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Exploring Defuturing to Design Artificial-Intelligence Artifacts: A Systemic-Design Approach to Tackle Litigiousness in the Brazilian Judiciary 探索去伪存真,设计人工智能产品:解决巴西司法机构诉讼问题的系统设计方法
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010004
L. A. C. Münch, Taís Schilling Ferraz
From the perspective of defuturing design philosophy, this article discusses the close relationship between the growing body of artificial-intelligence (AI) artifacts in the Brazilian Judiciary and the phenomenon of litigiousness therein. Litigiousness has traditionally been tackled through mechanisms that increase productivity and efficiency in case processing, a strategy that has not succeeded in reducing litigiousness, as data make evident. Analyzing data from relevant sources, this article demonstrates that AI artifacts mostly perform tasks related to clustering and mass handling of cases, following the same path dependency. Consequently, they entail risks of judges’ alienation and loss of agency, which can negatively impact citizens’ fundamental rights. Moreover, they defuture; that is, they erase other (preferable) futures. Albeit AI artifacts can play a part in tackling litigiousness, there should be a critical reflection upon futuring and defuturing. Therefore, this article recommends that SoDF—a systemic approach to design that seeks to explore design consequences, futuring and defuturing—be mandatory to any AI design process. Additionally, it proposes continuous judicial monitoring for alienation and loss of agency, as well as investments in judicial education to empower judges to effectively control and supervise AI artifacts. Finally, it suggests a further research agenda.
本文从去污设计哲学的角度出发,讨论了巴西司法机构中日益增多的人工智能(AI)人工制品与其中的诉讼现象之间的密切关系。诉讼率问题历来是通过提高案件处理的生产力和效率的机制来解决的,但正如数据所显示的那样,这一策略并没有成功减少诉讼率。本文分析了相关来源的数据,表明人工智能人工智能主要执行与案件集群和大规模处理相关的任务,遵循相同的路径依赖。因此,它们会带来法官异化和丧失代理权的风险,从而对公民的基本权利产生负面影响。此外,人工智能还具有 "去未来化"(defuture)的特点,即抹杀了其他(更可取的)未来。尽管 AI 人工智能可以在解决诉讼问题方面发挥作用,但我们应该对未来化和去未来化进行批判性反思。因此,本文建议,SoDF--一种系统性的设计方法,旨在探索设计后果、未来性和违宪性--应成为任何人工智能设计过程的必修课。此外,文章还建议对异化和代理权丧失进行持续的司法监控,并对司法教育进行投资,以增强法官有效控制和监督人工智能人工制品的能力。最后,它提出了进一步的研究议程。
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引用次数: 0
Why Equity Follows the Law 为什么公平要遵循法律
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010003
Adam J. MacLeod
Renewed attention to equity in higher education is welcome because true equity helps us to reason together well. When administered correctly, the jurisprudence of equity models civil discourse and, therefore, can teach us how to carry out civic engagement reasonably. Equitable interpretation of the law teaches us how to understand each other charitably. And equity’s deference to law teaches us how to reason well together about our practical problems. Law is the practical reasoning that we do together. Equity serves the ends of justice by serving law, rather than undermining it. These functions of equity in adjudication point toward a model of equity in practical reasoning and civic discourse more broadly. Research method: jurisprudence.
