The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of rural-urban labor migration and remittances on rural agricultural productivity. A rigorous random selection process was used to pick 480 households from cross-sectional data. For this investigation, both primary and secondary data were used. Stata version 16 was used to examine both qualitative and quantitative data using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, and percentages) and econometric (three-stage least square technique) analyses. According to the descriptive data, the majority of respondents used their remittances for consumption, to acquire agricultural inputs, and to pay back their debts and tax payments. According to econometric studies, rural-urban migration has little influence on agricultural productivity. Remittances, cultivated land, livestock ownership, and extension services, on the other hand, have a positive and significant effect on agricultural productivity. In a nutshell, the link between migration, remittances, and agricultural output in agrarian and rural families is remarkable. Agriculture is the major source of income and mostly handles the liquidity issue. Agriculture production in the study region is labor intensive, and it is influenced by the amount of effort utilized in production as well as the socioeconomic characteristics of the household. As a result, it must address the major conundrum of agricultural productivity, particularly rural-urban migration and remittances. Address a knowledge gap, begin activities, and develop and implement multiple initiatives by various responsible stakeholders that are essential for the research topic. Furthermore, agricultural extension service delivery should be improved by timely recruiting, frequent agent training, and appropriate logistics.
本研究的目的是探讨城乡劳动力迁移和汇款对农村农业生产力的影响。采用严格的随机选择程序，从横截面数据中抽取了480户家庭。在这项调查中，我们同时使用了一手和第二手数据。使用Stata version 16使用描述性(平均值、标准差和百分比)和计量经济学(三阶段最小二乘技术)分析来检查定性和定量数据。根据描述性数据，大多数答复者将其汇款用于消费、购买农业投入、偿还债务和纳税。根据计量经济学研究，农村人口向城市迁移对农业生产力的影响不大。另一方面，汇款、耕地、牲畜所有权和推广服务对农业生产力具有积极和显著的影响。简而言之，移民、汇款与农业和农村家庭的农业产出之间的联系是显著的。农业是主要的收入来源，主要解决流动性问题。研究区域的农业生产是劳动密集型的，它受到生产中使用的努力量和家庭社会经济特征的影响。因此，它必须解决农业生产力的主要难题，特别是城乡移民和汇款问题。解决知识差距，开始活动，并由各种负责任的利益相关者制定和实施对研究主题至关重要的多项举措。此外，应通过及时招聘、频繁培训代理商和适当的物流来改善农业推广服务的提供。
{"title":"Rural-Urban Labor Migration, Remittances, and Its Effect on Migrant-Sending Farm Households: Northwest Ethiopia","authors":"Haymanot Bassie, Teshome Sirany, B. Alemu","doi":"10.1155/2022/4035981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4035981","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of rural-urban labor migration and remittances on rural agricultural productivity. A rigorous random selection process was used to pick 480 households from cross-sectional data. For this investigation, both primary and secondary data were used. Stata version 16 was used to examine both qualitative and quantitative data using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, and percentages) and econometric (three-stage least square technique) analyses. According to the descriptive data, the majority of respondents used their remittances for consumption, to acquire agricultural inputs, and to pay back their debts and tax payments. According to econometric studies, rural-urban migration has little influence on agricultural productivity. Remittances, cultivated land, livestock ownership, and extension services, on the other hand, have a positive and significant effect on agricultural productivity. In a nutshell, the link between migration, remittances, and agricultural output in agrarian and rural families is remarkable. Agriculture is the major source of income and mostly handles the liquidity issue. Agriculture production in the study region is labor intensive, and it is influenced by the amount of effort utilized in production as well as the socioeconomic characteristics of the household. As a result, it must address the major conundrum of agricultural productivity, particularly rural-urban migration and remittances. Address a knowledge gap, begin activities, and develop and implement multiple initiatives by various responsible stakeholders that are essential for the research topic. Furthermore, agricultural extension service delivery should be improved by timely recruiting, frequent agent training, and appropriate logistics.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88453536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alemayehu Abebe Lemore, Mulisa Faji Dida, Kedija Ahmed Seid
Cowpea is an important grain legume crop used as feed for livestock, and its dry beans provide protein. Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate selected cowpea genotypes for herbage dry matter yield and nutritional quality in two agro-ecologies of the Benishangul-Gumuz region. The study was conducted at Kamashi and Assosa forages research stations of Assosa Agricultural Research Center, and the sites were purposively selected to represent lowland and midland agro-ecologies, respectively. Four cowpeas’ accessions (V. Unguiculata ILRI-11114, ILRI-12688, ILRI-12713, and ILRI-9333) and one check (Melka (ILRI-9334) as a check) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Herbage dry matter yield, plant height at forage harvesting, and days to maturity were significantly affected by location (L). Longer plant heights, shorter days to maturity, and higher dry matter yield ( P < 0.001 ) were recorded at Kamashi than at Assosa. Herbage dry matter yield was significantly P < 0.05 affected by year (Y), Y ∗ L (Y and L interaction), G ∗ L ∗ Y (genotype (G), L and Y interaction), and G ∗ L. Hebage dry matter yield was similar between years at Assosa, whereas at Kamashi significantly ( P < 0.001 ) different and more yields were obtained in 2015. The genotypes did not differ in nutritional quality parameters such as ash, acid detergent fibre, crude protein, and organic matter digestibility ( P > 0.05 ). However, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were significantly ( P < 0.05 ) influenced by genotype. Thus, from the present study, it can be recommended that cowpea genotypes ILRI-12688 are suitable for Assosa and ILRI-11114 to Kamashi areas in terms of biomass production.
