资可以在其中发挥关键作用。其次,各国利用外国直接投资实现战略目标的趋势日益明显。现在,外国实体收购战略性能源基础设施被认为是对国家能源供应安全的一种威胁。因此,一些国家加强了对外国直接投资的筛选机制,以评估其对供应安全、基础设施运营和总体国家安全的潜在影响。上述两种现象有时会发生冲突。本文旨在分析能源安全、能源转型和外国投资之间错综复杂的关系。作者认为,对国家安全过于宽泛的解释和对筛选机制的滥用可能会成为保护国内经济的工具,从而有可能破坏外国投资法律框架。能源领域的这种做法可能会产生 "寒蝉效应",导致外国直接投资减少,阻碍能源转型或其他能源相关目标的实现。与此同时,需要对国际投资制度进行深入改革,这不仅需要修改国际投资协定 (IIAs)条款,还需要投资仲裁法庭采取更加环保的方法。要在国际投资法和环境/气候变化法之间找到平衡点似乎极其困难。在这方面,最近经历了 "现代化进程 "的《能源宪章条约》(ECT)被认为是一个试验台。
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引用次数: 0
The Right to Data Portability as a Personal Right 作为个人权利的数据可携带权
IF 1.3 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.3390/laws13040047
Alejandro Laje, Klaus Schmidt
The right to the portability of personal data guarantees the interested party the right to receive personal data that concern themselves. Specifically, data which a person has provided to a ‘data collector’ in a structured format can currently be transmitted to another ‘data collector’ without any legal consequences as long as the original ‘collector’ has received consent either derived via a contract or other means. This data transaction from one ‘collector’ to another is often carried out by automated means; it is easily technically possible and is therefore considered to not negatively affect the rights and freedoms of others. This right to data transfer is guaranteed when it comes to data collected in the public interest or in the exercise of public powers conferred on the ‘collector’. The main precedent to the right to data portability is the EU Regulation 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016, regarding the protection of natural persons with respect to the processing of personal data and their free circulation, which repeals Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). In Article 20, this regulation discusses the right to data portability, establishing the basic guidelines for this right. Thus, a new personal right is guaranteed, given the context of the general protection of data. In order to strengthen control over their own data, a natural person must also be allowed to receive data in the same structured way.
个人数据可移植性权利保障了相关方接收与自身相关的个人数据的权利。具体来说,个人以结构化格式提供给 "数据收集者 "的数据,目前可以传输给另一个 "数据收集者",而不会产生任何法律后果,只要原 "收集者 "通过合同或其他方式获得同意即可。这种从一个 "收集者 "到另一个 "收集者 "的数据交易通常是通过自动化手段进行的;这在技术上很容易实现,因此被认为不会对他人的权利和自由产生负面影响。在涉及为公共利益或在行使赋予 "收集者 "的公共权力时收集的数据时,这种数据传输权受到保障。数据可携性权利的主要先例是欧洲议会和欧盟理事会 2016 年 4 月 27 日颁布的关于在个人数据处理及其自由流通方面保护自然人的欧盟第 2016/679 号条例,该条例废除了第 95/46/EC 号指令(《通用数据保护条例》)。该条例第 20 条讨论了数据可携性的权利,为这一权利制定了基本准则。因此,在普遍保护数据的背景下,一项新的个人权利得到了保障。为了加强对自身数据的控制,还必须允许自然人以同样的结构化方式接收数据。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond Auto-Brewery: Why Dysbiosis and the Legalome Matter to Forensic and Legal Psychology 超越自动酿造:为什么菌群失调和法律组对法医和法律心理学至关重要?
IF 1.3 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/laws13040046
Alan C. Logan, Susan L. Prescott, Erica M. LaFata, Jeffrey J. Nicholson, Christopher A. Lowry
International studies have linked the consumption of ultra-processed foods with a variety of non-communicable diseases. Included in this growing body of research is evidence linking ultra-processed foods to mental disorders, aggression, and antisocial behavior. Although the idea that dietary patterns and various nutrients or additives can influence brain and behavior has a long history in criminology, in the absence of plausible mechanisms and convincing intervention trials, the topic was mostly excluded from mainstream discourse. The emergence of research across nutritional neuroscience and nutritional psychology/psychiatry, combined with mechanistic bench science, and human intervention trials, has provided support to epidemiological findings, and legitimacy to the concept of nutritional criminology. Among the emergent research, microbiome sciences have illuminated mechanistic pathways linking various socioeconomic and environmental factors, including the consumption of ultra-processed foods, with aggression and antisocial behavior. Here in this review, we examine this burgeoning research, including that related to ultra-processed food addiction, and explore its relevance across the criminal justice spectrum—from prevention to intervention—and in courtroom considerations of diminished capacity. We use auto-brewery syndrome as an example of intersecting diet and gut microbiome science that has been used to refute mens rea in criminal charges. The legalome—microbiome and omics science applied in forensic and legal psychology—appears set to emerge as an important consideration in matters of criminology, law, and justice.
