Using data from the Bicol region of the Philippines, we examine why women are more educated than men in a rural, agricultural economy in which women are significantly less likely than men to participate in the labor market. We hypothesize that educational homogamy in the marriage market and cross-productivity effects in the household allow Filipino women to reap substantial benefits from schooling regardless of whether they enter the labor market. Our estimates reveal that the return to schooling for women is approximately 20 percent in both labor and marriage markets. In comparison, men experience a 12 percent return to schooling in the labor market. By using birth order, sibship size, percent of male siblings, and parental education as instruments, we correct for a significant downward bias that is caused by the endogeneity of schooling attainment.
{"title":"Women, Schooling, and Marriage in Rural Philippines","authors":"S. Desilva, M. Bakhtiar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1976259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1976259","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from the Bicol region of the Philippines, we examine why women are more educated than men in a rural, agricultural economy in which women are significantly less likely than men to participate in the labor market. We hypothesize that educational homogamy in the marriage market and cross-productivity effects in the household allow Filipino women to reap substantial benefits from schooling regardless of whether they enter the labor market. Our estimates reveal that the return to schooling for women is approximately 20 percent in both labor and marriage markets. In comparison, men experience a 12 percent return to schooling in the labor market. By using birth order, sibship size, percent of male siblings, and parental education as instruments, we correct for a significant downward bias that is caused by the endogeneity of schooling attainment.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130264987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The containment of health care expenditure is one of the major challenges facing public policymakers in the developed countries. This paper provides evidence of significant differences in the cross-country level of efficiency of health care expenditure, meaning that potential cost savings for the countries considered least efficient might be very high. Further, a significant relationship is found between the various health care policies and institutions in the OECD countries and the efficiency levels of health care systems. The findings are, however, highly sensitive to the efficiency-estimation methodology used.
{"title":"Health Care Expenditure in the OECD Countries: Efficiency and Regulation","authors":"Pablo Hernández de Cos, Enrique Moral-Benito","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1974882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1974882","url":null,"abstract":"The containment of health care expenditure is one of the major challenges facing public policymakers in the developed countries. This paper provides evidence of significant differences in the cross-country level of efficiency of health care expenditure, meaning that potential cost savings for the countries considered least efficient might be very high. Further, a significant relationship is found between the various health care policies and institutions in the OECD countries and the efficiency levels of health care systems. The findings are, however, highly sensitive to the efficiency-estimation methodology used.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126863821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taking advantage of a recent relaxation of Japanese government's data release policy, we conduct a cross-national analysis of micro data from Japan's Employment Status Survey and its U.S. counterpart, Current Population Survey. Our focus is to document and contrast changes in long-term employment and job security over the last twenty five years between the two largest advanced economies. We find that in spite of the prolonged economic stagnation, the ten-year job retention rates of core employees (employees of prime age of 30-44 who have already accumulated at least five years of tenure) in Japan were remarkably stable at around 70 percent over the last twenty-five years, and there is little evidence that Japan's Great Recession of the 1990s had a deleterious effect on job stability of such employees. In contrast, notwithstanding its longest economic expansion in history, the comparable job retention rates for core employees in the U.S. actually fell from over 50 percent to below 40 percent over the same time period. The probit estimates of job loss models in the two nations also point to the extraordinary resilience of job security of core employees in Japan, whereas showing a significant loss of job security for similar employees in the U.S. Though core employees in Japan turned out to have weathered their Great Recession well, we find that mid-career hires and young new job market entrants were less fortunate, with their employment stability deteriorating significantly. We interpret the findings, based on the theory of institutional complementarity, and derive lessons for policy makers around the world who are currently facing their own Great Recessions and developing effective policy responses.