{"title":"Morphological Characters, Dry Matter Production, and Nutritional Quality of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) as Influenced by Genotype and Environment","authors":"Alemayehu Abebe Lemore, Mulisa Faji Dida, Kedija Ahmed Seid","doi":"10.1155/2022/6672801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6672801","url":null,"abstract":"Cowpea is an important grain legume crop used as feed for livestock, and its dry beans provide protein. Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate selected cowpea genotypes for herbage dry matter yield and nutritional quality in two agro-ecologies of the Benishangul-Gumuz region. The study was conducted at Kamashi and Assosa forages research stations of Assosa Agricultural Research Center, and the sites were purposively selected to represent lowland and midland agro-ecologies, respectively. Four cowpeas’ accessions (V. Unguiculata ILRI-11114, ILRI-12688, ILRI-12713, and ILRI-9333) and one check (Melka (ILRI-9334) as a check) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Herbage dry matter yield, plant height at forage harvesting, and days to maturity were significantly affected by location (L). Longer plant heights, shorter days to maturity, and higher dry matter yield (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.001\u0000 \u0000 ) were recorded at Kamashi than at Assosa. Herbage dry matter yield was significantly \u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 affected by year (Y), Y\u0000 \u0000 ∗\u0000 \u0000 L (Y and L interaction), G\u0000 \u0000 ∗\u0000 \u0000 L\u0000 \u0000 ∗\u0000 \u0000 Y (genotype (G), L and Y interaction), and G\u0000 \u0000 ∗\u0000 \u0000 L. Hebage dry matter yield was similar between years at Assosa, whereas at Kamashi significantly (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.001\u0000 \u0000 ) different and more yields were obtained in 2015. The genotypes did not differ in nutritional quality parameters such as ash, acid detergent fibre, crude protein, and organic matter digestibility (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 >\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ). However, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were significantly (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) influenced by genotype. Thus, from the present study, it can be recommended that cowpea genotypes ILRI-12688 are suitable for Assosa and ILRI-11114 to Kamashi areas in terms of biomass production.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76310580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dawit Merga, Lemi Beksisa, Desalegn Alemayehu, F. Tefera, Melaku Adisu, T. Benti, Ashenafi Ayano, Gabisa Giddisa, Mebrate Kidane, M. Zakir
Coffea arabica L., the dominant cash crop in the world market, is native to rain forest of Ethiopia where it is believed to exist with high genetic diversity. Estimating genetic parameters are momentous in deciding breeding method to be followed for crop genetic improvement including Arabica coffee. The study was conducted with the intention to gauge genetic gain trend in coffee yield and to select advanced promising lines of Yayo coffee landrace for the next breeding step. The study was laid down at Metu research subcenter in 2013, using 124 coffee accessions that were established in simple lattice design under two sets each comprising 62 accessions including two checks. The over six year’s pooled analysis of variance indicated the handiness variability in yield performance among accessions. Moderate genotypic variance (15.46 to13.56%), heritability (56.16–81%), and expected genetic gain (15.52–20.8%) were observed. The genetic parameters and the superiority of check in yield over accessions elucidated that high yielder variety development by selection is difficult unless heterosis attaining breeding method followed, particularly for these Yayo coffee landrace origin. Common high genetic gain trend (49.19 and 100 kg·ha−1) and response to selection (196.76 and 400 kg·ha−1), selection differential 471.9 and 739.23 kg·ha−1 were revealed in over four harvesting seasons mean value for both sets. Thus, selection is more effective in earlier season than late. High yielding accessions, Y27 and Y93, gave 3013.1 and 125.8 kg·ha−1 yield gain over the high yielder check correspondingly. Despite the top 15 and 10 high yielders were selected from set-I and set-II, respectively, a total of 20 accessions with contrasting desirable traits were selected and established in crossing block for genetic improvement purposes via heterotic hybrid variety development program. These accessions were tolerant to major coffee disease and have desirable agronomic traits.