国际研究表明,食用超加工食品与多种非传染性疾病有关。在这些日益增多的研究中,有证据表明超加工食品与精神障碍、攻击性和反社会行为有关。尽管膳食模式和各种营养素或添加剂会影响大脑和行为的观点在犯罪学中由来已久,但由于缺乏可信的机制和令人信服的干预试验,这一话题大多被排除在主流讨论之外。随着营养神经科学和营养心理学/精神病学研究的兴起,结合机理台架科学和人体干预试验,为流行病学发现提供了支持,也为营养犯罪学的概念提供了合法性。在新出现的研究中,微生物组科学揭示了将各种社会经济和环境因素(包括食用超加工食品)与攻击和反社会行为联系起来的机理途径。在这篇综述中,我们审视了这一新兴研究,包括与超加工食品成瘾有关的研究,并探讨了其在刑事司法领域--从预防到干预--以及在法庭上对能力减弱的考虑中的相关性。我们以自动酿造综合症为例,说明饮食与肠道微生物组科学的交叉研究已被用于反驳刑事指控中的犯罪意图。在法医和法律心理学中应用的法律组--微生物组和 Omics 科学--似乎将成为犯罪学、法律和司法问题中的一个重要考虑因素。
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引用次数: 0
The OECD Dispute Resolution System in Tax Controversies 经合组织税务争议解决系统
IF 1.3 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.3390/laws13040045
M. Greggi, Anna Miotto
The article analyses the latest international tax law developments in dispute resolution settlement protocols and the need for effective multilateral solutions to prevent international double taxation. While several treaties currently minimise the risks of international double taxation, more must be achieved to provide judicial remedies in cases where two states want to tax the same income simultaneously. The OECD has developed a dispute resolution system based on arbitration clauses to be introduced in conventions signed by the state and a brand-new MLI (multilateral instrument) that should be applicable on a broader scale. These remedies have proven unsatisfactory as the taxpayer is not entitled to play any role in these (arbitration) procedures and cannot stand personally in front of any panel. The authors argue that such a scenario is inconsistent with the rule of law and the due process clauses and should be amended. Creating a supranational court with the entitlement to adjudicate the power to tax would be the optimal solution, but this would collide with the position of several states and their distrust of the international judiciary in tax matters.
文章分析了国际税法在争端解决协议方面的最新进展,以及为防止国际双重征税而采取有效多边解决方案的必要性。虽然目前有几项条约将国际双重征税的风险降至最低,但在两个国家希望对相同收入同时征税的情况下,还必须采取更多措施提供司法补救。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)制定了一套争端解决系统,该系统基于仲裁条款,将引入国家签署的公约和全新的 MLI(多边文书),应在更大范围内适用。事实证明,这些补救措施不能令人满意,因为纳税人无权在这些(仲裁)程序中发挥任何作用,也不能亲自面对任何小组。作者认为,这种情况不符合法治和正当程序条款,应予以修正。建立一个有权裁决征税权的超国家法院将是最佳解决方案,但这将与一些国家的立场及其在税务问题上对国际司法机构的不信任相冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Reconceptualizing Policing for Cybercrime: Perspectives from Singapore 重新认识网络犯罪警务:新加坡的观点
IF 1.3 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.3390/laws13040044
Azfer A. Khan
As cybercrime proliferates globally, law enforcement agencies face significant challenges in responding effectively. This essay shares perspectives from Singapore, where cybercrime accounted for about 70% of the total annual crime in 2023, with no clear data on case resolution rates. This situation reflects a broader global trend and highlights the need to reconceptualize policing objectives in cyberspace. The fundamental differences between cybercrime and physical crime necessitate a shift from emphasizing the identification and prosecution of perpetrators to adopting a harm-centric perspective. Under this perspective, structures and policies should be implemented to disrupt financial flows, ensure data security, disrupt the spread of harmful content, and prevent physical damage. Once this is done, strategies such as public–private partnerships, international cooperation, and training and building capabilities to address specific harms can be more effectively implemented to mitigate the growing threat that cybercrime poses worldwide.