重新关注高等教育中的公平问题是值得欢迎的,因为真正的公平有助于我们很好地共同推理。如果管理得当,公平的法理就会成为公民对话的典范,从而教会我们如何合理地进行公民参与。对法律的公平解释教会我们如何以慈善的方式相互理解。公平对法律的尊重教会我们如何共同合理地解决实际问题。法律是我们共同进行的实际推理。衡平法服务于法律,而不是破坏法律,从而达到正义的目的。公平在裁决中的这些功能指向了更广泛的实际推理和公民话语中的公平模式。研究方法:法理学。
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引用次数: 0
The Professional Conflict Pertaining to Confidentiality—The Obligation of Disclosure for Intermediaries of Financial Transactions 与保密有关的职业冲突--金融交易中介的披露义务
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010002
Mihaela Tofan, Alina-Adriana Arseni
The present study aims at providing an overview of the international, European, and national legal frameworks relating to the obligation of intermediaries of financial transactions to report to tax authorities, and the professional secrecy which applies to their professions, as well as the conflict between the two. The authors address these topics from theoretical and jurisprudential perspectives, both at national and European levels, using doctrinaire, documentary, and comparative approaches. The analyses pointed out that the focus is placed on lawyer–intermediaries’ activities and liabilities when their activity is covered by confidentiality and legal privilege. Specific attention was revealed to be necessary when the conditions under which an exemption from the reporting obligation applies, and the particularities of the effects of the regulation in these scenarios. The topic of observing the legal framework and solving the possible conflicts generated by the divergent regulation of the law enforced has been the subject matter of recent European case laws that impact all the legal systems of the European Union’s member states, which has necessitated an examination of the hierarchy of law systems within the European Union member states and to emphasize the practical jurisprudential effects.
本研究旨在概述与金融交易中介向税务机关报告的义务和适用于其职业的职业保密有关的国际、欧洲和国家法律框架,以及两者之间的冲突。作者从国家和欧洲层面的理论和法理学角度,采用学说、文献和比较的方法探讨了这些主题。分析指出,当律师中介的活动受到保密和法律特权的保护时,其活动和责任是重点。分析表明,有必要特别关注在哪些情况下可以免除报告义务,以及在这些情况下法规效力的特殊性。观察法律框架和解决因执行的法律规定不同而可能产生的冲突一直是近期欧洲判例法的主题,这些判例法影响了欧盟成员国的所有法律体系,因此有必要对欧盟成员国内部的法律体系等级进行审查,并强调实际的判例效果。
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引用次数: 0
Windfall Profit Taxation in Europe (and Beyond) 欧洲(及其他地区)的暴利税
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010001
M. Greggi, Anna Miotto
In 2022, the European Commission introduced, for the first time in its history, a windfall profit tax to be applied on “excessive” profits realized by qualified businesses operating in the “Oil and Gas” sector. Immediately after its implementation, questions arose as to its sustainability and its consistency with constitutional principles of the different member states regulating the domestic power to tax. To assess the consistency with the aforesaid rules, the article samples two countries, inside and outside the EU (Italy and Australia, respectively), and the historical precedents of the matter. Italy has been chosen due to the particularly stringent set of principles regulating the power of the legislature to tax, and Australia has been chosen because of the long-standing experience with superprofit taxes. In most of the scenarios analyzed, one common feature emerged: the complexity in defining the “Extra” nature of the profits and, consequently, the uncertainties in the calculation of the taxable base. In the case of Italy, for instance, the legislator had to intervene in several different moments to fine-tune the taxable base and restore certainty to the tax system. As a conclusion, while the taxation of extra profits should not per se be disregarded, its implementation demands a more robust and precise legal framework together with the understanding that the introduction of such a levy would be a one-way journey for the tax systems: windfall profits taxes would be here to stay.