{"title":"Genetic Gain Trend in Yield and Advanced Selection of Yayo Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Land Race Collection","authors":"Dawit Merga, Lemi Beksisa, Desalegn Alemayehu, F. Tefera, Melaku Adisu, T. Benti, Ashenafi Ayano, Gabisa Giddisa, Mebrate Kidane, M. Zakir","doi":"10.1155/2022/8322180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8322180","url":null,"abstract":"Coffea arabica L., the dominant cash crop in the world market, is native to rain forest of Ethiopia where it is believed to exist with high genetic diversity. Estimating genetic parameters are momentous in deciding breeding method to be followed for crop genetic improvement including Arabica coffee. The study was conducted with the intention to gauge genetic gain trend in coffee yield and to select advanced promising lines of Yayo coffee landrace for the next breeding step. The study was laid down at Metu research subcenter in 2013, using 124 coffee accessions that were established in simple lattice design under two sets each comprising 62 accessions including two checks. The over six year’s pooled analysis of variance indicated the handiness variability in yield performance among accessions. Moderate genotypic variance (15.46 to13.56%), heritability (56.16–81%), and expected genetic gain (15.52–20.8%) were observed. The genetic parameters and the superiority of check in yield over accessions elucidated that high yielder variety development by selection is difficult unless heterosis attaining breeding method followed, particularly for these Yayo coffee landrace origin. Common high genetic gain trend (49.19 and 100 kg·ha−1) and response to selection (196.76 and 400 kg·ha−1), selection differential 471.9 and 739.23 kg·ha−1 were revealed in over four harvesting seasons mean value for both sets. Thus, selection is more effective in earlier season than late. High yielding accessions, Y27 and Y93, gave 3013.1 and 125.8 kg·ha−1 yield gain over the high yielder check correspondingly. Despite the top 15 and 10 high yielders were selected from set-I and set-II, respectively, a total of 20 accessions with contrasting desirable traits were selected and established in crossing block for genetic improvement purposes via heterotic hybrid variety development program. These accessions were tolerant to major coffee disease and have desirable agronomic traits.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72829352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tomato is one of the most nutritious, economically important, and delicate vegetables grown in the world. It is highly susceptible to insect pests and microbial pathogens. The tomato leafminer moth, Tuta absoluta Meyrick, is the current impediment to tomato production in the world. The insect showed invasive and notorious behavior and was affecting tomato production. To control this insect, the application of synthetic insecticides is seen as the primary solution. However, during the feeding stage, larvae hide within mined leaf mesophyll and bored fruits from chemical spray, besides fast developing resistance to several insecticides. Such characteristics of the insect reduced the effectiveness of the chemical control efforts. Currently, the natural, or ecofriendly pest control method is gaining the momentum to minimize the application of synthetic insecticide against this devastating insect. Studies showed that botanical extracts (phytochemicals) and natural enemies such as parasitoids, predators, entomopathogenic nematodes, entomopathogenic fungi, and entomopathogenic bacteria are effective for controlling T. absoluta. As a result, the basic attributes of the above-mentioned natural agents and their potential to control T. absoluta have been briefly discussed in this review. However, due to disease (pests), the expected outcome for the subsectors is still low. Therefore, the pinpointing of major diseases and pests and their control measures would help to significantly improve the crop production technology used by smallholder farmers and thereby sustainably improve tomato production in Ethiopia.
{"title":"Empirical Review of Tuta absoluta Meyrick Effect on the Tomato Production and Their Protection Attempts","authors":"Birhan Aynalem","doi":"10.1155/2022/2595470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2595470","url":null,"abstract":"The tomato is one of the most nutritious, economically important, and delicate vegetables grown in the world. It is highly susceptible to insect pests and microbial pathogens. The tomato leafminer moth, Tuta absoluta Meyrick, is the current impediment to tomato production in the world. The insect showed invasive and notorious behavior and was affecting tomato production. To control this insect, the application of synthetic insecticides is seen as the primary solution. However, during the feeding stage, larvae hide within mined leaf mesophyll and bored fruits from chemical spray, besides fast developing resistance to several insecticides. Such characteristics of the insect reduced the effectiveness of the chemical control efforts. Currently, the natural, or ecofriendly pest control method is gaining the momentum to minimize the application of synthetic insecticide against this devastating insect. Studies showed that botanical extracts (phytochemicals) and natural enemies such as parasitoids, predators, entomopathogenic nematodes, entomopathogenic fungi, and entomopathogenic bacteria are effective for controlling T. absoluta. As a result, the basic attributes of the above-mentioned natural agents and their potential to control T. absoluta have been briefly discussed in this review. However, due to disease (pests), the expected outcome for the subsectors is still low. Therefore, the pinpointing of major diseases and pests and their control measures would help to significantly improve the crop production technology used by smallholder farmers and thereby sustainably improve tomato production in Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91216982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant micropropagation research in Ethiopia requires concerted efforts to meet desired levels of application for sustainable utilization of the country's diverse plant genetic resources. The purpose of the present review is to provide an update on the results of plant micropropagation conducted so far in Ethiopia. It assessed their strengths and identified gaps in order to standardize research methods and indicate future research directions. Two cereals, three oil crops, three spices, five medicinal plants, two high-value crops, six fruit plants, nine root crops, and one endangered multipurpose shrub were reviewed. The assessment of previously published research was carried out in terms of methods used in the selection of ex plants and their disinfestations, culture vessels, and media used with a variety of combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators, macro- and micronutrient requirements, culture environments, and genetic stability of regenerated plantlets. Further assessments include the utilization of plant growth-promoting microbes and applications of “omics” research in order to establish standardized, efficient, and cost-effective micropropagation techniques. The findings of the assessments are summarized and current advances are highlighted, along with recommendations for future plant micropropagation studies in the country.