随着网络犯罪在全球激增,执法机构在有效应对方面面临巨大挑战。本文分享了新加坡的观点,在 2023 年,网络犯罪约占全年犯罪总数的 70%,但没有明确的案件解决率数据。这种情况反映了更广泛的全球趋势,并凸显了重新认识网络空间警务目标的必要性。网络犯罪与实体犯罪的本质区别使得有必要从强调识别和起诉犯罪者转变为采取以伤害为中心的视角。在这一视角下,应实施各种结构和政策来扰乱资金流、确保数据安全、阻止有害内容的传播并防止造成实际损害。一旦做到这一点,就可以更有效地实施公私伙伴关系、国际合作、培训和能力建设等战略,以应对具体的危害,从而减轻网络犯罪在全球造成的日益严重的威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing the Accessibility of Pedestrian Environments: Critical Reflections on the Role of the Public Sector Equality Duty 提高行人环境的无障碍性:对公共部门平等义务作用的批判性思考
IF 1.3 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.3390/laws13040043
Anna Lawson, Maria Orchard, I. Eskyte, Morgan Campbell
The British Equality Act 2010’s Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED) aims to mainstream equality into the decision-making of public authorities. Although it has generated substantial critique, it has been the subject of surprisingly few empirical investigations, and existing literature does not address the role of the PSED in enhancing accessibility—either in the specific context of streetscapes or more generally. Here, we present the findings of a doctrinal and qualitative study on this topic. It consists of a critical review of relevant case law and an empirical study in which we interviewed disability campaigners, lawyers, and people working in or for public authorities. Two broad issues emerged from the empirical investigation: involvement and enforcement—on each of which our interviewees identified a range of concerns. These, together with our critique of case law, inform our analysis of the impact and effectiveness of the PSED in the context of streetscape accessibility, and accessibility more broadly. We conclude that, while the PSED (together with other Equality Act duties) is charged with a critical role in embedding equality—and, therefore, accessibility—in public authority decision-making, various factors have severely hampered its ability to deliver. Accessibility too often appears to be subordinated to other policy agendas instead of being embedded within them. There is an urgent need for reform to ensure that accessibility is suitably prioritised—both generally and in the particular context of streetscapes.
英国《2010 年平等法》的公共部门平等义务(PSED)旨在将平等纳入公共机构决策的主流。尽管该法案引发了大量批评,但实证调查却少得令人吃惊,而且现有文献并未涉及《公共部门平等义务》在提高无障碍环境方面的作用--无论是在街景的特定背景下,还是在更广泛的范围内。在此,我们将介绍有关这一主题的理论和定性研究结果。该研究包括对相关判例法的批判性回顾,以及一项实证研究,我们在研究中采访了残疾人运动人士、律师,以及在公共机构工作或为公共机构工作的人员。在实证调查中,我们发现了两大问题:参与和执行--受访者在这两个问题上都提出了一系列关切。这些问题以及我们对判例法的评论,为我们分析《公共服务电子化条例》在街景无障碍以及更广泛意义上的无障碍环境方面的影响和有效性提供了依据。我们的结论是,虽然《公共服务环境设计法案》(以及《平等法》的其他职责)在将平等--也就 是无障碍环境--纳入公共机构决策中发挥了关键作用,但各种因素严重阻碍了其实现的能力。无障碍环境往往从属于其他政策议程,而不是嵌入其中。迫切需要进行改革,以确保无障碍环境得到适当的优先考虑--无论是在一般情况下,还是在街道景观的特殊背景下。
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引用次数: 0
Managing Active Shooter Events in Schools: An Introduction to Emergency Management 管理学校主动枪击事件:应急管理入门
IF 1.3 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.3390/laws13040042
Selina E. M. Kerr
Active shooter events involving an armed perpetrator(s) on campus are one of the main risks facing K-12 schools. Defined as planning for and responding to emergency situations, emergency or crisis management allows for an ‘acceptable’ level of risk to be achieved. This paper will go through the four principles of emergency management, detailing what each stage involves and how it can reduce risk. The first of these is mitigation, which prevents crises occurring in the first place. Effective risk and threat assessment are pertinent to this stage. Secondly, there is preparedness, which enhances the capacity of an organization to respond to various incidents. This involves drafting emergency management plans and practicing these to ensure readiness to respond. The next principle is responding to a crisis, denoting the actions taken during and immediately after a crisis, should one transpire. The final facet of emergency management planning is recovery, referring to the short-to-long-term phase of restoring a community following an incident. This paper will share insights obtained from a recent event, The Briefings, held by the I Love U Guys foundation, one of the leading school safety organizations in the United States. Specifically, the paper will focus on a possible training approach to active shooter events and other emergencies, the organization’s emergency management framework called the ‘Standard Response Protocol’. Additionally, this paper will incorporate relevant scholarly readings in order to provide an introduction to the topic of emergency management.