2022 年,欧盟委员会在其历史上首次引入暴利税,适用于在 "石油和天然气 "部门经营的合格企业实现的 "超额 "利润。该政策实施后,立即引发了关于其可持续性以及是否符合不同成员国规范国内征税权的宪法原则的问题。为了评估与上述规则的一致性,本文以欧盟内部和外部的两个国家(分别是意大利和澳大利亚)以及该问题的历史先例为样本。之所以选择意大利,是因为该国有一套特别严格的原则来规范立法机构的征税权;之所以选择澳大利亚,是因为该国有长期征收超利润税的经验。在分析的大多数方案中,都出现了一个共同特点:界定利润的 "额外 "性质非常复杂,因此在计算应税基础时存在不确定性。以意大利为例,立法者不得不在几个不同的时刻进行干预,以微调应税基数并恢复税制的确定性。总之,虽然对额外利润征税本身不应被忽视,但其实施需要一个更健全、更精确的法律框架,同时还需要认识到,这种征税的引入将是税收制度的单行道:暴利税将继续存在。
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引用次数: 0
Brazil’s Return to the Hunger Map: An Analysis of Public Policies and Effective Measures for Food Security 巴西重返饥饿地图:粮食安全公共政策和有效措施分析
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.3390/laws12060090
Ana Tereza Souza Domingos, Carolina Oliveira Mesquita, Emiliano Lobo de Godoi, T. Mendes
The planning and application of public policies in the panorama of the right to adequate food stands out for the development of the food supply of the Brazilian population. However, it is questionable whether these public policies have been effective in contributing to adequate nutrition. The aim of this article is to study the effectiveness of public food security policies in Brazil between 2012 and 2022. Also, urban agriculture is analyzed as an alternative food policy that can be carried out by the population, and contributes to the use of urban space. To understand the country’s food security situation and the effectiveness of public policies in avoiding a scenario of hunger and insecurity, the hypothetical-deductive method and the technique of bibliographical and documentary research are used, together with the theoretical framework in the theory of the cycle of public policies. It is concluded that the public policies developed were gradually weakened, and that between 2019 and 2022, the Brazilian government took measures discouraging the implementation of food policies. Brazil, with disjointed policies, facing the pandemic and an economic crisis, is in a situation of food insecurity and has portions of the population in a situation of hunger.
在适足食物权的大背景下,公共政策的规划和实施在发展巴西人口的食物供应方面显得尤为突出。然而,这些公共政策是否有效地促进了充足的营养却令人怀疑。本文旨在研究 2012 年至 2022 年巴西公共粮食安全政策的有效性。此外,文章还分析了城市农业,将其视为一种可由民众实施的替代性粮食政策,有助于城市空间的利用。为了解巴西的粮食安全状况以及公共政策在避免饥饿和不安全状况方面的有效性,采用了假设-演绎法、书目和文献研究技术以及公共政策周期理论框架。结论是,已制定的公共政策逐渐被削弱,在 2019 年至 2022 年期间,巴西政府采取了阻碍实施粮食政策的措施。政策脱节、面临大流行病和经济危机的巴西正处于粮食不安全状态,部分人口处于饥饿状态。
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引用次数: 0
To Enhance the Credibility of the Green Bond Market through Regulating GBERs: The Case of China 通过规范GBER提高绿色债券市场的公信力:中国案例
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.3390/laws12060091
Xiayang Chen, Weiqiu Long
As the green bond market expands, an increasing number of Green Bond External Reviewers (hereafter ‘GBER’ or ‘GBERs’) have gained momentum among investors and financial regulators. A GBER enhances the credibility of green bonds and prevents greenwashing risk in the green bond market by reducing the information asymmetry between issuers and investors. China is the second largest issuer of green bonds in the world. The current Chinese GBER legal framework is insufficient to ensure green bond market sustainability. Our purpose in this paper is to analyze the inadequacies of the Chinese GBER regulatory framework and to provide suggestions for overcoming the potential challenges within it. A textual analysis of primary legal sources and secondary academic sources serves as the main research methodology in this study. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of China’s GBER regulatory framework and addresses its shortcomings and weaknesses. Furthermore, given the evolving stage of the Chinese green bond market, this paper analyzes potential challenges for GBERs and proposes some suggestions to ensure high-quality reviews by GBERs.