{"title":"Critical Review on Plant Micropropagation of Ethiopian Plants Reported So Far: Existing Gaps, Required Standardization, and Future Research Direction","authors":"G. Birmeta, Tura Safawo, M. G. Dida, E. Bekele","doi":"10.1155/2022/5874899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5874899","url":null,"abstract":"Plant micropropagation research in Ethiopia requires concerted efforts to meet desired levels of application for sustainable utilization of the country's diverse plant genetic resources. The purpose of the present review is to provide an update on the results of plant micropropagation conducted so far in Ethiopia. It assessed their strengths and identified gaps in order to standardize research methods and indicate future research directions. Two cereals, three oil crops, three spices, five medicinal plants, two high-value crops, six fruit plants, nine root crops, and one endangered multipurpose shrub were reviewed. The assessment of previously published research was carried out in terms of methods used in the selection of ex plants and their disinfestations, culture vessels, and media used with a variety of combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators, macro- and micronutrient requirements, culture environments, and genetic stability of regenerated plantlets. Further assessments include the utilization of plant growth-promoting microbes and applications of “omics” research in order to establish standardized, efficient, and cost-effective micropropagation techniques. The findings of the assessments are summarized and current advances are highlighted, along with recommendations for future plant micropropagation studies in the country.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90284512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Garome Shifaraw Geneti, S. A. Kebede, Techale Birhan Mekonnen
Bread wheat is the world’s leading cereal grain, and more than one-third of the world’s population uses it as a staple food. The bread wheat production in Ethiopia is low compsssared to the national average yield, mainly due to the lack of high-yielding genotypes. This study was conducted during the 2019-2020 growing season to assess genetic variability and estimate the association of traits among bread wheat genotypes. The experiment consists of 49 bread wheat genotypes and is laid out in 7 × 7 simple lattice designs. The results showed significant differences ( p < 0.01) among genotypes for most of the studied traits. Moderate genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values were estimated for yield plant −1, thousand seed weight, and biomass yield. High heritability coupled with a high GAM was observed for thousand seed weight and yield plant –1. The grain yield showed a highly significant ( p < 0.01) correlation with many yield-related traits at the phenotypic and genotypic levels. The biomass yield and the harvest index exerted the highest positive direct effect on grain yield at the genotypic level. The highest intercluster distance was observed between clusters I and IV (D2 = 31.86 ∗ ∗ ), followed by clusters II and IV (D2 = 29.21 ∗ ), and clusters II and III (D2 = 28.24 ∗ ), which indicated the chance of selecting a member of these clusters for hybridization. This experiment’s result indicates sufficient genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which provides ample scope for selecting superior and desired genotypes. Best-performed genotypes should be included in the future breeding program for further yield improvement. In conclusion, attention should be given to traits with moderate to high heritability and GAM, exerting a positive direct effect on the grain yield. However, the experiment should be repeated over locations and seasons to draw a definite conclusion.