校园内发生持械行凶的主动枪击事件是 K-12 学校面临的主要风险之一。应急或危机管理被定义为对紧急情况的计划和应对,它可以使风险达到 "可接受 "的水平。本文将介绍应急管理的四项原则,详细说明每个阶段的内容以及如何降低风险。其中第一项原则是降低风险,即防止危机发生。有效的风险和威胁评估与这一阶段息息相关。其次是准备,即提高组织应对各种事件的能力。这包括起草应急管理计划并进行演练,以确保做好应对准备。下一个原则是应对危机,即在危机发生时和发生后立即采取行动。应急管理规划的最后一个方面是恢复,指事件发生后恢复社区的短期至长期阶段。本文将分享从 "我爱你们 "基金会(美国领先的学校安全组织之一)最近举办的 "简报会 "活动中获得的见解。具体而言,本文将重点介绍针对主动枪击事件和其他紧急情况的一种可能的培训方法,即该组织的应急管理框架,称为 "标准响应协议"。此外,本文还将纳入相关的学术著作,以介绍应急管理这一主题。
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引用次数: 0
An Artificial Review of Jesus’s Torah Compliance and What That Might Mean for Jews and Gentile Christians 人为回顾耶稣遵守《圣经》的情况及其对犹太人和外邦基督徒的意义
IF 1.2 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.3390/laws13030036
Jonathan Dawayne Brackens
The Torah is central to Judaism. Jesus’s relationship with it sparks conflict with Christianity. Some Jews think that Jesus violated the Torah, while some Christians believe that he sinlessly followed it. This clash escalated on 22 June 2023, when Ultra-Orthodox Jews protested a Messianic convention in Jerusalem. Social media videos and comments highlighted Jesus’s purported Torah compliance, placing Matthew 5:17 at the center stage. The comments proved indicative of the gaps within the literature as neither determined all the unique Written and Oral Torahic/legal issues raised within the Gospels nor quantified the extent of Jesus’s compliance. To address these gaps, this study employs artificial intelligence (LDA), statistics, and legal analysis and exegesis to determine Jesus’s compliance with the Torah, Mishnah, Talmud, and Mishneh Torah. The findings show the Gospels’ consensus: Mark, Luke, and John reflect that Jesus was non-Torah-compliant (14.80, 43.80, and 0.00%, respectively); Matthew states otherwise (70.80%). Overall, the study revealed that Jesus kept 79 of 162 Written and Oral Torah laws (48.80%). This study has significant implications for Christian doctrines, the definition(s) of sin, and the missionizing ethnoreligion members and serves as a case study that illustrates AI’s impact on religious authority (i.e., clergy, scholarship, and doctrines).
托拉》是犹太教的核心。耶稣与《圣经》的关系引发了与基督教的冲突。一些犹太人认为耶稣违反了《圣经》,而一些基督徒则认为他无罪地遵守了《圣经》。2023 年 6 月 22 日,这种冲突升级,当时极端正统的犹太人抗议在耶路撒冷举行的救世主大会。社交媒体上的视频和评论强调了耶稣所谓的遵守《圣经》的行为,将《马太福音》第 5 章第 17 节置于中心位置。这些评论证明了文献中的空白,因为既没有确定福音书中提出的所有独特的书面和口头托拉/法律问题,也没有量化耶稣遵守托拉的程度。为了填补这些空白,本研究采用人工智能(LDA)、统计、法律分析和注释来确定耶稣是否遵守《托拉》、《密西拿》、《塔木德经》和《密西拿律法》。研究结果显示了福音书中的共识:马可福音》、《路加福音》和《约翰福音》反映出耶稣不遵守《托拉》(分别为 14.80%、43.80% 和 0.00%);《马太福音》则相反(70.80%)。总体而言,研究显示耶稣遵守了 162 条书面和口头律法中的 79 条(48.80%)。这项研究对基督教教义、罪的定义和传教民族宗教成员具有重要影响,并作为一个案例研究说明了人工智能对宗教权威(即神职人员、学术和教义)的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Facial Recognition Technology in Policing and Security—Case Studies in Regulation 警务和安全领域的面部识别技术--监管案例研究
IF 1.2 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.3390/laws13030035
Nessa Lynch
Technology-enabled state surveillance has evolved rapidly to allow real-time remote tracking and surveillance of people and vehicles and the aggregation of vast amounts of data on people and their movements, networks, and relationships. Facial recognition technology (FRT) comprises a suite of technologies that allows verification, identification, and categorisation by analysing a person’s facial image. Such technologies impact fundamental rights, such as privacy, freedom of expression, and freedom of assembly, but can also be used to detect, investigate, and deter serious crime and harm and to counter threats to security, thus promoting collective interests in security and public safety. These impacts have been considered in terms of scholarship and advocacy, but the shape of principled regulation is less well traversed. This contribution examines three contemporary case studies of the regulation of FRT in policing and security to analyse the challenges in regulating this technology.