随着绿色债券市场的扩大,越来越多的绿色债券外部审查员(以下简称 "GBER "或 "GBER")在投资者和金融监管机构中获得了发展。绿色债券外审员通过减少发行人与投资者之间的信息不对称,提高绿色债券的可信度,防范绿色债券市场的 "洗绿 "风险。中国是全球第二大绿色债券发行国。目前中国的 GBER 法律框架不足以确保绿色债券市场的可持续性。本文旨在分析中国 GBER 监管框架的不足之处,并为克服其中潜在的挑战提供建议。本研究的主要研究方法是对第一手法律资料和第二手学术资料进行文本分析。本文对中国的 GBER 监管框架进行了深入分析,并探讨了其不足之处和薄弱环节。此外,鉴于中国绿色债券市场所处的发展阶段,本文分析了国债审查机构可能面临的挑战,并提出了一些建议,以确保国债审查机构进行高质量的审查。
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引用次数: 0
A Continuum of Protection to Empowerment: The Evolving Legal Landscape of Decision-Making for Children and Adolescents 从保护到赋权的连续性:不断演变的儿童和青少年决策法律环境
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.3390/laws12060089
Dominique Moritz, Ben Mathews
In 2020, the United Kingdom’s Divisional Court made international headlines for their decision in Bell v Tavistock (2020) [...]
2020年,英国地方法院因贝尔诉塔维斯托克案(2020年)的判决而登上国际头条[…]
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引用次数: 0
The Covenant School Shooting: Media Coverage and Backlash against the Transgender Community 圣约学校枪击案:媒体报道和变性人群体的反弹
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.3390/laws12060088
Daisy Ball, James Suleyman
On 27 March 2023, Aiden Hale broke into the Covenant School, a private Christian academy in Nashville, TN, and killed three students and three staff members. Hale, a former student at the school, was transgender. Although assigned female at birth, Hale identified as male, asked to be called by a male name, and used he/him pronouns. In the aftermath of the shooting, a newfound wave of anti-trans rhetoric soared, once again putting members of the transgender community in harm’s way. In this article, we review the details of the Covenant School shooting and consider them in the context of the anti-trans movement in the United States, a movement that has escalated as transgender people have become more visible and more vocal in society. We then present findings from an extensive content analysis of newspaper coverage in the two weeks following the shooting (27 March–10 April). In so doing, we add to the literature on K-12 school shootings and gender studies, specifically stigma towards the transgender community.
2023 年 3 月 27 日,艾登-黑尔(Aiden Hale)闯入田纳西州纳什维尔的一所私立基督教学院--圣约学校,杀害了三名学生和三名教职员工。黑尔曾是该校学生,是一名变性人。虽然出生时被分配为女性,但黑尔认为自己是男性,要求别人用男性的名字称呼他,并使用他/他代词。枪击事件发生后,新一轮反变性人的言论激增,再次将变性人群体置于危险境地。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了圣约学校枪击案的细节,并在美国反变性人运动的背景下对其进行了思考,随着变性人在社会中变得更加引人注目、更加敢于发声,反变性人运动也在不断升级。随后,我们对枪击案发生后两周(3 月 27 日至 4 月 10 日)的报纸报道进行了广泛的内容分析,并展示了分析结果。在此过程中,我们对有关 K-12 学校枪击案和性别研究,特别是对变性人群体的污名化的文献进行了补充。
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引用次数: 0
An Analysis of Post-Apartheid Anti-Fronting Interventions Fostering Mainstreaming of the Black South Africans into Corporate Sector 种族隔离后反对抗干预措施促进南非黑人进入企业主流分析
Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.3390/laws12060087
Treasure Hlayisani Mathebula, Kolawole Olusola Odeku
While the colonial and apartheid regimes utilised draconian, arbitrary, segregated, discriminatory, and exclusive anti-black social-socioeconomic policies and laws to deny the majority of black South Africans access to and participation in various economic activities, post 1994 democratic South Africa has strategically introduced progressive policies and laws to ensure that black South Africans play active productive roles in socio-economic activities in all sectors. While this is commendable, various corporations and businesses owned by white companies are supposed to ensure that black people become part and parcel of the businesses, and companies are being denied active participation, using fronting purposefully to circumvent the requirements of the anti-fronting laws. Against this backdrop, this paper seeks to analyse the post-apartheid anti-fronting interventions that foster the mainstreaming of black South Africans into the corporate sector. The paper uses a literature review methodology to find and analyse primary and secondary sources of data relating to equality, BEE, and fronting. This paper presents the historical exclusion of blacks through the instrumentality of colonial and apartheid apparatuses and laws brutally utilised to exclude blacks from economic activities. Post 1994 democratic transformative interventions—laws—have been enacted to redress the segregated and exclusive laws; however, fronting activities and practices continue to undermine and circumvent successful implementation. This said, the post 1994 government continues to tackle impunity through the exploration of civil and criminal responsibilities and accountability of perpetrators and use the rule of law-judicial means to hold perpetrators accountable. This paper found that fronting is a persisting issue in South Africa despite anti-fronting legislative measures developed over the past years when the B-BBEE Act was amended. This paper advises more on pro-active anti-fronting measures to pro-actively foster the mainstreaming of black South Africans into the corporate sector.