{"title":"Genetic Variability and Association of Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes in Gechi District, South West Ethiopia","authors":"Garome Shifaraw Geneti, S. A. Kebede, Techale Birhan Mekonnen","doi":"10.1155/2022/7132424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7132424","url":null,"abstract":"Bread wheat is the world’s leading cereal grain, and more than one-third of the world’s population uses it as a staple food. The bread wheat production in Ethiopia is low compsssared to the national average yield, mainly due to the lack of high-yielding genotypes. This study was conducted during the 2019-2020 growing season to assess genetic variability and estimate the association of traits among bread wheat genotypes. The experiment consists of 49 bread wheat genotypes and is laid out in 7 × 7 simple lattice designs. The results showed significant differences (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000 < 0.01) among genotypes for most of the studied traits. Moderate genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values were estimated for yield plant −1, thousand seed weight, and biomass yield. High heritability coupled with a high GAM was observed for thousand seed weight and yield plant –1. The grain yield showed a highly significant (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000 < 0.01) correlation with many yield-related traits at the phenotypic and genotypic levels. The biomass yield and the harvest index exerted the highest positive direct effect on grain yield at the genotypic level. The highest intercluster distance was observed between clusters I and IV (D2 = 31.86\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ∗\u0000 ∗\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ), followed by clusters II and IV (D2 = 29.21\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ∗\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ), and clusters II and III (D2 = 28.24\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ∗\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ), which indicated the chance of selecting a member of these clusters for hybridization. This experiment’s result indicates sufficient genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which provides ample scope for selecting superior and desired genotypes. Best-performed genotypes should be included in the future breeding program for further yield improvement. In conclusion, attention should be given to traits with moderate to high heritability and GAM, exerting a positive direct effect on the grain yield. However, the experiment should be repeated over locations and seasons to draw a definite conclusion.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76297569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agriculture continues to be vital to Africa’s future in both spatial and temporal contexts. Nonetheless, the sector keeps on confronting production challenges as a result of frequent and extended droughts, and these necessitate the use of drought-resistant crops such as sorghum. This review initiates one of the most common food grains grown in the poorest countries and the most food-insecure regions of the nation. We used deductive logical reasoning to develop a comprehensive scientific understanding of the crop that can be used to inform future research and policies. Various exclusion and inclusion criteria were used to filter the most prominent findings. Sorghum has the highest utility for its climatic adaptability and has grown for multiple purposes: From staple to industrial outcomes, its economic, social value, and health outcomes, and for animal silage. It is a gluten-free crop, has high nutritive value, and is preferred by healthy consumers. It is among the top five cereal crops worldwide in both production and acreage. This has necessitated the development of coping measures, such as the cultivation of drought-tolerant crops suitable for the affected areas. Therefore, this crop is used to ensure productivity, food security, and availability of food when other crops fail and food deficit and famine are affected in the region. This will contribute to the ongoing discussion on how to better inform private and public sector policy and investments in Ethiopia to increase sorghum and other drought-tolerant crop production, transform agriculture, improve nutrition, and food systems, and end hunger, food insecurity, and poverty.
{"title":"Economic Potentials and Use Dynamics of Sorghum Food System in Ethiopia: Its Implications to Resolve Food Deficit","authors":"Teshome Sirany, Esubalew Tadele, Haimanot Aregahegn, Dagnachew Wale","doi":"10.1155/2022/4580643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4580643","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture continues to be vital to Africa’s future in both spatial and temporal contexts. Nonetheless, the sector keeps on confronting production challenges as a result of frequent and extended droughts, and these necessitate the use of drought-resistant crops such as sorghum. This review initiates one of the most common food grains grown in the poorest countries and the most food-insecure regions of the nation. We used deductive logical reasoning to develop a comprehensive scientific understanding of the crop that can be used to inform future research and policies. Various exclusion and inclusion criteria were used to filter the most prominent findings. Sorghum has the highest utility for its climatic adaptability and has grown for multiple purposes: From staple to industrial outcomes, its economic, social value, and health outcomes, and for animal silage. It is a gluten-free crop, has high nutritive value, and is preferred by healthy consumers. It is among the top five cereal crops worldwide in both production and acreage. This has necessitated the development of coping measures, such as the cultivation of drought-tolerant crops suitable for the affected areas. Therefore, this crop is used to ensure productivity, food security, and availability of food when other crops fail and food deficit and famine are affected in the region. This will contribute to the ongoing discussion on how to better inform private and public sector policy and investments in Ethiopia to increase sorghum and other drought-tolerant crop production, transform agriculture, improve nutrition, and food systems, and end hunger, food insecurity, and poverty.