{"title":"Long-Term Employment and Job Security Over the Last Twenty-Five Years: A Comparative Study of Japan and the U.S","authors":"Ryo Kambayashi, Takao Kato","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1973912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1973912","url":null,"abstract":"Taking advantage of a recent relaxation of Japanese government's data release policy, we conduct a cross-national analysis of micro data from Japan's Employment Status Survey and its U.S. counterpart, Current Population Survey. Our focus is to document and contrast changes in long-term employment and job security over the last twenty five years between the two largest advanced economies. We find that in spite of the prolonged economic stagnation, the ten-year job retention rates of core employees (employees of prime age of 30-44 who have already accumulated at least five years of tenure) in Japan were remarkably stable at around 70 percent over the last twenty-five years, and there is little evidence that Japan's Great Recession of the 1990s had a deleterious effect on job stability of such employees. In contrast, notwithstanding its longest economic expansion in history, the comparable job retention rates for core employees in the U.S. actually fell from over 50 percent to below 40 percent over the same time period. The probit estimates of job loss models in the two nations also point to the extraordinary resilience of job security of core employees in Japan, whereas showing a significant loss of job security for similar employees in the U.S. Though core employees in Japan turned out to have weathered their Great Recession well, we find that mid-career hires and young new job market entrants were less fortunate, with their employment stability deteriorating significantly. We interpret the findings, based on the theory of institutional complementarity, and derive lessons for policy makers around the world who are currently facing their own Great Recessions and developing effective policy responses.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124485027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlo Bellavite Pellegrini, Marco Arnone, A. Messa
This paper presents an empirical analysis of the significance of operational efficiency on MFIs operating costs using both a cross-section and a balanced panel data approach. Using a sample of 750 microfinance institutions operating in Asia, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, the analysis shows that operating costs and efficiency are negatively related and, more importantly, operating costs are lower when these institutions focus more on traditional financial aspects of commercial banking, thereby improving their efficiency, and enhancing the development of the sector and the quality of offered services. The paper shows that the connections between microfinance and commercial banking activity are closer than usually thought.
{"title":"Microfinance Institutions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America: Empirical Analysis of Operational Efficiency and Costs","authors":"Carlo Bellavite Pellegrini, Marco Arnone, A. Messa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1972977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1972977","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an empirical analysis of the significance of operational efficiency on MFIs operating costs using both a cross-section and a balanced panel data approach. Using a sample of 750 microfinance institutions operating in Asia, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, the analysis shows that operating costs and efficiency are negatively related and, more importantly, operating costs are lower when these institutions focus more on traditional financial aspects of commercial banking, thereby improving their efficiency, and enhancing the development of the sector and the quality of offered services. The paper shows that the connections between microfinance and commercial banking activity are closer than usually thought.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132502548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper will present a new group of indicators to analyze the performance of ports. Hence, this paper is divided into two parts. The first part will present a new model of analysis to evaluate how the port cargo openness, the productivity level, the cargo expansion, and the technological change adaptability can affect directly on the marginal port productivity growth rate performance. This new model of analysis is entitled “the ports growth performance evaluation model (PGPE-Model).” The objective of the PGPE-Model is to offer policy makers and researchers new analytical tools to study the impact and trend of ports performance from a new perspective. The PGPE-Model application is not limited to the study of a special group of ports. It is not constrained by issued about the geographical area or development stage of the port. The PGPE-Model, in effects, is a simple and flexible scheme. The second part of this paper shows the results obtained by the application of PGPE-Model on different ports at Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, Japan and China. The PGPE-Model general objective is to measure the evolution and vulnerability of the ports performance.
{"title":"An Introduction to the Ports Growth Performance Evaluation Model (PGPE-Model)","authors":"Mario Arturo Ruiz Estrada, Anthony T.H. Chin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1970101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1970101","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will present a new group of indicators to analyze the performance of ports. Hence, this paper is divided into two parts. The first part will present a new model of analysis to evaluate how the port cargo openness, the productivity level, the cargo expansion, and the technological change adaptability can affect directly on the marginal port productivity growth rate performance. This new model of analysis is entitled “the ports growth performance evaluation model (PGPE-Model).” The objective of the PGPE-Model is to offer policy makers and researchers new analytical tools to study the impact and trend of ports performance from a new perspective. The PGPE-Model application is not limited to the study of a special group of ports. It is not constrained by issued about the geographical area or development stage of the port. The PGPE-Model, in effects, is a simple and flexible scheme. The second part of this paper shows the results obtained by the application of PGPE-Model on different ports at Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, Japan and China. The PGPE-Model general objective is to measure the evolution and vulnerability of the ports performance.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131711754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Voluntary simplicity - otherwise known as ‘downshifting’ or just ‘simple living’ – is an anti- consumerist way of life that opposes the high consumption lifestyles prevalent in consumer societies today and voluntarily embraces ‘a simpler life’ of reduced consumption. As a practical matter, this living strategy characteristically involves providing for material needs as simply and directly as possible, minimizing expenditure on consumergoods and services, and generally seeking non-materialistic sources of satisfaction and meaning. Variously defended by its advocates on personal, social, human- itarian, and ecological grounds, voluntary simplicity is predicated on the assumption that human beings can live meaningful, free, happy, and infinitely diverse lives, while consuming no more than an equitable share of nature. That, at least, is the challenging ideal which seems to motive and guide many of its advocates and practitioners. This paper examines the nature of the Voluntary Simplicity Movement, including its various definitions, justifications, and practices.