虽然殖民和种族隔离政权利用严厉、武断、隔离、歧视和排他性的反黑人社会经济政策和法律,拒绝大多数南非黑人获得和参与各种经济活动,但1994年后民主的南非战略性地引入了进步的政策和法律,以确保南非黑人在所有部门的社会经济活动中发挥积极的生产作用。虽然这是值得赞扬的,但白人公司拥有的各种公司和企业应该确保黑人成为企业的重要组成部分,公司被拒绝积极参与,有目的地使用正面来规避反正面法的要求。在此背景下,本文试图分析种族隔离后的反对抗干预措施,这些干预措施促进了南非黑人进入企业部门的主流化。本文使用文献综述方法来查找和分析与平等、BEE和前沿相关的主要和次要数据来源。本文通过殖民和种族隔离机构的工具以及残酷地将黑人排除在经济活动之外的法律,展示了历史上对黑人的排斥。1994年以后的民主变革干预- -法律- -已经颁布,以纠正隔离和排他的法律;然而,前沿活动和实践继续破坏和阻碍成功的实施。尽管如此,1994年以后的政府继续通过探索民事和刑事责任以及对肇事者的问责来解决有罪不罚问题,并利用法治-司法手段追究肇事者的责任。本文发现,尽管过去几年B-BBEE法案修订后制定了反对抗立法措施,但在南非,对抗仍然是一个持续存在的问题。本文建议采取更积极的反对抗措施,积极促进南非黑人进入企业部门的主流化。
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引用次数: 0
The Anticorruption Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Corruption Beneficial Owner Rule 《联合国反腐败公约》受益权所有人规则的反腐败议定书
Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.3390/laws12060086
Stuart S. Yeh
To fight corruption, money laundering, and organized crime, a proposed APUNCAC Beneficial Owner Rule would require financial service personnel to obtain and submit certification by the true beneficial owner when covered funds are transacted in amounts exceeding USD 3000. The strategy would trap front men into false statements, create a transaction-level record of assertions by front men that can be tested by a prosecutor, eliminate loopholes that allow criminals to escape prosecution in offshore havens, not require proof of a predicate crime or the illicit nature of funds, trigger a chain of witness cooperation, fight organized crime using a domino strategy, and be accomplished via a relatively simple change in domestic laws. Analysis suggests (1) the required technology exists; (2) transaction friction would be minimal; and (3) that the implementation of the Rule is feasible and practical, both operationally and from a legal standpoint, suggesting that the proposed Rule offers a promising strategy to fight organized crime.
为了打击腐败、洗钱和有组织犯罪,拟议的APUNCAC受益所有人规则将要求金融服务人员在交易金额超过3000美元时获得并提交真正受益所有人的证明。这一策略将使幌子人落入虚假陈述的陷阱,创造一个可以由检察官检验的交易级别的幌子人断言记录,消除允许犯罪分子在离岸避风港逃避起诉的漏洞,不需要证明上游犯罪或资金的非法性质,触发证人合作链,使用多米诺骨牌策略打击有组织犯罪,并通过对国内法律进行相对简单的修改来实现。分析表明:(1)所需的技术是存在的;(2)交易摩擦最小;(3)从操作和法律的角度来看,《规则》的实施是可行和实际的,这表明拟议的《规则》为打击有组织犯罪提供了一个有希望的战略。
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引用次数: 0
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