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75737750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A field experiment was conducted at Nono Benja District from December 2013 to May 2014 under irrigation to assess the response of different sizes of seed tubers and intra-row spacing on the yield and quality of potato varieties. The treatments consisted of a factorial combination of two varieties (Jalenie and Gudenie): five levels of tuber size (20–35, 36–50, 51–65, 66–80, and 81–95 g) and five levels of intra-row spacing (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 cm). The treatments were arranged in a split-split plot design (variety on main plot, intra-row spacing on subplot, and tuber size on sub-sub plot) with three replications. There were significant interaction effects of variety, intra-row spacing, and tuber size ( P < 0.05 ) on plant height, number of main stems per plant, average tuber weight, tuber number per plant, total tuber yield, marketable tuber yield, unmarketable tuber yield, large tuber mean yield, medium tuber mean yield, and small tuber mean yield. Variety of tuber size and intra-row spacing was also influenced by dry matter content and tuber specific gravity. The interaction effect of intra-row spacing and seed tuber size was significantly ( P < 0.05 ) influenced by the number of days to emergence. The day to flowering was also significantly ( P < 0.05 ) influenced by the interaction effect of variety and intra-row spacing. The maximum plant height (80.38 cm) was recorded with variety Gudenie with a tuber size of 66–80 g and planted at an intra-row spacing of 35 cm. The maximum (9.79) number of main stems was recorded in variety Jalenie with a tuber size of 81–95 g and planted at intra-row spacing of 40 cm. The maximum of total tuber yields (24.84 to/ha) was recorded from Jalenie variety with tuber size 66–80 g and planted at intra-row spacing of 25 cm. The maximum (10.18 t/ha) larger tuber was recorded with variety Gudenie with a tuber size of 66–80 g and planted at 25 cm. Variety Jalenie with tuber size of 66–80 g and planted at 25 cm produced the maximum (8.04 t/ha) medium-sized tubers. The maximum small tuber (8.59 t/ha) was recorded from both varieties with intra-row spacing of 20 cm and tuber size 81–95 g. Variety Gudenie planted at intra-row spacing of 40 cm gave higher (19.98%) dry matter content, and variety Gudenie with a tuber size of 66–80 g gave higher (20.61%) dry matter content. The higher (1.077) tuber specific gravity was obtained with variety Gudenie planted at intra-row spacing of 35 and 40 cm, and the higher (1.074) tuber specific gravity was registered with variety Gudenie with a tuber size of 66–80 g and/or 81–95 g and planted at intra-row spacing of 40 cm. The study needs in-depth investigation by repeating in multilocations with more seasons, varieties, processing quality, and other agronomic practices of the crop to reach a conclusive recommendation. The result of this research was presented to Jimma University since 2015.
{"title":"Effect of Tuber Size and Intra-Row Spacing on the Yield and Quality of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties","authors":"Miressa Regasa, W. Garedew, Ambecha Olika","doi":"10.1155/2022/5619201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5619201","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted at Nono Benja District from December 2013 to May 2014 under irrigation to assess the response of different sizes of seed tubers and intra-row spacing on the yield and quality of potato varieties. The treatments consisted of a factorial combination of two varieties (Jalenie and Gudenie): five levels of tuber size (20–35, 36–50, 51–65, 66–80, and 81–95 g) and five levels of intra-row spacing (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 cm). The treatments were arranged in a split-split plot design (variety on main plot, intra-row spacing on subplot, and tuber size on sub-sub plot) with three replications. There were significant interaction effects of variety, intra-row spacing, and tuber size (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) on plant height, number of main stems per plant, average tuber weight, tuber number per plant, total tuber yield, marketable tuber yield, unmarketable tuber yield, large tuber mean yield, medium tuber mean yield, and small tuber mean yield. Variety of tuber size and intra-row spacing was also influenced by dry matter content and tuber specific gravity. The interaction effect of intra-row spacing and seed tuber size was significantly (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) influenced by the number of days to emergence. The day to flowering was also significantly (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) influenced by the interaction effect of variety and intra-row spacing. The maximum plant height (80.38 cm) was recorded with variety Gudenie with a tuber size of 66–80 g and planted at an intra-row spacing of 35 cm. The maximum (9.79) number of main stems was recorded in variety Jalenie with a tuber size of 81–95 g and planted at intra-row spacing of 40 cm. The maximum of total tuber yields (24.84 to/ha) was recorded from Jalenie variety with tuber size 66–80 g and planted at intra-row spacing of 25 cm. The maximum (10.18 t/ha) larger tuber was recorded with variety Gudenie with a tuber size of 66–80 g and planted at 25 cm. Variety Jalenie with tuber size of 66–80 g and planted at 25 cm produced the maximum (8.04 t/ha) medium-sized tubers. The maximum small tuber (8.59 t/ha) was recorded from both varieties with intra-row spacing of 20 cm and tuber size 81–95 g. Variety Gudenie planted at intra-row spacing of 40 cm gave higher (19.98%) dry matter content, and variety Gudenie with a tuber size of 66–80 g gave higher (20.61%) dry matter content. The higher (1.077) tuber specific gravity was obtained with variety Gudenie planted at intra-row spacing of 35 and 40 cm, and the higher (1.074) tuber specific gravity was registered with variety Gudenie with a tuber size of 66–80 g and/or 81–95 g and planted at intra-row spacing of 40 cm. The study needs in-depth investigation by repeating in multilocations with more seasons, varieties, processing quality, and other agronomic practices of the crop to reach a conclusive recommendation. The result of this research was presented to Jimma University since 2015.