技术驱动的国家监控发展迅速,可以对人员和车辆进行实时远程跟踪和监控,并汇集有关人员及其行动、网络和关系的大量数据。面部识别技术(FRT)包括一整套通过分析人的面部图像进行验证、识别和分类的技术。这类技术会对隐私、言论自由和集会自由等基本权利产生影响,但也可用于侦查、调查和阻止严重犯罪和伤害,以及应对安全威胁,从而促进安全和公共安全方面的集体利益。这些影响已在学术和宣传方面得到考虑,但原则性监管的形式却鲜有涉及。这篇论文研究了在警务和安全领域对快速反应技术进行监管的三个当代案例研究,以分析监管这种技术所面临的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Redefining Boundaries in the Metaverse: Navigating the Challenges of Virtual Harm and User Safety 在元宇宙中重新定义边界:应对虚拟伤害和用户安全的挑战
IF 1.2 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.3390/laws13030033
Mohamed Chawki, Subhajit Basu, Kyung-Shick Choi
This paper analyses sexual crimes within the Metaverse to develop an effective legal framework. The aim is to enhance safety in virtual realities, ensuring the Metaverse remains a secure, respectful, and liberating environment for all users. As the Metaverse continues to evolve, merging augmented physical reality with digital existence, it introduces new opportunities for socialisation, commerce, education, and entertainment. However, this digital realm also faces significant challenges, particularly the increase in sexual violence. This article evaluates the development of the Metaverse and its impact on sexual offences. It provides an overview of the Metaverse, followed by an in-depth exploration of the nature of sexual violence in this virtual space, its effects on victims, and the resulting legal and ethical issues. Additionally, this article examines the complexities of combating sexual violence within the Metaverse, reviewing the legal frameworks in various jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and South Korea. These examinations reveal a range of legal viewpoints and possible solutions. This article outlines a proposed legal framework, highlighting key strategic areas for mitigating sexual violence in the Metaverse. The primary objective is to enrich the discourse on the Metaverse, pushing for strong, flexible, and holistic legal measures. Through this research, we aim to contribute to the creation of protective mechanisms against sexual violence in these emerging virtual landscapes.
本文分析了元宇宙中的性犯罪,以制定有效的法律框架。目的是加强虚拟现实中的安全,确保 Metaverse 对所有用户来说都是一个安全、尊重和自由的环境。随着 Metaverse 的不断发展,将增强的物理现实与数字存在融合在一起,它为社交、商业、教育和娱乐带来了新的机遇。然而,这一数字领域也面临着重大挑战,尤其是性暴力的增加。本文评估了 Metaverse 的发展及其对性犯罪的影响。文章首先概述了 Metaverse,然后深入探讨了虚拟空间中性暴力的性质、对受害者的影响以及由此引发的法律和伦理问题。此外,本文还探讨了打击元宇宙中性暴力的复杂性,回顾了美国、欧盟、英国和韩国等不同司法管辖区的法律框架。这些研究揭示了一系列法律观点和可能的解决方案。本文概述了一个拟议的法律框架,强调了减轻 Metaverse 中性暴力的关键战略领域。主要目的是丰富有关 Metaverse 的讨论,推动采取有力、灵活和全面的法律措施。通过这项研究,我们希望为在这些新兴的虚拟世界中建立防止性暴力的保护机制做出贡献。
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