{"title":"The Voluntary Simplicity Movement: Reimagining the Good Life Beyond Consumer Culture","authors":"S. Alexander","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1970056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1970056","url":null,"abstract":"Voluntary simplicity - otherwise known as ‘downshifting’ or just ‘simple living’ – is an anti- consumerist way of life that opposes the high consumption lifestyles prevalent in consumer societies today and voluntarily embraces ‘a simpler life’ of reduced consumption. As a practical matter, this living strategy characteristically involves providing for material needs as simply and directly as possible, minimizing expenditure on consumergoods and services, and generally seeking non-materialistic sources of satisfaction and meaning. Variously defended by its advocates on personal, social, human- itarian, and ecological grounds, voluntary simplicity is predicated on the assumption that human beings can live meaningful, free, happy, and infinitely diverse lives, while consuming no more than an equitable share of nature. That, at least, is the challenging ideal which seems to motive and guide many of its advocates and practitioners. This paper examines the nature of the Voluntary Simplicity Movement, including its various definitions, justifications, and practices.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114417253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose – This paper develops a discussion looking at the financial performance trends of Corporate USA. Design/methodology/approach – The United States of America, the data collected is from public listed corporations from 2000–2012* (Estimates based on a 3 year rolling average) for the development of multivariate regression models for parametric data. These developed models are constructed to test relationships between dependent and independent variables in line with research questions and hypotheses.Findings – The findings found that there is a high correlation using the adjusted R2 measure between EBIT and NPAT and Share Prices as DV’s and Market Capitalisation as IV’s, all as at 30/6 from 2000–2011 actuals and 2012*(Estimates based on a 3 year rolling average). The preliminary findings seem to suggest that between 2000–2005, although share prices in the US were high, that issued capital was lower, resulting in lower Market Caps, shows a lower EBIT and NPAT. Between 2005–2006, that share prices, share issues and Market Caps in the US tended to peak, show a higher EBIT and NPAT. From 2007-2008 on wards consistent with the times, although share issues are at an all time high, share prices have dramatically slumped over this period, resulting in much lower Market Caps, show lower EBIT and NPAT. There would seem to be a near perfect correlation between DV's and IV's, and in particular a near perfect correlation between MCAPS and PROFITABILITY which is being studied further in greater detail.Originality/value – The paper will be of vital importance to other academics looking at this question, and to both public and private sector entities.
{"title":"Corporate USA: Trending Downwards","authors":"P. Rampling","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1969278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1969278","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – This paper develops a discussion looking at the financial performance trends of Corporate USA. Design/methodology/approach – The United States of America, the data collected is from public listed corporations from 2000–2012* (Estimates based on a 3 year rolling average) for the development of multivariate regression models for parametric data. These developed models are constructed to test relationships between dependent and independent variables in line with research questions and hypotheses.Findings – The findings found that there is a high correlation using the adjusted R2 measure between EBIT and NPAT and Share Prices as DV’s and Market Capitalisation as IV’s, all as at 30/6 from 2000–2011 actuals and 2012*(Estimates based on a 3 year rolling average). The preliminary findings seem to suggest that between 2000–2005, although share prices in the US were high, that issued capital was lower, resulting in lower Market Caps, shows a lower EBIT and NPAT. Between 2005–2006, that share prices, share issues and Market Caps in the US tended to peak, show a higher EBIT and NPAT. From 2007-2008 on wards consistent with the times, although share issues are at an all time high, share prices have dramatically slumped over this period, resulting in much lower Market Caps, show lower EBIT and NPAT. There would seem to be a near perfect correlation between DV's and IV's, and in particular a near perfect correlation between MCAPS and PROFITABILITY which is being studied further in greater detail.Originality/value – The paper will be of vital importance to other academics looking at this question, and to both public and private sector entities.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125791832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper demonstrates that a woman's propensity to separate from her husband or live-in partner depends positively on male wage inequality on her local marriage market - the more heterogeneous potential future mates are in terms of earnings power, the more likely a woman is to end her relationship. This effect is strongest for couples, were one has a college education but the other one does not. Because of the high degree of assortative matching according to education on the marriage market, college educated individuals are those most likely to marry a college graduate - if they are not currently married to one, they have the most to gain from divorcing and going back to the marriage market. This incentive becomes stronger if the college premium (the wage advantage college graduates enjoy over non-graduates) rises. The effect is robust to the inclusion of a variety of controls on the individual level, as well as state and time fixed effects and state specific time trends.