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79107847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a very important cereal crop widely produced and consumed in almost all parts of Ethiopia. However, due to abiotic and biotic stresses, its productivity is low as compared to the world average. Among these, soil fertility and unbalanced application of plant nutrients are the major constraints that limit the productivity of the crop in sub-Saharan African countries especially Ethiopia. As a result, an experiment was carried out at the Gitilo Dale Research Site of Wallaga University to determine the combined impact of blended NPSB and urea fertilizers on the growth, yield, and yield-related variables of bread wheat. The experiment used a factorial-arranged in randomized full block design with two factors with four levels each: NPSB (0, 100, 150, and 200 kg·ha−1) and nitrogen (urea) (0, 31.1, 71.65, and 112.2 kg·ha−1) (RCBD). With three replications, there were sixteen treatments. A test crop of the bread wheat variety liben (ETBW 5653) was grown. The phonological and growth parameters of bread wheat were significantly affected by NPSB and nitrogen applications as well as their interactions except for days to 50% emergence. The primary and interaction impacts of NPSB and nitrogen rates affected the yield and all of its constituents, except the number of kernels per spike. The application of 200 kg·ha−1 NPSB plus 112.2 kg·ha−1 nitrogen treatment resulted in the highest above-ground biomass production of bread wheat (12481.00 kg·ha−1), grain yield of 5182.51 kg·ha−1, and a straw yield of 7298.40 kg·ha−1. Hence, to maximize the yield of bread wheat, applying 200 kg·ha−1 of chemically blended NPSB with 112.2 kg·ha−1 nitrogen is recommended rather than applying any straight and complex fertilizers having only macronutrients.
{"title":"Effect of Blended NPSB and Nitrogen Application rates on Growth, Yield, and Yield Components of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Gitilo Dale Research Site of Wallaga University, Western Ethiopia","authors":"Delesa Abdisa Jalata, Amsalu Gobena Roro, Adugna Hunduma Dabalo, Fayera Asefa Bebayehu, Abdela Tufa Woticha","doi":"10.1155/2022/1706039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1706039","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a very important cereal crop widely produced and consumed in almost all parts of Ethiopia. However, due to abiotic and biotic stresses, its productivity is low as compared to the world average. Among these, soil fertility and unbalanced application of plant nutrients are the major constraints that limit the productivity of the crop in sub-Saharan African countries especially Ethiopia. As a result, an experiment was carried out at the Gitilo Dale Research Site of Wallaga University to determine the combined impact of blended NPSB and urea fertilizers on the growth, yield, and yield-related variables of bread wheat. The experiment used a factorial-arranged in randomized full block design with two factors with four levels each: NPSB (0, 100, 150, and 200 kg·ha−1) and nitrogen (urea) (0, 31.1, 71.65, and 112.2 kg·ha−1) (RCBD). With three replications, there were sixteen treatments. A test crop of the bread wheat variety liben (ETBW 5653) was grown. The phonological and growth parameters of bread wheat were significantly affected by NPSB and nitrogen applications as well as their interactions except for days to 50% emergence. The primary and interaction impacts of NPSB and nitrogen rates affected the yield and all of its constituents, except the number of kernels per spike. The application of 200 kg·ha−1 NPSB plus 112.2 kg·ha−1 nitrogen treatment resulted in the highest above-ground biomass production of bread wheat (12481.00 kg·ha−1), grain yield of 5182.51 kg·ha−1, and a straw yield of 7298.40 kg·ha−1. Hence, to maximize the yield of bread wheat, applying 200 kg·ha−1 of chemically blended NPSB with 112.2 kg·ha−1 nitrogen is recommended rather than applying any straight and complex fertilizers having only macronutrients.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88445361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Akolgo, Duke Nii Darko Quaye, Abdul-Rauf Malimanga Alhassan, K. A. Asosega, Ebenezer Nunoo, Osman A. Akimsah Jedaiah, Michael Elorm Deho, T. Atta-Darkwa
The growing human population is a driver for higher food demands with a need to scale agricultural production and maintain security of the food supply chain. Thus, there is a need to increase the adoption and improvement of mechanized systems in agriculture, especially where needed labor is also drifting into nonagricultural production sectors. With this view, the relationship or link between population and employment in nonagricultural sector in Ghana (West Africa) to agricultural mechanization was tested to ascertain any such validity. This formed the primary basis for this study and furthered on to establish the current level of agricultural mechanization within the country through measuring effect of available farm energy sources on farm sizes under cultivation. The methods employed included a structured questionnaire administered to farmers and other agricultural stakeholders to determine the level of mechanization, readiness to adopt/accept mechanization technology, level of usage of mechanization technologies, and ownership of machinery. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 20) software was used to model and analyze data obtained including a multiple regression method for the relationship between parameters. The overall level of agricultural mechanization in Ghana was found to be very low with 77.6% of the farm operations being performed manually. The level of the tractor power availability in Ghana was found to have increased from 0.0207 kW/ha in the year 2004 to 0.0588 kW/ha in the year 2020 and is expected to increase to 0.0752 kW/ha in the year 2025. The power availability valued in this study was also found to be low compared with that in other developing countries. Statistically, both employment in the service sector and population growth were significant determinants ( Adjusted − R 2 = 0.9172 ) in the variations in the level of mechanization of agriculture in Ghana and policymakers will have to make adjustments in policies to take note of these indicators most often underplayed. Advocacy for higher levels of mechanization of agricultural operations must increase as it is critical to the overall cost of production in agriculture as this study also found out that mechanized operations were between 21.3% and 53.8% cheaper than manual operations.
不断增长的人口推动了更高的粮食需求，需要扩大农业生产并维持粮食供应链的安全。因此，有必要增加农业机械化系统的采用和改进，特别是在所需劳动力也流入非农业生产部门的地方。根据这一观点，对加纳(西非)非农业部门的人口和就业与农业机械化之间的关系或联系进行了检验，以确定是否存在这种有效性。这构成了本研究的主要基础，并进一步通过测量可用农场能源对耕种农场规模的影响来确定该国目前的农业机械化水平。采用的方法包括对农民和其他农业利益相关者进行结构化问卷调查，以确定机械化水平、采用/接受机械化技术的准备程度、机械化技术的使用水平和机械所有权。使用SPSS version 20软件对所得数据进行建模和分析，并采用多元回归方法对参数之间的关系进行分析。加纳农业机械化的总体水平非常低，77.6%的农场作业是手工完成的。加纳的拖拉机可用功率水平已从2004年的0.0207千瓦/公顷增加到2020年的0.0588千瓦/公顷，预计到2025年将增加到0.0752千瓦/公顷。与其他发展中国家相比，本研究中所重视的电力供应也很低。统计上，服务业就业和人口增长都是加纳农业机械化水平变化的重要决定因素(调整后- r2 = 0.9172)，政策制定者将不得不调整政策，以注意这些最常被低估的指标。提高农业机械化水平的倡导必须加强，因为这对农业生产的总体成本至关重要，因为这项研究还发现，机械化操作比人工操作便宜21.3%至53.8%。
{"title":"Status of Agricultural Mechanization in Ghana: Insight from Farmers’ Perception, Population, and Nonagricultural Sector Growth","authors":"G. Akolgo, Duke Nii Darko Quaye, Abdul-Rauf Malimanga Alhassan, K. A. Asosega, Ebenezer Nunoo, Osman A. Akimsah Jedaiah, Michael Elorm Deho, T. Atta-Darkwa","doi":"10.1155/2022/2094276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2094276","url":null,"abstract":"The growing human population is a driver for higher food demands with a need to scale agricultural production and maintain security of the food supply chain. Thus, there is a need to increase the adoption and improvement of mechanized systems in agriculture, especially where needed labor is also drifting into nonagricultural production sectors. With this view, the relationship or link between population and employment in nonagricultural sector in Ghana (West Africa) to agricultural mechanization was tested to ascertain any such validity. This formed the primary basis for this study and furthered on to establish the current level of agricultural mechanization within the country through measuring effect of available farm energy sources on farm sizes under cultivation. The methods employed included a structured questionnaire administered to farmers and other agricultural stakeholders to determine the level of mechanization, readiness to adopt/accept mechanization technology, level of usage of mechanization technologies, and ownership of machinery. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 20) software was used to model and analyze data obtained including a multiple regression method for the relationship between parameters. The overall level of agricultural mechanization in Ghana was found to be very low with 77.6% of the farm operations being performed manually. The level of the tractor power availability in Ghana was found to have increased from 0.0207 kW/ha in the year 2004 to 0.0588 kW/ha in the year 2020 and is expected to increase to 0.0752 kW/ha in the year 2025. The power availability valued in this study was also found to be low compared with that in other developing countries. Statistically, both employment in the service sector and population growth were significant determinants (\u0000 \u0000 Adjusted\u0000 −\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 R\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 =\u0000 0.9172\u0000 \u0000 ) in the variations in the level of mechanization of agriculture in Ghana and policymakers will have to make adjustments in policies to take note of these indicators most often underplayed. Advocacy for higher levels of mechanization of agricultural operations must increase as it is critical to the overall cost of production in agriculture as this study also found out that mechanized operations were between 21.3% and 53.8% cheaper than manual operations.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75327246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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