{"title":"Do Marriage Markets Influence the Divorce Hazard?","authors":"Raphaela Hyee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1968189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1968189","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates that a woman's propensity to separate from her husband or live-in partner depends positively on male wage inequality on her local marriage market - the more heterogeneous potential future mates are in terms of earnings power, the more likely a woman is to end her relationship. This effect is strongest for couples, were one has a college education but the other one does not. Because of the high degree of assortative matching according to education on the marriage market, college educated individuals are those most likely to marry a college graduate - if they are not currently married to one, they have the most to gain from divorcing and going back to the marriage market. This incentive becomes stronger if the college premium (the wage advantage college graduates enjoy over non-graduates) rises. The effect is robust to the inclusion of a variety of controls on the individual level, as well as state and time fixed effects and state specific time trends.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"239 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115843431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beginning with the 1996 federal welfare reform law many of the central safety net programs in the U.S. eliminated eligibility for legal immigrants, who had been previously eligible on the same terms as citizens. These dramatic cutbacks affected eligibility not only for cash welfare assistance for families with children, but also for food stamps, Medicaid, SCHIP, and SSI. In this paper, we comprehensively examine the status of the U.S. safety net for immigrants and their family members. We document the policy changes that affected immigrant eligibility for these programs and use the CPS for 1995-2010 to analyze trends in program participation, income, and poverty among immigrants (and natives). We pay particular attention to the recent period and examine how immigrants and their children are faring in the "Great Recession" with an eye toward revealing how these policy changes have affected the success of the safety net in protecting this population.
{"title":"Immigrants, Welfare Reform, and the U.S. Safety Net","authors":"M. Bitler, H. Hoynes","doi":"10.3386/W17667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W17667","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning with the 1996 federal welfare reform law many of the central safety net programs in the U.S. eliminated eligibility for legal immigrants, who had been previously eligible on the same terms as citizens. These dramatic cutbacks affected eligibility not only for cash welfare assistance for families with children, but also for food stamps, Medicaid, SCHIP, and SSI. In this paper, we comprehensively examine the status of the U.S. safety net for immigrants and their family members. We document the policy changes that affected immigrant eligibility for these programs and use the CPS for 1995-2010 to analyze trends in program participation, income, and poverty among immigrants (and natives). We pay particular attention to the recent period and examine how immigrants and their children are faring in the \"Great Recession\" with an eye toward revealing how these policy changes have affected the success of the safety net in protecting this population.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134263398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of the innovative output of organizations often relies on a count of patents filed at one single office of reference such as the European Patent Office (EPO). Yet, not all organizations file their patents at the EPO, raising the specter of a selection bias. Using novel datasets of the whole population of patents by Belgian firms and German universities, we show that the single-office count results in a selection bias that affects econometric estimates of invention production functions. We propose a methodology to evaluate whether estimates that rely on the single-office count are affected by a selection bias.
{"title":"Selection Bias in Innovation Studies: A Simple Test","authors":"Gaétan de Rassenfosse, A. Wastyn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1969134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1969134","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the innovative output of organizations often relies on a count of patents filed at one single office of reference such as the European Patent Office (EPO). Yet, not all organizations file their patents at the EPO, raising the specter of a selection bias. Using novel datasets of the whole population of patents by Belgian firms and German universities, we show that the single-office count results in a selection bias that affects econometric estimates of invention production functions. We propose a methodology to evaluate whether estimates that rely on the single-office count are affected by a selection bias.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126082588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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